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HANDBOUNI 
AT  THE 


UNINERSITY  I 
TORONTO  PRl 


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THE 


CROMWELLIAN  SETTLEMENT 
OF  IRELAND        _^^ 


•'  ''J  ' 


^K   xMKAu 


•?i/l 


By 


JOHN  P.   PRENDERGAST 


BARRISTER-AT-LAW 


IRE 


LAND. 


\8b)3HS', 


?.   I      24 


Arms  of  ttie  common woaUh.  on  the  Proclamation  o.  the  Lord  Deputy  and 

Council  of  14th  October.  1653,  rogula.ins  the  Transplantatiou 

(From  a  copy  »t  Kilkenny  Custle). 


THIRD   EDITION 


MELLIFONT     PRESS,     LTD 
KILDARE    HOUSE, 
WESTMORELAND     STREET,     DUBLIN 


IQ22 


w 

CCp.Z 


PREFACE 


It  is  just  tive  years  since  the  publication  of  the  Croni- 
wellian  Settlement  of  Ireland.  In  that  interval  I  have 
had  the  advantage,  as  a  preparation  for  the  present 
■edition,  of  spending  a  considerable  part  of  each  year 
in  the  study,  under  a  Public  Commission,  of  the  great 
body  of  historical  papers  called  The  Carte  Collection, 
preserved  at  the  Bodleian  Library,  Oxford. 

The  Ormonde  Papers,  which  form  the  most  impor- 
tant part  of  the  Carte  Collection,  comprise  the  papers, 
public  and  private,  connected  with  the  government  of 
Ireland  during  the  Duke  of  Ormonde's  enga^ement  in 
public  affairs — an  engagement  which  commenced  at 
the  outbreak  of  the  Irish  Kebellion  in  1611,  and  con- 
tinued almost  to  his  death,  in  1688,  with  the  exception 
of  the  ten  years  of  "  Usurped  Power,"  between  1650 
and  1660,  when  he  w^as  in  exile  with  the  King.  The 
documents  concerning  Ireland  during  the  Common- 
wealth period  are,  accordingly,  few.  But  from  the 
Kestoration  of  the  monarchy,  Ormonde  was  the  states- 
man to  whom  the  King,  his  countrymen,  and  every- 
body   looked    for    guidance    in    their    difficulties    in 

V 


Vi  I'ltEFACE. 

Ireland,  and  to  liim  in  effect  was  its  government  com- 
mitted as  Lord  Lieutenant,  during  the  greater  part 
of  his  life.  He  was  made  referee  of  the  Commissioners 
of  the  Court  of  Claims  by  the  Act  of  Settlement  in 
cases  of  difficulty.  From  him,  also,  as  Lord 
Lieutenant,  all  redress  was  to  be  sought  in  the  first 
instance.  Hence  there  abound  among  Lord  Ormonde's 
papers,  petitions  presented  to  him  by  the  former  pro- 
prietors, anxious,  after  seven  years  of  weary  exile  in 
Connaught,  or  beyond  sea,  to  behold  the  smoke  of 
their  own  chimneys,^  and  to  sit  again  at  their  own 
hearths,  then  in  the  possession  of  the  Adventurers  and 
Soldiers. 

In  these  petitions  they  set  forth  their  "  services  and 
sufferings,"  and  often  detail  Avhat  happened  to  them 
during  the  Commonwealth  government ;  and  by  these 
they  pray  to  be  restored  to  their  former  lands,  or  to 
be  admitted  to  inhabit  again  the  towns  where  they 
formerly  owned  dwellings. 

The  information  thus  supplied  is  often  a  very  in- 
teresting part  of  the  subject  of  this  work,  but  w^as 
necessarily  wanting  in  the  former  edition.  Thus  the 
account  of  Lord  Trimleston's  transplantation  from  his 
castle  near  Trim,  in  the  county  of  Meath,  to  Monivea, 
in  the  county  of  Galway,as  there  given,  is  drawn  from 
the  (!)rder  Books  of  the  Commissioners  for  Ireland. 
No  notice  is  taken  in  these  orders  of  the  fate  of  the 


^  "  I  shall  long  infinitely  to  see  the  smoke  of  my  own 
chimney."  Bramhall,  Bishop  of  Derry,  to  Ormonde,  7  March, 
164S-9.     "Carte   Papers,"   vol.    xxiv.,   p.   45. 


PREFACE.  Vll 

foi'iner  iiroprietor  of  Monivea.  But  among  the  Carte 
Papers  is  foiind.  the  petition  of  Patrick  French,  by 
Avliich  it  appears  that  lie  was  removed  with  liis  family 
from  Ids  ancient  residence  at  Monivea,  to  an  assign- 
ment on  the  Clanricard  estate,  and  that  he  had  lost 
this  assignment  by  the  Marchioness  of  Clanricard "s 
restoration  to  her  jointure  lands  by  the  King's  order. 
Yet  he  could  not  get  back  into  possession  of  Monivea 
(though  Lord  Trimleston,  by  the  Act  for  the  Settle- 
ment of  Ireland,  passed  in  16G2,  was  one  of  the 
thirty- six  nominees,  who  were,  without  further  proof, 
to  be  restored  to  their  former  estates) ;  for  the  Adven- 
turer in-  soldier  in  possession  was  not  to  quit  until  he 
should  be  offered  a  reprise  of  lands  as  good  as  he  had 
got,' which  Avere  not  readily  forthcoming.  And  by  the 
Act  of  Ex])lanation,  passed  in  KH)."),  the  Nominees 
were  tint  to  be  restored,  until  all  deficient  Adventurers 
and  soldiers  were  supplied,  as  it  was  by  this  latter 
Act-  declared  that  ''  the  interest  of  His  Majesty's 
Protestant  subjects  were  his  greatest  care,  and  to  be 
first  [»rovided  for,"^  Avhich  rendered  his  restoration 
impossible,  as  these  deficiencies  were  more  than 
enough  to  exhaust  all  the  land  applicable  to  reprisals. 
Lord  Trimleston,  conse<|uently,  died  in  possession  of 
Moiiiv^^a  in  l(l7(i.  as  will  be  seen  by  tlie  inscription 
over  liis  tomb;  and  Patrick  French  onlv  recovered  his 


1  Thq  King's  Declaration  of  30th  December,  1660,  for  the 
Settlement  of  Ireland,  clause  xxv.,  embodied  in  14th  and 
15th  Chas.   II.    (A.D.    1662),  chap.   2. 

2  17  &  IS  Chas.  II.  (A.D.  1605),  chap.  2,  sects.  5  and  6. 


viii  PREFACE. 

proi:)erty  by  purcha^iLig  it  in  1078,  from  Lord  Ti-iiii- 
l(^ston's  son  and  successor,  who,  probably,  m  like 
manner  bought  back  a  remnant  of  the  Trimleston 
estate,  from  the  Adventurer  or  soldier  to  whom  it  had 
been  assigned. 

In  the  former  edition  the  clearing  of  the  towns  of 
their  ancient  inhabitants  is  given  as  derived  from 
Cromwellian  sources.  But  there  is  no  learning  from 
them  what  became  of  the  banished  people.  From 
the  petitions,  however,  of  the  banished  merchants  of 
Waterford,  presented  to  Ormonde  after  the  Restora- 
tion, preserved  among  the  Carte  Papers,  it  appears 
that,  on  being  driven  from  Waterford  bv  (ieneral 
Ireton,  on  its  capture  in  1050,  they  retired  to  (?>.stend, 
St.  Malos,  Nantz,  Cadiz,  and  some  even  to  Mexico; 
and  traded,  and  acquired  capital,  and  reliev't'd  as 
many  Eoyalists  as  came  in  their  way. 

They  prayed,  therefore,  to  be  allowed  to  return 
with  their  stocks,  and  to  exercise  in  their  native  city 
the  skill  they  had  acquired  during  eleven  years' 
trading  abroad. 

From  facts  such  as  these,  derived  from  the  Carte 
Papers,  I  have  selected  the  clearing  of  the  towns  of 
Kilkenny,  Waterford,  and  Galway,  as  examples,  to 
convey  a  fuller  and  clearer  view  of  the  dealing  of 
the  Commissioners  of  Parliament,  with  the  cities  and 
walled  towns  of  Ireland,  than  it  was  possible  for  me 
to  do  in  the  former  edition. 

In  that  edition,  "'the  Irish  massacre,''  as  it  has 
been  generallv  called.  Avas  treated  as  an  historical 


PliKFACE.  IX 

falsehood.  As  the  dissent  from  this  view,  of  a  no 
less  eminent  historian  than  Professor  Goklwin  Smith, 
of  the  University  of  Oxford,  has  been  lately  ex- 
pressed.^ I  have  given  some  grounds,  not  before 
stated,  for  so  treating  it.  Curry^  and  Carev^  have 
discussed  the  question  at  length:  and  their  collec- 
tion of  proofs  is  convincing  to  sliow  how  erroneous 
is  the  charge.  And  Lingard,  an  independent  in- 
quirer, comes  to  a  like  conclusion.  If  Mr.  Goldwin 
Smith  has  critically  examined  this  subject,  there  can, 
of  course,  be  no  objection  made  to  his  expressing  his 
opinion  in  the  strongest  manner.  But  even  supposing 
his  conclusion  to  be  right,  he  still  connnits  a  great 
injustice  by  using  such  terms  as  that  ''  the  Catholics 
had  begun  the  war  by  a  great  massacre  of  Protes- 
tants": for  he  thus  includes  in  the  charge  three- 
fourths  of  the  inhabitants  of  Ireland  of  that  religion 
who  were  entirely  free  from  it,  even  by  the  admission 
of  their  enemies,  as  the  scene  was  confined  to  Ulster. 
And  if  the  Irish  of  Ulster,  being  Catholics,  and  by 

1  Professor  Goldwin  Smith  says,  in  his  ''  Cromwell,"  "  The 
Catholics  had  begun  it  [the  war]  bj'  a  great  massacre  of  the 
Protestants,  on  the  reality  of  which  it  seems  to  me  idle  to 
cast  a  doubt,  though  assuredly,  if  such  deeds  could  ever  be 
pardoned,  they  might  be  pardoned  in  a  people  so  deeply 
wronged,  so  brutalized  by  ojopression  as  the  Catholics  of  Ire- 
land theli  were."     "  Three  English  Statesmen,"   1867. 

2  "  Historical  and  Critical  Pieview  of  the  Civil  Wars  in  Ire- 
land, cV'C."    By  John  Curry,  M.D.    2  vols.    8vo.    London:  1786. 

3  "  Yindicite  Hibernicse,  or  Ii eland  Vindicated,  Arc,  par- 
ticularly in  the  legendary  tales  of  the  Conspiracy  and  pre- 
tended Massacre  in  1641."  By  M.  Carey.  Svo.  Philadelphia  : 
1819. 


X  I'KEFACPL 

liis  own  statement  ''deeply  wr()n<ied  and  op])r«'SSsMl  "" 
l)Y  the  Engiisli,  being  Protestants,  and  ^y^^v^^  tlms 
forced  into  resistance  and  rebellion,  it  is  surely  mis- 
leading to  speak  of  a  massacre  of  Protestants  by 
Catholics,  instead  of  English  by  Irish?  They  were 
attacked,  not  as  heretics,  bnt  as  oppressors — not  as 
Protestants,  bnt  as  plnnderers. 

There  is  no  space  for  a  proper  treatment  of  the 
subject  within  the  limits  of  this  work,  and  I  only 
trnst  that  my  imperfect  remarks  may  not  prejudice 
the  question.  If  they  should  give  rise  to  any  contro- 
versy, no  greater  benetit  could  be  conferred  on  the 
Irish  ;  for  the  tale  of  this  massacre  will  be  for  ever  set 
at  rest,  when  the  (juestion  shall  be  again  discussed. 

The  frontispiece  to  this  volume  is  a  perfect  fac- 
simile of  a  Cromwellian  Debenture. 

At  the  time  of  iJublishing  the  former  edition,  I 
had  never  seen  a  Debenture,  though  for  near  twenty 
years,  I  may  truly  say,  I  lost  no  oi^portunity  of 
searching  for  one.  When  travelling  on  circuit,  it  was 
my  custom  to  ask  every  one  I  could  venture  to 
address,  if  he  had  one,  or  had  ever  seen  one,  or  if  he 
had  or  knew  of  anj'-  one  who  had  any  Cromwellian 
documents.  Though  my  search  proved  ineffectual  to 
get  a  sight  of  a  Debenture,  this  general  query  obtained 
me  some  valuable  documents,  and  amongst  them  a 
transcript  from  Lord  !:>trafford"s  Map  of  the  lands 
intended  to  be  planted  in  the  baronies  of  Upper  and 
Lower  Ormond,  in  the  county  of  Tipperary,  made  in 
or  about  the  year  1037.     These  great  maps — for  they 


PREFACE.  XI 

comprised  Counanght — were  the  first,  it  is  believed, 
drawn  to  scale  in  Ireland,  the  size  bein^  40  perches 
in  an  inch,  and  21  feet  to  a  perch.  They  were  all 
burned  in  the  j^reat  tire  of  l.^)th  April,  1711,  which 
destroyed  the  Council  Office  in  Essex-street;  and  the 
<;reat  value  of  the  transcript  is,  th.at  it  is  authenti- 
cated by  the  certificate  of  the  office]-  enti-usted  with 
its  custody,  as  made  on  22nd  June,  1710.  T  have 
never  s'een  or  heard  of  any  other,  and  it  was  a  (|nes- 
tion  whether  the  maps  were  ever  made. 

It   was   the  late   Thomas   Sadleir,   of   P>allinderry 
TTousc,   in   the   parish  of  Terryglass.   in   the   North 
Riding  of  Tipperary,  that  lent  me  his  transci-ipt  in 
the  year  1851,  to  have  a  copy  of  it  made.     Various 
were  the  accounts  given  of  Debenturers  and  Deben- 
tures in  different  neighbourhoods,  but  they  all  proved 
worthless.     My  hopes  were  once  high  raised  by  the 
late  George  Laugford,  attorney,  of  Nenagh,  familiarly 
known  as  the  "Long  Vacation,"  for  his  tallness,  the 
length  of  his  legs  and  arms,  and  his  easy  air.     He 
told  uiv  of  a  set  of  cabin  holders  not  far  from  Nenagh, 
that  were  said  to   represent   Delientnrers.   that    had 
got  their  lands  for  helping  on  Ireton's  cannon  to  the 
siege  of  Limerick,  in  1651.     But  nothing  was  known 
ot  all  this  on  the  s])ot.    In  his  own  villa,  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood   of    Nenagh,     he    showed    a    Cromwellian 
sword    (as   he  said)    left   behind   by   some   officer  of 
Ireton's,  and  kept  as  a  relic  ever  since.     At  anotlier 
house,  they  produced  "  Langley's  iron  hand,"  made 
for  an  officer  of  that  name,  to  replace  one  lost  by  him 


XU  PREFACE. 

at  tho  stormiiin'  of  Olonmol,  iiiuloT  from wf '11,  in  IfiHO. 
P.iit,  like  I  lie  sword,  tlioro  was  no  aiitliciitioatioii  of 
this  curious  object.  The  best  hopes  1  ever  had  of  a 
T)el)eiiture  were  those  jiiveii  me  hy  the  late  Sir 
Montagu  Chapmau,  Bart.,  of  Killua  Castle,  in  the 
county  of  Westmeath.  I  happened  to  meet  him  in 
the  year  1851  on  the  Midland  Great  Western  Eail- 
way;  and  after  conversing  on  Cromwellian  snbjects, 
T  told  him  how  I  had  searched  in  vain  for  a  Crom- 
wellian Debenture.  "  Well !"  safd  he,  "  you  shall  not 
be  long  before  you  see  one.  I  have  a  whole  sheaf  of 
them ;  and  the  next  time  I  go  to  Killua  I  will  go  to 
my  deed  chest,  and.  bring  them  up  to  you."  That 
very  year  he  sailed  to  Australia,  to  visit  an  estate  he 
possessed  there,  and  the  ship  that  carried  him  was 
never  more  heard  of.  On  renewing  my  application, 
many  year-s  afterwards,  to  his  brother,  the  present 
Sir  Benjamin  Chapman,  he  informed  me  that  Sir 
Montagu  was  mistaken;  the  slieaf  he  spoke  of  were 
assignments  of  Debentures,  on  small  pieces  of  paper 
made  by  soldiers  to  their  officer,  similar  to  those 
mentioned  at  p.  224,  n.  3. 

In  1856,  being  appointed  Turnpikes  Abolition 
Commissioner,  and  made  keeper  for  the  time  of  the 
Mullingar  Eoad  Debentures,  I  never  looked  at  them 
without  wishing  I  might  thus  come  on  some  ("rom- 
wellian  Debentures.  But  I  had  long  given  up  all 
hopel  The  very  year,  however,  of  publishing  the 
Cromwellian  Settlement  (1865),  I  unexpectedly  re- 
ceived the   inestimable   document  from   Mr.    Joseph 


PREFACE.  Xlll 

Hanly,  to  T^hom  I  am  indebted  for  so  much  valuable 
information.  It  will  be  seen  (p.  201),  that  the  soldiers 
or  their  representatives  held  21,615  Debentures  in 
their  hands,  at  the  King's  restoration  in  1660;  and 
it  is  to  be  presumed,  that  on  getting  a  confirmation 
of  their  lands  in  the  Court  of  Claims,  1660-1670,  they 
were  called  in,  and  cancelled.  But  there  is  no 
provision  to  that  effect  in  the  Act  of  Settlement. 
They  were  obliged,  however,  to  prove  their  title  to 
the  lands  they  had  in  possession,  on  the  7th  May, 
1659,  and  must  necessarily  produce  the  Debentures 
and  the  assignments;  and  there  can  be  little  doubt 
that  the  Debentures  were  taken  from  the  claimant 
to  prevent  any  double  claims,  and  the  assignments 
handed  back,  and  thus  would  be  explained  the  cause 
of  the  abundance  of  these  latter  documents,  and  the 
rarity  of  Debentures. 

The  Debenture  represented  in  this  volume,  it  will 
be  seen,  was  given  for  arrears  before  1649;  and  the 
lateness  of  its  date — 26  May,  1658 — shows  that  it 
belonged  to  that  body  of  Forty-nine  men  who  were 
excluded,  by  the  Act  of  Settlement,  from  the  benefit 
of  receiving  lands  for  their  arrears,  as  betrayers  of 
the  King's  Munster  Garrisons  to  Cromwell,^  which 
would  account  for  its  remaining  in  possession  of  the 
officer. 

The  Lists  of  the  Adventurers  for  the  Land  and  Sea 
Forces  are  now  for  the  first  time  published,  contain - 


*  14th  &  15th  Chas.  IL   (A.D.   1662),  chap.  2,  sect.  195. 
B 


XIV  PREFACE. 

ing  the  names,  designations,  and  subscriptions  of  the 
1,360  Adventurers. 

The  subject  of  Soldiers'  arrears  is  treated  more  at 
length,  and  an  explanation  given  of  the  many  different 
classes  of  them.  And  there  will  be  found  a  fuller 
account  of  Debentures  and  their  issue.  There  are 
few,  indeed,  of  the  matters  treated  of  in  the  former 
edition  but  will  be  found  to  have  received  fresh  eluci- 
dation, and  to  be  illustrated  by  new  and  additional 
instances  in  the  present. 

JOHN  P.  PRENDBRGAST. 

Sandymount,   Dublin, 
1st  of  May,  1870. 


PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST  EDITION 


Of  all  possessions  in  a  country,  Land  is  the  most 
desirable.  It  is  the  most  fixed.  It  yields  its  returns 
in  the  form  of  rent  with  the  least  amount  of  labour  or 
forethought  to  the  owner.  But,  in  addition  to  all 
these  advantages,  the  possession  of  it  confers  such 
power,  that  the  balance  of  power  in  a  state  rests  with 
the  class  that  has  the  balance  of  Land. 

The  laws  of  most  of  the  states  of  Europe  since  the 
days  of  the  Northern  invasions  have  been  made  by 
the  landowners.  They  represent  the  Conquerors,  and 
have  been  enabled  to  prescribe  to  the  mass  of  the 
people  on  what  conditions  they  shall  live  on  the  land, 
or  whether  indeed  they  shall  live  there  at  all. 

The  term  "  Settlement,"  of  such  great  import  in 
the  history  of  Ireland  in  the  Seventeenth  century, 
means  nothing  else  than  the  settlement  of  the  balance 
of  land  according  to  the  will  of  the  strongest;  for 
force,  not  reason,  is  the  source  of  law.  And  by  the 
term  Cromwellian  Settlement  is  to  be  understood 
the  history  of  the  dealings  of  the  Commonwealth  of 

XV 


Xvi  PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST  EDITION. 

England  with  the  lands  and  habitations  of  the  people 
of  Ireland  after  their  conquest  of  the  country  in  the 
year  1652.  As  their  object  was  rather  to  extinguish  a 
nation  than  to  suppress  a  religion,  they  seized  the 
lands  of  the  Irish,  and  transferred  them  (and  with 
them  all  the  power  of  the  state)  to  an  overwhelming 
flood  ^f -new  English  settlers,  iilled  "With  the  intensest 
national  and  religious  hatred  of  the  Irish. 

Two  other  settlements  followed,  which  may  be 
called  the  Eestoration  Settlement,  and  the  Kevolution 
Settlement.  The  one  was  a  counter  revolution,  by 
which  some  of  the  Royalist  English  of  Ireland  and  a 
few  of  the  native  Irish  were  restored  to  their  estates 
under  the  Acts  of  Settlement  and  Explanation.^  The 
other  (or  Revolution  Settlement)  followed  the  victory 
of  William  III.  at  the  Battle  of  the  Boyne.  By  it  the 
lands  lately  restored  to  the  Royalist  English  and  few 
native  Irish  were  again  seized  by  the  Parliament  of 
England,    and    distributed    among    the    conquering 

1  Such  was  the  national  hatred  of  the  Royalists  of  England 
to  the  Irish  (who  fought,  and  lost  country  and  everything 
for  the  King),  that  even  in  their  common  exile  abroad  they 
rejoiced  at  Cromwell's  proceedings  in  stripping  the  Irish  of 
their  lands  : — 

"  We  are  at  a  dead  calm  [writes  Sir  Edward  Hyde,  after- 
wards Earl  of  Clarendon,  from  Paris,  in  1654]  for  all  manner 
of  intelligence.  Cromwell,  no  doubt,  is  very  busy.  Nathaniel 
Fiennes  is  made  Chancellor  of  Ireland ;  and  they  doubt  not 
to  plant  that  kingdom  without  opposition.  And  truly,  if  we 
can  get  it  again,  we  shall  find  difficulties  removed  which  a 
virtuous  Prince  and  more  quiet  times  could  never  have  com- 
passed." Sir  Edward  Hyde  to  Mr.  Betius,  Paris,  29th  May, 
1654. — Clarendon's  "  State  Tracts,"  vol.  iii.,  p.  244.  Folio. 
Clarendon  Press,   Oxford. 


PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST  EDITION.  XVll 

nation.  At  the  Court  for  the  Sale  of  Estates  forfeited 
on  account  of  the  war  of  1690,  the  lands  could  be 
purchased  only  by  Englishmen.  No  Irishman,  high 
or  low,  could  purchase  an  acre  of  them,  or  occupy 
more  than  the  site  for  a  cabin ;  for  to  the  condition  of 
labourers  it  was  intended  that  the  relics  of  the  nation 
should  be  reduced.^ 

The  Penal  Laws,  which  lasted  nearly  in  full  force 
till  the  breaking  out  of  the  first  American  war,  were 
nothing  but  the  complement  of  the  Forfeited  Estates 
Act.  Their  main  purpose  was,  on  the  one  hand,  to 
prevent  the  Irish  from  ever  enlarging  their  landed 
interest  beyond  the  low  state  to  which  it  had  been 
reduced  after  the  sales  by  the  Forfeited  Estates 
Court — for  which  reason  they  were  forbid  to  purchase 
land;  and,  on  the  other  hand,  to  contrive  by  all 
political  ways,  and  particularly  by  denying  them  the 
power  to  make  settlements  of  their  property  by  deed 
or  will,  and  by  making  their  lands  divisible  equally 
among  their  sons  at  their  death,  to  crumble  and 
break  in  pieces  the  remnant  that  had  escaped  confisca- 
tion, and  thereby  to  deprive  them  of  all  power  and 
consideration  in  the  state.''    It  will  thus  be  seen  that 

1  They  could  be  purchased  by  Protestants  {i.e.  English) 
only,  1st  Anne,  st.  1,  c.  26,  sect.  8,  English  Statute.  Two 
acres  was  the  utmost  an  Irishman  could  take  a  lease  of. — 
lb.   sect.    10. 

2  "  As  to  the  intention  of  the  Act,*  it  is  plain  the  legislature 
had  a  double  view ;   first,   to  disable  Papists  from   enlarging 

*8th  Anne,  c.  3,  A.D.  1710. 


XVlll  PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST  EDITION. 

these  three  Settlements  are  only  parts  of  one  whole, 
and  that  the  Cromwellian  Settlement  is  the  founda- 
tion of  the  present  settlement  in  Ireland. 

The  term  Settlement  being  understood  in  this 
sense,  the  present  sketch  is  conversant  directly  with 
the  measures  taken  by  the  Parliament  of  England  in 
dealing  with  the  land.  The  history  of  the  Irish 
Rebellion  of  1641,  the  personal  character  of  Cromwell 
and  the  chief  actors,  the  account  of  the  war  from  1649 
to  1653,  are  no  further  touched  upon  than  has  been 
thought  necessary  to  the  main  purpose  of  the  sketch. 
But  it  will  be  seen  from  the  Introduction,  and  in 
treating  the  details  of  the  Cromwellian  Settlement, 
how  large  a  share  of  the  history  of  Ireland  is  involved 
in  the  Land  question. 

From  the  days  of  the  first  invasion,  the  King  and 
Council  of  England  intended  to  make  English  landed 
proprietors  in  Ireland  the  rulers  of  Ireland,  as 
William  the  Conqueror  had  made  the  French  of  Nor- 
mandy landlords  and  rulers  of  the  English.  Though 
the  English  were  interrupted  in  this  scheme  for  the 
government  of  Ireland  by  the  wars  of  Edward  I. 
for  the  subjection  of  the  Scotch,  by  the  wars  of 
Edward  III.   and  his   successors  for  the  crown   of 


their  landed  interest,  so  as  they  should  soon  moulder  away 
in  their  hands :  the  second  view  was  to  encourage  them  to 
become  converts  by  throwing  some  temporal  invitation  in 
their  way."  Vicars  against  Carroll,  in  the  Exchequer,  10th 
February,  1728.  "  Several  Special  Cases  on  the  Laws  against 
the  further  Growth  of  Popery  in  Ireland.  By  Gorges  Edmond 
Howard,   Esq.,"  p.   37.     8vo.     Dublin:   1775. 


PREFACE  TO   THE   FIRST  EDITION.  XIX 

France,  and  finally  by  the  civil  wars  of  England, 
called  the  "  Wars  of  the  Koses,"  the  design  was  never 
abandoned.  And  when  Henry  VIII.,  disencumbered 
of  foreign  war  and  domestic  treason,  had  time  to 
destroy  the  house  of  Kildare,  he  projected  the  clear- 
ing of  Ireland  to  the  Shannon,  and  colonizing  it  with 
English.  But  the  new  conquest  of  Ireland  only 
really  began  in  the  reigns  of  his  three  children, 
Edward  VI.,  Queen  Mary,  and  Queen  Elizabeth,  when 
the  conquest  of  the  lands  of  the  Irish  for  the  purpose 
of  new  colonizing  or  planting  them  with  English  was 
resumed,  after  an  interval  of  more  than  three  hundred 
years.  During  this  interval  the  English  Pale,  or  that 
part  of  Ireland  subject  to  the  regular  jurisdiction  of 
the  King  of  England  and  his  laws,  had  been  gradually 
contracting — partly  by  the  English  of  Ireland  throw- 
ing off  the  feudal  system,  and  partly  by  reconquests 
effected  by  the  Irish,  until  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI. 
the  Pale  was  nearly  limited  by  the  line  of  the  Liffey 
and  the  Boyne.  Beyond  the  Pale  the  English  and  the 
Irish  dwelt  intermixed.  And  in  all  the  plans  for  re- 
storing the  regular  administration  of  the  King's  laws 
in  Ireland,  previous  to  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.,  it 
was  always  proposed  that  the  English  of  Ireland 
should  be  brought  back  to  their  ancient  military  dis- 
cipline, and  should  conquer  from  the  Irish  the  lands 
in  their  possession,  in  order  that  they  might  be  given 
to  English  under  grants  on  feudal  conditions  by  the 
King. 
But  the  English  of  Ireland  clearly  foresaw  that  the 


XX  PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST  EDITION. 

effect  of  the  complete  conquest  of  the  Irish  would  be 
to  give  the  Government  of  Ireland  to  the  English  of 
England.  Their  armed  retainers,  called  Gallow- 
glasses  and  Kerne,  would  be  put  down,  as  there  would 
no  longer  remain  the  pretence  of  defending  the  land 
from  the  King's  Irish  enemies.  With  the  regular 
administration  of  English  law  would  come  back  ward- 
ships, marriages,  reliefs,  escheats,  and  forfeitures, 
which  they  were  only  too  happy  to  have  thrown  off  in 
the  days  of  Edward  II. ;  and  the  final  result  would  be 
to  bring  over  new  colonists  from  England,  who  would 
be  rivals  to  supplant  them  in  the  favour  of  the 
Government,  and  in  all  the  offices  of  the  State.  The 
English  of  Ireland,  consequently,  were  secretly  indis- 
posed to  effect  the  reconquest,  and  it  was  not  until 
they  were  subdued  that  the  second  conquest  began. 

The  first  blow  to  the  English  of  Irish  birth  was  the 
limiting  the  power  of  the  Parliament.  In  the  reign  of 
Henry  VII.,  Sir  Edward  Ponyings  forced  from  the 
Irish  Parliament  a  statute  wJiereby  the  Pri^'y  Council 
of  England  were  made  virtually  controllers  of  the 
Parliament  of  Ireland;  for  thenceforth  it  could 
originate  no  statutes,  and  could  pass  only  such  as  had 
been  first  approved  by  the  Pri\'7  Council  of  England. 
The  Parliament  had  in  fact  long  become  devoted  to 
the  Earls  of  Kildare,  who  had  thereby  grown  too 
powerful  for  the  Kings  of  England.  The  next  and 
final  blow  to  the  power  of  the  English  of  Ireland  was 
the  fall  of  the  House  of  Kildare,  when  Silken  Thomas, 
Earl  of  Kildare,  and  his  five  uncles,  were  executed 


PREFACE  TO  THE   FIRST   EDITION.  XXI 

at  Tyburn  for  treason,  at  the  end  of  Henry  VIII. 's 
reign.  The  head  of  the  ancient  English  of  Ireland 
had  now  fallen;  their  Parliament  had  been  already 
deprived  of  its  power;  the  main  obstacles  to  the  de- 
signs of  England  were  removed ;  and  in  the  following 
reigns  the  reconquest  of  Ireland  by  plantation  began. 

At  first  it  was  the  native  Irish  that  were  stripped, 
as  the  O'Moores,  the  O'Connors,  and  the  O'Neils. 
The  Earl  of  Desmond's  great  territories,  extending 
over  Limerick  and  Kerry,  Cork  and  Waterford,  were 
next  confiscated  and  planted.  Finally,  in  James  I.'s 
reign,  the  native  Irish,  not  only  of  Ulster,  but  of 
Leitrim,  and  wherever  else  they  continued  possessed 
of  their  original  territories,  were  dispossessed  of 
portions  of  their  lands,  varying  from  one-third  to 
three-fourths,  to  form  plantations  of  new  English. 
During  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  the  old  English 
of  Ireland,  though  they  agreed  in  point  of  religion 
with  the  native  Irish,  always  adhered  to  the  English 
in  any  rebellion  of  the  Irish,  as  in  a  national  quarrel. 
In  James  I.'s  reign,  as  all  the  planters  were  of  the 
new  religion,  the  old  English  found  themselves  sup- 
planted by  them  in  all  the  offices  of  the  State,  as  the 
Irish  found  themselves  supplanted  by  them  in  their 
native  homes. 

It  is  needless  here  to  recapitulate  the  long-continued 
injuries  and  insults  by  which  the  ancient  English  of 
Ireland  were  forced  into  the  same  ranks  with  the  Irish 
in  defence  of  the  King's  cause  in  1641.  Chief  among 
them  were  the  attempts  to  seize  their  estates  under 


XXll  PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST  EDITION. 

the  plea  of  defective  title,  in  order  to  plant  them 
with  new  English.  It  was  thus  Lord  Strafford  got 
Connaught  and  parts  of  Tipperary  and  Limerick  into 
his  power,  with  the  intention  of  forming  a  new  plan- 
tation at  the  expense  of  the  Bourkes  and  other  old 
English.  One  of  the  old  English,  in  1644,  thus 
graphically  expresses  their  feelings: — "^'Was  it  not 
the  usual  taunt  of  the  late  Lord  Strafford  and  all  his 
fawning  sycophants,  in  their  private  conversations 
with  those  of  the  Pale,  that  they  were  the  most  refrac- 
tory men  of  the  whole  kingdom,  and  that  it  was  more 
necessary  (that  is,  for  their  own  crooked  ends)  that 
they  should  be  planted  and  supplanted  than  any 
others;  and  that  where  plantations  might  not  reach, 
Defective  Titles  should  extend?"  He  had  known 
many  an  oflftcer  and  gentleman,  he  adds,  who  had  left 
a  hand  at  Kinsale  in  fighting  in  defence  of  the  Crown 
of  England,  when  the  Spaniards  and  the  Earl  of 
Tyrone  were  defeated  by  Lord  Mountjoy,  to  be  after- 
wards deprived  of  his  pension  for  having  refused  to 
take  the  oath  of  supremacy  and  allegiance  in  the  Pro- 
testant form,  though,  as  one  of  them  answered,  on 
being  questioned  before  the  State  for  matter  of 
recusancy  (as  they  termed  it),  "  It  was  not  asked  of 
me  the  day  of  Kinsale  what  religion  I  was  of."^ 
The  Scotch  and  English,  however,  having  rebelled 


1  "  Queries  propounded  by  the  Protestant  Party  concerning 
the  Peace  now  treated  of  in  Ireland,  and  the  Answers  thereto 
made  on  behalf  of  the  Irish  Nation,"  pp.  11,  12.  Small  4to. 
Paris :  1644. 


PREFACE  TO  THE   FIRST  EDITION.  XXlll 

against  the  Kiug  in  1639  (for  the  march  of  the 
Scottish  rebels  to  the  border  in  that  year  was  on  the 
invitation  of  the  leaders  of  the  popular  party  in  Eng- 
land, though  they  themselves  did  not  openly  take  the 
field  till  1642)  ,1  the  Irish  rose  in  his  favour.  They 
were  finally  subdued,  in  1652,  by  Cromwell  and  the 
arms  of  the  Commonwealth;  and  then  took  place  a 
scene  not  witnessed  in  Europe  since  the  conquest  of 
Spain  by  the  Vandals.  Indeed,  it  is  injustice  to  the 
Vandals  to  equal  them  with  the  English  in  1652;  for 
the  Vandals  came  as  strangers  and  conquerors  in  an 
age  of  force  and  barbarism,  nor  did  they  banish  the 
people,  though  they  seized  and  divided  their  lands  by 
lot  ;^  but  the  English,  in  1652,  were  of  the  same  nation 
a'3  half  of  the  chief  families  in  Ireland,  and  had  at 
that  time  had  the  island  under  their  sway  for  five 
hundred  years. 

The  captains  and  men  of  war  of  the  Irish,  amount- 
ing to  40,000  men  and  upwards,  they  banished  into 
Spain,  where  they  took  service  under  that  king; 
others  of  them,  with  a  crowd  of  orphan  boys  and  girls, 
were  transported  to  serve  the  English  planters  in  the 
West  Indies;   and  the  remnant  of  the  nation,   not 


1  To  obtain  a  clear  account  of  the  leading  causes  and  prin- 
cipal events  of  this  era  in  England  in  a  short  compass,  with 
all  the  evidence  to  support  his  view,  I  know  nothing  equal 
to  "  The  Britannic  Constitution,"  by  Roger  Acherley,  Esq., 
of  the  Middle  Temple  (chap,  ix.,  "  Breaches  of  the  Constitu- 
tion in  the  Reign  of  Charles  I.")     Folio.     London:  1727. 

2  See  Robertson's  "History  of  the  Emperor  Charles  V.,' 
Appendix  to   Introduction. 


XXIV  PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST   EDITION. 

banished  or  transported,  were  to  be  transplanted  into 
Connaught,  while  the  conquering  army  divided  the 
ancient  inheritances  of  the  native  and  naturalized 
Irish  amongst  them  by  lot. 

This  scene,  never  before  described,  is  the  subject 
of  the  present  sketch.     By  what  accident  it  became 
jny,.„§iiidy  may  deserve  mention. 

I  had  for  about  ten  years  belonged  to  the  Leinster 
Circuit,  travelling  through  the  counties  of  Wicklow, 
Wexford,  Waterford,  Kilkenny,  and  Tipperary,  when, 
in  the  year  1846,  I  received  a  commission  from  Eng- 
land to  make  some  pedigree  researches  concerning  an 
Anglo-Norman  family  of  the  county  of  Tipperary. 
Furnished  with  an  old  pedigree,  which  had  been  given 
to  one  of  its  members  by  the  Ulster  King  at  Arms, 
when  quitting  Ireland,  as  an  exile,  after  the  battle  of 
the  Boyne,  I  visited  the  ancient  seat  of  the  family. 

It  lay  twelve  miles  south  of  Clonmel,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Suir,  under  a  range  of  hills  that  there 
l)ars  the  course  of  that  river  from  north  to  south,  and 
sends  it  thirty  miles  eastward  to  issue  below  Water- 
ford,  as  one  of  ''  the  Three  Sisters,"^  to  the  sea.  Here 
I  found  an  old  ruined  castle,  and  beside  it  a  still  more 
ruined  chapel,  and  desecrated  graveyard — those  un- 
mistakeable  monuments  of  an  overthrown  people  and 
religion.  This  baronial  castle  was  the  head  of  many 
a  later  and  dependent  tower  and  demesne,  allotments 
of  the  original  territory  amongst  the  posterity  of  the 

1  The  Nore,  the  Barrow,  and  the  Suir. 


PREFACE  TO  THE   FIRST  EDITION.  XXV 

first  settler.  The  principal  castle  was  bnilt,  probably, 
in  the  reign  of  King  John,  and  guarded  the  pass  over 
the  hills  between  the  counties  of  Tipperary  and  Water- 
ford.  It  was  the  head  of  the  barony,  and,  as  appeared 
by  the  Inquisitions,  the  dependent  castles  were  bound 
each  to  send  so  many  reaping  hooks  in  harvest,  so 
many  garraus  to  plough  in  spring  and  autumn,  and  to 
render  so  many  pottles  of  honey  at  Easter,  and  a 
poundage  hog,  and  so  many  wax  candles  at  Christ- 
mas. Among  the  many  broken  tombstones  of  the 
family,  there  lay  within  the  walls  of  the  roofless 
chapel  a  large  one  fractured  across  the  centre.  It 
recorded  the  name  and  virtues  of  a  captain  in  the 
army,  who,  as  far  as  could  be  deciphered,  had  re- 
ceived the  public  thanks;  but  the  stone  was  gapped, 
and,  the  next  word  being  '^  borough,''  I  was  conjec- 
turing that  he  had  been  a  Member  of  Parliament. 
One  of  the  crowd  who  watched  the  attempt  to 
decipher  the  inscription  sent  a  boy  for  the  fragment, 
which  marked  a  potato  ridge  in  the  adjoining  con- 
acre field.  It  filled  the  gap,  and  the  inscription  now 
showed  that  he  had  '' received  the  public  thanks  [of 
the  ffreat  Duke  of  Marllhorough  for  his  distin- 
guished services  at  the  siege  of  Aire,  in  Flanders,  in 
1710." 

The  prospect  of  the  mountain,  the  river,  and  the 
plain,  together  with  the  scene  of  ruin  all  around,  so 
characteristic  of  the  country,  excited  my  interest; 
and  the  pedigrees  (for  in  the  neighbourhood  I  dis- 
covered another)  were  now  studied  with  care.     The 


XXVi  PREFACE  TO  THE   FIRST  EDITION. 

family,  it  seems,  had  come  over  from  Pembrokeshire 
with  Strongbow,  and  by  an  alliance  with  the  De  Bir- 
minghams  had  obtained  large  possessions  both  in 
Tipperary  and  in  Waterf  ord  (counties  which  the  chain 
of  hills  here  divides) ;  so  large,  indeed,  that  the 
country  people,  endued  with  an  imagination  that 
supplies  a  tradition  for  everything,  call  the  family, 
whose  memory  they  tenaciously  preserve,  the  Clan  a 
Gothag,  or  Clan  of  the  Smoke ;  for  they  say  that  the 
founder  of  the  family,  the  first  invader,  halted  on  the 
summit  of  the  pass,  from  whence  could  be  seen  the 
Suir  flowing  north  and  south  on  one  side,  and  the 
Blackwater  in  the  same  direction  on  the  other;  and, 
lighting  a  fire,  he  said  that  he  would  follow  and  con- 
quer with  the  smoke.  It  was  a  calm  summer  day, 
and  the  smoke  rose,  and  spread  both  ways. 

There  they  remained,  possessed  of  lands  in  Tip- 
perary and  Waterf  ord,  from  the  days  of  King  John. 
In  the  year  1650,  Cromwell,  leaving  his  winter 
quarters  in  Youghal  at  an  unusually  early  season  of 
the  year  for  campaigning  in  Ireland  (the  29th  of 
January),  crossed  the  Suir  at  Cahir,  nine  miles  to  the 
north  of  this  castle;  and  sending  a  detachment  to- 
wards it,  it  was  surrendered,  but  was  yielded  back  on 
condition  of  the  defences  being  taken  down.  A  few 
soldiers  were  left  to  see  this  done.  The  rest  of  the 
detachment  had  not  proceeded  far  before  they  heard 
confused  noises  behind ;  and  they  hurried  back,  think- 
ing that  the  tenants  of  the  castle  were  murdering 
their  comrades.    But  it  was  only  the  noise  of  a  pack 


PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST  EDITION.  XXVll 

of  buck-hoimds,  kept  in  the  bawn,  or  fortified  curti- 
lage. So  they  brought  off  the  owner  and  his  hounds  to 
Cromwell,  then  on  his  march  to  the  siege  to  Kilkenny, 
who  was  thus  afforded  some  good  sport.  And  the 
dogs  would  seem  to  have  proved  very  respectable 
mediators  with  Cromwell  for  their  master;  for  he  so 
ingratiated  himself  with  Cromwell  (according  to  the 
account  given  in  the  pedigree)  by  this  strange  hunt- 
ing bout,  that  the  stern  general  promised  him  his 
favour.  Be  this  as  it  may,  among  the  few  letters  of 
the  Lord  Protector  there  does  remain  one  in  favour 
of  a  gentleman  of  the  same  name  "of  the  County  of 
Tipperary,''  requesting  that  he  might  be  spared  from 
transplantation . 

His  estate,  however,  passed  to  the  Adventurers. 
Whole  families  of  his  kinsmen,  as  I  afterwards  found, 
were  transplanted  from  the  neighbouring  castles 
into  Connaught.  Thence  some  of  them  petitioned  to 
be  allowed  to  come  back,  merely  to  get  in  their  last 
harvest ;  but  they  were  refused ;  they  were  only 
suffered  to  send  some  servants.  Soon  afterwards 
they  sold  their  assignments  in  Connaught  for  a  trifle, 
to  the  officers  of  transplantation,  and  fled  in  horror 
and  aversion  from  the  scene,  and  embarked  for 
Spain.  At  the  Restoration,  the  heir,  who  had  served 
under  the  King's  ensigns  abroad,  returned;  and, 
expecting  to  be  restored  to  his  estate,  complained 
to  the  Council  that  he  found  the  Adventurer  in 
possession  of  the  family  estate  cutting  down  all  the 
timber,  endeavouring,  evidently,  to  niake  the  most  of 


KXViii  PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST  EDITION. 

his  time,  in  case  he  should  lose  the  lands  by  this  new 
revolution.  As  the  timber  on  all  forfeited  lands  was, 
by  Cromwell's  Acts,  reserved  to  the  State,  the  Coun- 
cil had  issued  a  proclamation,  on  the  Kestoration,  to 
prevent  the  cutting  do'wn  of  trees.  The  affidavit  of 
the  heir  still  remains,  informing  the  Council  that, 
when  he  showed  the  Adventurer  the  proclamation,  he 
and  his  men  answered  him,  ''  that  they  did  not  value 
the  said  proclamation,  and  that  they  would  not  leave 
standing  a  tree,  of  all  the  wood  but  one,  whereon  he, 
tills  deponent,  should  hang." 

Deprived  of  their  estates,  which  were  never  re- 
stored, different  branches  of  the  family  became 
tenants  under  the  Adventurers  of  the  lands  they  had 
once  owned  as  lords.  Some  of  them,  still  adhering  to 
the  Crown,  forfeited  their  leases  after  the  battle  of 
the  Boyne,  and  became  exiles.  Others  held  on.  One 
of  the  family — the  grandfather  of  him  whose  pedigree 
I  was  commissioned  to  investigate — happened  to  be 
conducting  agent  for  one  of  the  candidates  at  the 
election  at  Clonmel  for  the  county  of  Tipperary 
caused  by  the  accession  of  George  III.  He  tendered 
his  vote.  ''  You  know  you  married  a  Papist,-'  said 
the  opposing  agent,  and  thus  denied  his  right.  The 
other  challenged  him  for  the  insult.  They  retired  at 
once  to  the  Green  of  Clonmel,  behind  the  Courthouse, 
where  the  man  insulted  on  account  of  his  wife's 
religion  was  shot  dead,  the  other  with  difficulty 
escaping,  on  a  horse,  from  the  excited  crowd  across 
the  Biver  Suir,  which  runs  by  the  Green.     I  did  not 


PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST  EDITION.  XXIX 

understand,  until  later,  that  if  a  Protestant  married 
an  Irishwoman,  and  she  did  not  conform  to  English 
religion  within  one  year  of  the  marriage,  he  sank  to 
the  Helot-like  condition  of  his  wife's  people;  he  was 
deprived  of  all  rights;  he  became  "a  constructive 
Papist  " ;  and  ''  a  Protestant  of  this  class  was,  in  the 
eye  of  the  law,  a  more  odious  Papist  (to  use  the  words 
of  the  Court)  than  a  real  and  actual  Papist  by  pro- 
fession and  principle."^ 

On  my  return  to  Dublin,  I  had  recourse  to  the 
Kecords,  to  trace  the  pedigree.  The  KoUs  of  Chan- 
cery begin  only  in  the  reign  of  Edward  II.,  almost  all 
the  earlier  ones  having  been  burnt  by  a  fire  that 
destroyed  St.  Mary's  Abbey,  where  they  were  then 
deposited.  Many  early  links,  however,  were  obtained 
from  the  Tower  of  London,  whither  appeals  in  Writs 
of  Right  by  members  of  the  family,  and  in  one  case  of 
Wager  of  Battle,  carried  from  Ireland  to  Westminster 
in  the  reign  of  Edward  I.,  had  been  preserved.  From 
Edward  II.  to  the  34th  of  Henry  VIII.  compara- 
tively little  information  was  to  be  obtained,  as  in  that 
interval  the  regular  administration  of  English  law 
was  suspended,  except  in  the  Pale;  and  the  English 
in  the  provinces  ruled  their  differences  by  March  Law, 
the  Irish  by  Brehon  Law,  and  some  of  the  towns  (as 
for  instance.  Gal  way)  by  the  Civil  Law. 


^  The  case  of  Rives  against  Roderic,  in  the  Exchequer, 
Hilary  Term,  1729.  Howard's  "  Cases  on  the  Laws  against 
the  further  Growth  of  Popery  in  Ireland,"  p.  60.  8vo. 
Dublin  :  1775. 

c 


XXX  PREFACE  TO  THE   FIRST  EDITION, 

But  after  the  fall  of  the  House  of  Kildare,  the 
Feudal  Law  was  resumed,  and  Inquisitions  taken 
upon  the  death  of  every  landowner  ''found,"  or  re- 
corded in  Chancery,  his  death;  what  estates  he  died 
seised  of;  who  was  his  heir,  and  whether  under  age, 
and  unmarried;  for  in  that  case  the  King  became 
entitled  to  the  guardianship  and  marriage  of  the  heir, 
and  to  the  rents  of  the  estate  during  the  minority, 
without  account.  Thus,  from  1540  to  1640  nothing 
was  easier  than  to  trace  the  chain.  But  here  these 
documents  ended,  and  a  gap  ensued,  which  it  was 
long  difficult  to  bridge.  The  Statutes,  after  a  similar 
gap,  began  in  1(1(12  with  the  Act  of  Settlement.  After 
some  study  it  jn-oved  unintelligible.  It  was  founded 
on  transactions  of  which  there  was  no  explanation. 
The  histories  of  Ireland  afforded  next  to  nothing. 

The  search  for  information  had  been  for  some  time 
abandoned  as  nearly  hopeless,  when  I  remembered 
that  in  the  King's  Inn's  Library  there  were  pamphlets 
amounting  to  thousands,  but  not  catalogued.  Each 
day,  after  court,  a  certain  number  were  gone  through, 
until  at  length  the  whole  was  examined.  Between 
1G41  and  1650,  there  were  plenty  of  pamphlets  about 
Ireland;  but  they  concerned  the  War;  and  it  was  not 
such  I  wanted.  I  had  come  to  perceive  the  importance 
of  the  history  of  the  Landed  Settlement  of  Ireland, 
and  I  desired  those  that  concerned  the  period  from 
1650  to  1660.  I  only  found  the  following,  viz.  :  — 
"  The  Great  Case  of  Transplantation  in  Inland  Dis- 
cussed," in  the  year  1655,  with  an  answer  by  Colonel 


PREFACE  TO   THE  FIRST  EDITION.  XXXI 

Lawrence,  and  a  reply  by  Vincent  Gookin  (the  author 
of  the  "  Case  ") ;  and  Colonel  Lawrence's  "  Interest 
of  England  in  the  Well  Planting  of  Ireland  with 
English  People  Discussed,'"  in  1656. 

My  interest  was  now  redoubled,  for  I  had  begun  to 
form  some  conception  of  the  Settlement.  I  went  back 
to  the  Eolls  Office  to  ask  Mr.  Hatchell,  so  long 
Deputy  Keeper,  if  he  knew  anything  of  the  History 
of  the  Settlement;  and  if  not,  who  did?  He  answered, 
he  knew  nothing  of  it,  ''but  perhaps  Groves  might." 
He  was  an  old  clergyman,  who  had  been  one  of  the 
Kecord  Commission  of  1810.  Mr.  Groves  knew  noth- 
ing, but  said  Mr.  Shaw  Mason  might — he  had  been 
Secretai^  to  the  Commission;  but  Mr.  Mason  knew 
no  more  than  Mr.  Groves. 

I  now  thought  of  searching  the  Eecord  Commis- 
sioners' Keports,  and  found  that  there  were  several 
volumes  of  Entry  Books  of  the  very  date  required, 
1650-1659,  in  the  custody  of  the  Clerk  of  the  Privy 
Council,  preserved  in  the  heavily  embattled  Tower 
which  forms  the  most  striking  feature  of  the  Castle 
of  Dublin.  They  were  only  accessible  at  that  day 
through  the  order  of  the  Lord  Lieutenant  or  Chief 
Secretary  for  Ireland.  I  obtained  at  length,  in  the 
month  of  September,  1848,  an  order.  It  may  be 
easily  imagined  with  what  interest  I  followed  the 
porter  up  the  winding  standing  stone  staircase  of  this 
gloomy  tower,  once  the  prison  of  the  Castle,  and  was 
ushered  into  a  small  central  space  that  seemed  dark, 


XXXll  PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST  EDITION. 

even  after  the  dark  stairs  we  had  just  left.  As  the 
eye  became  accustomed  to  the  spot,  it  appeared  that 
the  doors  of  five  cells  made  in  the  prodigious  hick- 
ness  of  the  Tower  walls  opened  on  the  central  space. 
From  one  of  them  Hugh  Eoe  O'Donel  is  said  to  have 
escaped,  by  getting  down  the  privy  of  his  cell  to  the 
Poddle  Eiver  that  runs  round  the  base  of  the  Tower. 
The  place  was  covered  with  the  dust  of  twenty  years ; 
but,  opening  a  couple  of  volumes  of  the  Statutes — 
one  as  a  clean  spot  to  place  my  coat  upon,  the  other 
to  sit  on — I  took  up  my  seat  in  the  cell,  exactly 
opposite  to  the  one  just  mentioned,  as  it  looked  to  the 
south  over  the  Castle  garden,  and  had  better  light. 
In  this  Tower,  I  found  a  series  of  Order  Books  of  the 
Commissioners  of  the  Parliament  of  the  Common- 
wealth of  England  for  the  Affairs  of  Ireland,  together 
with  Domestic  Correspondence  and  Books  of  Estab- 
lishments from  1G50  to  1659.^  They  were  marked  on 
the  back  by  the  letter  A  over  a  number. ^  Here  I 
found  the  records  of  a  nation's  woes.  The  first  page 
I  happened  to  open  presented  the  following  :  — 


1  Under  the  late  Record  Act  Sir  Bernard  Burke  has  been 
appointed  Keeper  of  the  State  Papers  in  this  Tower,  and  the 
whole  presents  under  his  care  a  complete  contrast  to  what  is 
here  described.  The  Books  of  the  Commissioners  for  the 
Affairs  of  Ireland  have  been  all  rebound. 

2  See  the  Catalogue  of  these  Books,  among  the  papers  con- 
tained in  the  Council  Office,  in  the  volume  of  Reports  from 
the  Record  Commissioners  from  1816  to  1826,  Appendix, 
p.  227. 


PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST  EDITION.  XXXill 

"  Forasmuch  as  the  within  Mrs.  Mary  Wolverston,  by 
reason  of  the  bad  weather  that  hath  happened,  was  disabled 
to  travel  with  her  provisions  and  carriages  into  Connaught 
by  the  tyme  limited  in  the  within  passe,  these  are  therefore 
to  desire  all  whom  it  may  concern  to  permit  the  said  Mary, 
and  the  within  named  persons  her  servants,  with  such  corne 
and  other  necessary  provisions  as  she  or  they  shall  have  with 
them,  quietly  to  pass  into  Connaught  aforesaid  to  their 
habitations,  she  and  they  behaving  themselves  as  becometh.i 

"  Thomas  Herbert,  Clerk  of  the  Council. 
''Dated  the  Uth    October,  1654." 

I  felt  that  I  had  at  last  reached  the  haven  I  had 
been  so  long  seeking.  There  I  sat,  extracting,  for 
many  weeks,  until  I  began  to  know  the  voices  of  many 
of  the  corporals  that  came  with  the  guard  to  relieve 
the  sentry  in  the  Castle  yard  below,  and  every  drum 
and  bugle  call  of  the  regiment  quartered  in  the  Ship- 
street  barracks.  At  length,  between  the  labour  of 
copying,  and  excitement  at  the  astonishing  drama 
performing  as  it  were  before  my  eyes,  my  heart  by 
some  strange  movements  warned  me  it  was  necessary 
to  retire  for  a  time.  But  I  again  and  again  returned  at 
intervals,  sometimes  of  months,  sometimes  of  years. 
Other  dejjositories  were  ransacked.  I  got  free  range  of 
the  Exchequer,  full  of  interesting  historical  documents, 

1  A  (5).  The  Wolverstons  were  at  this  time  owners  oi  the 
noble  demesne  called  Stillorgan  Park,  three  miles  south  of 
Dublin,  derived  through  the  Cruise  family,  who  were 
possessed  of  it  in  the  beginning  of  the  13th  century.  {"  His- 
tory of  the  Covmty  of  Dublin,  by  John  D' Alton,  Esq., 
Barrister  at  Law,"  p.  840.  8vo.  Dublin:  1838.)  It  subse- 
quently got  the  name  of  Carysfort  Park,  from  becoming  the 
property  of  the  Earls  of  Carysfort. 


XXXIV  PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST  EDITION. 

and  containing  the  Minute  and  Order  Books  of  Crom 
well's  Court  of  Claims.  I  had  access  to  the  Kecords 
of  the  late  Auditor  and  Surveyor-General's  offices  in 
the  Custom  House  Buildings,  in  the  custody  of  W.  H. 
Hardinge,  Esq.,  whose  works  on  the  Official  Maps 
and  Surveys  of  the  1641  and  1688  Forfeitures,  now 
publishing  in  the  "Transactions  of  the  Koyal  Irish 
Academy,"  will  become,  for  their  extent  and  accuracy, 
the  basis  of  much  authentic  history.  Some  of  the 
Order  Books  of  the  Council  are  to  be  found  here ;  and 
the  correspondence  of  the  Eevenue  Commissioners  of 
the  fifteen  precincts  into  which  Ireland  was  divided 
by  the  Commissioners  of  the  Commonwealth  abound 
in  curious  details.  Every  circuit  I  visited,  through 
the  kind  permission  of  the  late  Marquis  of  Ormond, 
the  muniment  room  of  Kilkenny  Castle,  containing  a 
series  of  private  and  public  historical  documents,  some 
coseval  with  the  first  Conquest — a  pleasure  enhanced 
by  a  friendship  with  their  accomplished  keeper,  the 
Eev.  James  Graves,  Honorary  Secretary  to  the  Kil- 
kenny Archaeological  Society.^ 

This  depository  is  still  surprisingly  rich,  though  three 
Irish  carloads  of  papers  concerning  the  Cromwelliau 
and  Eestoration  eras  were  carried  away  by  Carte,  to 
enable  him  to  write  the  "  History  of  the  Life  of  James 
Duke  of  Ormond,-' — papers  which  are  to  be  found 

1  Author,  jointly  with  J.  G.  A.  Prim,  of  the  "  History  of  the 
Cathedral  of  St.  Canice,  Kilkenny."  4to.  Dublin:  Hodges 
and  Smith,  1857.  Mr.  Graves  is  now  editing,  under  the 
sanction  of  the  Master  of  the  Rolls,  a  Council  Roll  of  18th 
Richard  II.,  A.D.,  1395,  preserved  in  Kilkenny  Castle. 


PREFACE  TO  THE   FIRST  EDITION.  XXXV 

iu  tlie  Great  Carte  collection  in  the  Bodleian  Library 
at  Oxford.  These  were  visited,  as  also  the  British 
Museum  and  State  Paper  Office,  which,  however,  did 
not  yield  much.  I  must  add  the  Library  of  Charles 
Haliday,  Esq.,  at  his  Lucullan  villa,  Monkstown  Park, 
rich  in  all  the  rarest  literature  relating  to  Ireland,  with 
a  collection  of  pamphlets  and  fugitive  pieces  from  the 
earliest  time  to  the  present,  probably  unequalled/  over 
the  door  of  which  might  be  written,  ''The  Books  of 
Charles  Haliday  and  his  friends."^  As  the  materials 
grew,  so  grew  the  difficulty  of  selecting  and  framing 
an  account.     Other  occupations  also  interfered. 

It  seemed  as  if  I  had  now  gone  through  every 
depository.  I  had  got  a  tolerably  clear  view  of  that 
great  work,  the  Transplantation  of  a  Nation,  which  the 
Commissioners  of  the  Parliament  found  it  such  a  labour 
to  execute.    But  to  express  the  despondency  I  felt  at 


1  Plutarch,  after  describing  the  elegance  of  Liicullus's  villas, 
praises  him  for  the  libraries  he  had  collected,  and  the  number 
of  volumes  he  had  caused  to  be  copied  from  him  in  elegant 
hands.  His  libraries  were  open  to  all.  The  Greeks  repaired 
at  pleasure  to  the  galleries  and  porticos,  as  to  the  retreat  of 
the  Muses,  and  there  spent  whole  days  in  conversation  on 
matters  of  learning,  delighted  to  retire  to  such  a  scene  from 
business  and  from  care.  Lucullus  often  joined  these  learned 
men  in  their  walks,  and  gave  them  his  advice  about  the  affairs 
of  their  country  ;  so  that  his  house  was  in  fact  an  asylum  and 
senate  house  to  all  the  Greeks  that  visited  Rome.  "  Life 
of  Lucullus." 

2  Rabelais  inscribed  in  all  his  books  the  following : — 
"  Francisci  Rabeljesi,  medici,  koI  twv  avrov  (piKwv."  Not- 
withstanding kis  devotion  to  commerce,  there  arc  to  be  found 
valuable  papers   from   Mr.    Haliday  on   the   early   history   of 


XXXVl   •  PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST   EDITION. 

attempting  to  describe  it,  I  might  almost  use  the  lan- 
guage of  the  Commissioners  themselves  in  effecting 
it — ''The  children  were  now  come  to  the  birth,  and 
much  was  expected  and  desired,  but  there  was  no 
strength  to  bring  forth."  ^ 

In  the  beginning  of  the  year,  1864,  however,  the 
Earl  of  Charlemont  intrusted  me  with  the  care  of  the 
noble  collection  of  books,  coins,  and  papers  in  Char- 
lemont House,  Dublin,  formed  by  his  grandfather, 
James,  first  Earl  of  Charlemont,  a  man  no  less  distin- 
guished in  arts  than  for  patriotism — the  General  in 
Chief  of  the  Irish  Volunteers.  The  library  was  a  rich 
one  (particularly  in  early  English  and  Italian  litera- 
ture) ;  but,  as  I  had  had  constant  access  t^  so  many  fine 
Public  Libraries,  I  had  no  expectation  of  meeting  with 

Dublin  and  its  port  in  the  "  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Irish 
Academy."  His  researches  into  the  history  of  the  Danes  of 
Ireland  would  be  a  most  important  addition  to  the  history 
of  the  kingdom.* 


*  Charles  Haliday  died  on  the  14th  of  September,  1866.  He  left  his 
library  and  all  he  had  to  his  wife,  and  directed  that  his  body  should  be 
borne  by  his  servants  to  Old  Monkstown  Churchyard,  and  that  no  stone 
should  ever  be  placed  over  his  grave.  His  vrife,  mindful  of  his  wishes, 
sometimes  expressed  in  conversation,  though  not  in  his  will,  that  his 
books  might  be  kept  together  in  some  Public  Library,  gave  them, 
shortly  after  his  death,  to  the  Eoyal  Irish  Academy,  and  thus  raised 
a  nobler  and  more  enduring  memorial  of  his  name  and  character  than 
any   marble   monument. 

The  extent  and  vaUie  of  the  gift  may  be  judged  from  this,  that  the 
Pamphlets  number  29,000.  There  are  21,997,  in  2211  volumes  in  octavo, 
uniformly  bound  in  one  series ;  and  about  7000  pamphlets,  quarto,  of 
very  early  date,  unbound.  There  are,  besides,  all  the  best  works  in 
Ireland,  and  broadsides,  ballads,  and  a  mass  of  rare  and  curious 
materials  for  the  student  of  Irish  history,  ancient  and  modern.  Also 
a  fine  Collection  of  works  on  early  Danish  and  Norwegian  aifairs. 

^  See  at  p.   103,  j^ost. 


PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST   EDITION.  XXXVU 

anytEing  in  print  that  had  not  come  under  my  notice. 
What,  then,  was  my  surprise  to  find  twelve  thick  quarto 
volumes,  in  old  sheepskin  covers,  comprising  the  Lon- 
don weekly  newspapers  between  1641  and  1659,  the 
same  substantially  in  form  as  those  of  the  present  day. 
Each  paper  has  a  leading  article  (those  of  the  year  1650, 
for  instance,  have  ''Young  Tarquin,"  for  their  sub- 
ject, sometimes  called  "the  Scotch  King,"  nicknames 
for  Charles  II.,  to  render  him  odious  to  the  English), 
proceedings  in  Parliament  and  the  Law  Courts,  and 
correspondence  from  Paris,  Sweden,  Rome,  &c.,  and 
Ireland — the  letters  from  Ireland  supplying  some  of 
those  living  touches  that  such  contemporary  accounts 
alone  can  give. 

It  was  plain  that  all  the  information  that  could  be 
hoped  for  had  now  been  obtained ;  and  if  not  brought 
forth  the  subject  might  sleep  for  another  period  as 
long  as  the  last — some  of  the  information  might,  per- 
haps, be  buried  for  ever  with  the  possessor.^  Much 
of  it  had  been  collected  with  the  view  of  being  able 
some  time  or  other  to  treat  the  subject  of  the  Settle- 
ment of  landed  property  in  Ireland,  historically  con 
side  red,  before  the  body  of  the  Bar;  but  as  neither  of 
the  two  chairs  founded  by  the  Benchers  had  the  law 

^  "  When  a  learned  man  dies,"  said  the  Master  of  the 
Temple,  in  his  speech  at  the  grave  of  the  great  jurisconsult, 
John  Selden,  in  1654,  in  the  Temple  Church — "  when  a 
learned  man  dies,  much  learning  dies  with  him  "  ;  adding, 
"  If  learning  could  have  kept  a  man  alive,  our  brother  had 
not  died." — Wood's  "  Athense  Oxonienses,"  vol.  ii.,  "  John 
Selden,"  p.  134.     Folio.     London:  1712. 


XXXVlll  PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST  EDITION. 

of  real  property  allotted  to  it,  and  still  wisliiug  to 
interest  my  own  profession  in  a  favourite  pursuit,  a 
select  audience  of  them  was  addressed.^  The  interest 
and  appreciation  shown  by  men  so  well  qualified  to 
judge  gave  assurance  that  the  subject  could  not  be 
without  interest  to  the  public. 

JOHN    P.    PKENDERGAST. 

J,  Tower  Terrace,  Sandymouiit,  Dublin, 
May  I,  186 s. 

1  This  lecture  was  delivered  on  the  9th  of  June,  1864,  at  the 
Four  Courts,  Dublin.     The  following  was  the  notice  issued  : — 

"  The  Cromwellian  Settlement  of  Ireland. 

"  A  lecture,  to  be  based  on  Acts  and  Ordinances  of  the 
Parliament  of  the  Commonwealth  of  England,  on  unpublished 
Orders  and  Declarations  of  the  Lord  Deputy  and  Council  for 
the  Affairs  of  Ireland,  and  on  other  original  sources.  To  be 
illustrated  by  transcript  maps  of  Strafford's  Survey,  taken  in 
1637,  on  occasion  of  the  confiscation  of  Connaught  and  part 
of  Tipperary  ;  also  by  transcripts  of  the  Down  Survey,  for 
setting  down  the  regiments  of  the  Army  of  the  Parliament 
of  England,  by  troops  and  companies,  in  1654  and  1655  ;  by 
original  certificates  of  Adventurers'  allotments,  and  by  con- 
veyances from  the  soldiers  of  whole  troops  and  companies  of 
their  debentures  to  their  officers  ;  likewise  by  coloured  maps, 
showing,  in  different  tints,  the  baronies  assigned  in  Con- 
naught  for  the  new  settlements  of  the  ancient  nobility,  gentry, 
and  farmers  of  the  Irish  nation,  corresponding  in  character 
to  their  old  habitations  in  the  three  other  provinces  from 
whence  they  were  transplanted  ;  and  showing  the  division  of 
those  three  provinces  between  the  Adventurers,  for  their 
advances  towards  putting  down  the  rebellion,  and  between 
the  officers  and  soldiers  for  arrears  of  pay." 


CONTENTS 

^ 


I. 

THE   PLANTATION    OF  lEELAND,    FROM   THE   FIEST   INVASION  OF 

THE    ENGLISH.    UNDER   HENRY    II.,    TO    THAT    EFFECTED  BY 

CROMWELL. 

PAGE 

The   Gaels   or   Celts,   the   ancestors  of   the  Irish, 1 

The    Roman    Rule   in    Britain, 3 

The    Saxon    Rule    in    Britain 5 

The    Norman    Conquest    of    England, 5^ 

The  Irish  as  first  seen  by  their  future  Landlords, lO 

The  Irish  ruled  by  the  Brehon  System  until  the  year  1610,          .        .  11 

The  English  in  Ireland  ruled  by  the  burdensome  Feudal  System,   .  17 

The  Irish  denied  the  use  of  English  Law 21 

Killing    the   Irish    no    Murder, 22 

The    Irish   forbidden   to   purchase  Land 22 

The  English  of  Ireland  make  the  Irish  Enemy  an  excuse  for  keep- 
ing up  armed   Forces,   and  banish  the  Ministers  of  the  Feudal 

System, 25 

They  secretly  prefer  the  Freedom  of  Irish  Life  and  Manners,  .       .  30 
Attempts  of  the  Kings  of  England  to  make  the  English   renounce 

Irish  Manners,  and  to  bring  them  back  to  Feudal  Discipline,  .  32 

Schemes    for    the   Re-conquest    of   Ireland, 36 

Re-conquest  by  Plantation  begins  by  the  Planting  of  the  O'Moore's 

and  O'Connor's  Countries  in  Philip  and  Mary's  reign,   ...  39 
Confiscation  and   Plantation   of  the   Earl  of   Desmond's  Territories 

in    Munster,    in    Queen    Elizabeth's    reign, 39*' 

Plantation  of  Ulster  by  James  I., 41  ~- 

Plantations  in  the  same  reign   in   the  King's  County,  in  Wexford, 

Leitrim,    and   Longford, 45 

Strafford's    projected    Plantation    of    Connaiight    in    the    reign    of 

Charles     1 47 

xxxix. 


xl.  CONTENTS. 

II. 

THE  lElSH  REBELLION  OF  23rd  OCTOBEE,  1641,  AJSID  THE  SUPPOSED 
MASSACRE  OF  ENGLISH. 

PAGE 

The  Irish  Rebellion  preceded,  not  by  forty  years'  Peace  and  Hap- 
piness in  Ireland,  as  pretended,  but  by  Oppression  and  Misery,    49-51 

Discontents  of  Scotland  and  England, 51 

The    Scots   take   arms   in.  1639,    , ib. 

Strafford  raises  an  Army  of  SOviO  men  in  Ireland  in  1640,  to  invade 

Scotland,  ^nd  the  King  assembles  another  at  York 52 

The  Scots,  on  the  Invitation  of  the  popular  leaders  in  Parlia- 
ment,   invade    England, 53 

The  Scottish  Army  stands  by  to  countenance  the  Trial  and  Execu- 
tion of  Lord   Strafford, ib. 

The  King,  after  Strafford's  Execution,  goes  to  Edinburgh  to  collect 

proofs   of   the   Inviters'   Treason, 53 

Sends  the  Queen,  with  the  Crown  Jewels,  to  France  and  Denmark, 

to  raise  forces  against  the  Parliament, 54 

Sends  the  Marquis  of  Antrim  to  Ireland  to  organize  Forces  there,  .       54 

Small   numbers  of  Scotch   and   English  in   the   Escheated  Counties 

of   Ulster,    at  the  outbreak   of   the   23rd   of   October,   1641,   .       .       56 

Terrors  of  the  Lords  Justices  at  first, 56 

In  their  cruel  fury  afterwards,  they  order  the  slaughter  of  un- 
armed men,  women,  and  children, 56-59 

The  Evidence  taken  by  the  Seven  Despoiled  Ministers,  under  the 
King's  Commission,  and  published  in  March,  1642,  makes  no 
mention    of    a    General    Massacre 61-63 

The  Story  originated  in  1642,  to  prevent  the  King  from  making  a 

peace  with  the  Irish,  and  using  them  against  the  Parliament,  .    65-71 

III. 

SCHEME   FOR   A   LAST   AND   PERMANENT   CONQUEST   OF  IRELAND 
BY  PLANTATION.   THROUGH  A  SOCIETY  OF  ADVENTURERS. 

The  Adventurers  for  the  Land  and   Sea  Forces, 72 

Ihe  difBculties  of  the  Irish  War,  and  the  terms  offered  to  the  Irish,  75 

Schemes  for  the  new  Planting  of  Ireland, 81 

Departure   of  the   Swordmen   for   Spain, 86 

The  Seizing  of  Widows  and  Orphans,  and  the  Destitute,  to  trans- 
port to  Barbadoes  and  the  English  Plantations,      ....  88 
Ireland  assigned  to  the  Adventurers  and  Soldiers, 93 


CONTENTS.  xli. 

IV. 

THE    TRANSPLANTATION. 

PAGE 

The  First  Trumpet, 96 

The  Second  and  Last  Trumpet,  with  the  Doom  of  the  Irish  Nation,  101 

The  Eemonstrance  of  the  Irish, 106 

Applications  for  Dispensations  from  Transplantation,   ....      110 

The  Troubles  of  the  Commissioners  for  Ireland 118 

The  First  Aspect  of  Connaught, 120 

The  First  Year  of  Transplantation, 122 

The  Second   and   following  Years  of  Transplantation 127 

Sentences  of  Death  for  not  Transplanting, 133 

An  Englishman's  Protest  against  the  Transplantation  of  the  Irish,  134 
Fury  of  the  Cromwellian  Officers  against  the  Author  of  "  The  Case 

of   Transplantation   Discussed," 140 

"  The    Great    Interest    of    England    in    the    Irish    Transplantation 

Stated,"  in  answer  to  "  The  Case  of  Transplantation  Discussed,"  143 
Penalty    for    not    Transplanting,    changed    from    Death    to    Trans- 
portation   145 

The  Transplanters  and  their  Connaught  Assignments,  .       .       .       .146 

Court  for  the  Claims  and  Qualifications  of  the  Irish  at  Athlone,  .  155 

The  Loughrea  Commissioners, 158 

Court  at  Mallow  for  the  Claims  and  Qualifications  of  the  Irish  of 

Cork,  Youghal,  and  Kinsale 164 

The  Transplantation  of  Walter  Cheevers, 176 

The  Case  of  Pierce  Viscount  Ikerrin, 179 

The  Sufferings  of  Maurice  Viscount  Eoche  of  Fermoy,  .       .       .       .182 

Other  Sufferers, 185 


lYa. 

THE  OFFICERS  AND  SOLDIERS. 

The  different  kinds  of  Arrears,  and  the  order  of  their  Satisfaction,  187 

Debentures,  196 

The  Civil  Survey 201 

The  Down  Survey, 204 

The  Boxing  of  the  Army  for  Lands, 206 

The  Equalizing  of  Counties  and  Baronies, 212 

The  Counties  as  valued  by  the  Army, 213 

Valuation  of  the  Baronies 214 


Xlii  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

List  of  the  Troops  and  Companies  disbanded  in  August,  1655,  and 

the  Baronies  assigned  to  them,  and  how  Eated,       ....  216 

The  Equalizing  of  the  Lands  in  the  Lot  of  a  Troop  or  Company,    .  220 

Sale  of  Debentures  by  the  Common  Soldiers  to  their  Officers,  .       .  221 

Common  Soldiers  discontented  at  being  forced  to  Plant  in  Ireland,  226 

Common  Soldiers  cheated  of  their  Lots  of  Land  by  their  Officers,  .  234 
Attempts  of  the  Officers  to  take  Advantage  of  one  another  in  the 

Setting    out    of    Lands,    ....               , 235 


V. 

THE  ADVENTURERS, 239 

VI. 

THE    RE-INHABITING    OF    IRELAND. 

Three  Districts   or   Pales  projected, 245 

A  pure  Irish  beyond   the   Shannon, lb. 

A  pure  English  within  the  line  of  the  Barrow, 246 

A  mixed  English  and  Irish  in  the  rest  of  Ireland lb. 

Ireland  opened  to   all   foreign   Protestants:   English   Puritans   also 

invited  back  from   America, 248 

Proceedings  of  the  Adventurers  in  Replanting 251 

Proceedings  of  the  Officers  in  Replanting, 259 

The  Officers  take  the  Old  Proprietors  as  Tenants, 266 

Of  the  rive  Counties 269 

The  Towns  cleared  of  Old  English  for  Fresher  English  to  inhabit,  .  272 

The  Clearing  of  the  City  of  Kilkenny, 285 

The  Clearing  of  Waterford 295 

The  Clearing  of  Galway, 302 


VII. 

THE  THREE  BURDENSOME   BEASTS. 

Desolation    of    Ireland, 307 

First  Burdensome  Beast,  The  Wolf,' 309 

Second  Burdensome  Beast,   The   Priest, 311 

Third   Burdensome   Beast,  The  Tory, 325 


CONTENTS.  xliii 

APPENDIX. 

I. 

PAGE 
Petition  of  Maurice  Viscount  Eoche  of  Fermoy 361 

II. 

Transplanters'  Certificates, 363 

III. 

Petitions   for   Dispensations   from  Transplantation,        ....     377 

IV. 

Map  of  the  County  of  Tipperary  as  divided  between  the  Adven- 
turers and  Soldiers,  and  Allotments  of  the  Adventurers  in  the 
different  Baronies, 386 


The   Names   and    Subscriptions    of   the    Adventurers    for    Lands    in 

Ireland,  as  also  of  those  who  subscribed  for  the  Sea  Service,     .      403 


INDEX   OP   SUBJECTS,  455 

INDEX   OF   NAMES,  ....         • 499 

ILLUSTEATIONS. 

Fac-simile  of   Debenture  for   the  Frontispiece. 

Copy   of   this    Debenture 196 

"  A  Transplanter's  Grave."  Mural  Tablet  above  the  Grave  of  Lord 
Trimlestown,  in  the  Strangers'  Eoom,  in  the  Ruined  Abbey  of 
Kilconnell,    in   the   County   of   Galway, 186 

A  Character  or  Plan  of  the  Dividing  of  the  Barony  of  Connello,  in 

the  County  of  Limerick,  by  the  Adventurers 240 

MAPS : 

Map  of  the  Settlement  of  Ireland  by  the  Act  of  26th  September,  1653. 
Map  of  Connaught,  as  laid  out  to  receive  the  Inhabitants  from  the 

several  Counties  of  the  other  Provinces,  A.D.  1654. 
Map  of  Tipperary,  as  divided  between  the  Adventurers  and  Soldiers. 


References  marked  thus  A  (5)  are  to  the  Series  of  Order  Books 

of  the  Commissioners  of  the  Parliament  of  the  Commonwealth  of 

England  for  the  Affairs  of  Ireland  preserved  in  the  Bermingham 

Tower  of  Dublin  Castle. 


THE  CROMWELLIAN  SETTLEMENT 

OF 

IRELAND. 


CHAPTER  I. 

THE  PLAIS'TATIOX  OF  ICELAND  FKQM  ?JHE  FIRST  IK  VASION  OF  Tflh', 
ENGLISH  TJNDFPv  KING  HFNP.Y  II.  TO  THE  SETTuEMKNT 
EFFECTED  BY  CROMWELL. 

"  The  Irish  are  one  of  tho  moot  aiici<'nb  arvtions.'"  says 
Spenser.  "th;\t  T  kiio-vV  of  at  thi.-!  end  oi  the  w-jrlcl"  ;  ?iui  come 
of  "as  mighty  a  nice  ms  the  'Rcrld  ever  brought.  lorih."'^ 

They  helong  to  that  great  GaeHc  or  Celtic  race  thnt  v^gvs 
ago  iuhabited  Erii;,  Briiain,  Gaul,  and  the  northern  pc^cc  of 
Spain. 

Men  cf  big  hearts,  and  big  bodies, ^  the  Gavils  u-ere  !ong 
the  terroi  of  Home.  Bursting  over  the  Alps,  chcy  sacl.ed  the 
city  (B.C.  H8B).  Camillus  paid  a  ransom  for  it,  anri  Mjey  re- 
tired ;  and  Catuillus  got  the  name  of  Second  founder  of  Korne. 
Others  of  tht-in,  following  the  course  of  the  DanAibe,  burst  into 
Greece,  and  attacked  the  Temple  of  Delphi  for  its  treasures 

1  "  View  of  the  State  of  Ireland,"  written  by  Edraund  Sp<3nser, 
Esq.,  in  Jie  your  159o,  pp.  26  and  32.  Folio.  Printed  at,  Dahlia; 
16.33. 

2  "  Ingente.s  animor!  inyenti  corpore  v<?»'?.ant." — Tho  men  oi 
Tipperary  Are  s.dcl  to  baye  hearts  us  big  as  bulls,  and  to  their 
foes  as  fierce;  biit  \o  vvoraan   or  friciid  as  tender  as  a   tnriish'a. 

D 


2  •  THE   CKOMWELLIAN    SETTLEMENT 

(B.C.  279).  Another  body  crossed  over  into  Asia  Minor. 
Three  of  their  tribes  divided  the  country  aniong  them.  Antio- 
chus  at  length  |)ut  a  stop  to  their  attacks  on  the  Greek  cities,' 
aud  confined  them  to  the  central  mountains  of  Asia  Minor;  for 
this  he  got  the  title  of  Soteer,  or  Saviour  (B.C.  277).  There 
they  long  dv/elt,  the  only  free  people  aniid  nations  of  wealthy 
and  luxurious  slaves;  The  chiefs  of  the  clans  met  yearly  on 
a  plain,  surrounded  by  ancient  oaks.  Here  St.  Jerome  found 
them  speaking  their  owti  language,  six  hundred  years  after 
then-  first  settlement.  Of  these  were  "  the,  Gulatians,"  or 
Celts,  to  whom  St.  Paul  addressed  his  Epistle. 

Abou'/;  one  himdred  years  before  the  birth  of  Christ,  the 
Cimbric  Gauls  arrtjin  threatened  Eome.  Marius,  fresh  from 
his  conquest  at  Carthage,  defeated  them.  It  bespeaks  the 
greatness  of  the  peril  that  the  Komaus  gave  him.  for  this  vic- 
tory the  name  of  Third  founder  of  Komo.  They  were  a  war- 
like race.  Whoever  wanti^d  to  buy  headlong  courage  hired  the 
Gauls.  They  were  in  the  pay  of  Carthage;  they  wete  the 
chosen  soldiers  of  Pyrrhus,  that  king  of  blasted  triumphs, 
who  lo^'j^d  fighting  for  fighting's  sake.  It  was  in  going  to  the 
rescue  of  nis  Gaulish  troops,  overmatched  in  the  market-place 
of  Argos,  that  an  old  woman  killed  him  in  one  of  its  narrow- 
streets,  by  a-tile  thrown  from  the  roof.  Vast  in  their  hopes, 
noisy,  rhotcrical.  laughers,  talkers,  sym[)athetic, — such  is  t/iie 
ch.\racter  of  the  early  race.  "  The  Gauls  march  openly  to 
their  end,"  says  Strabo,  "and  are  thus  easily  circumvented." 

1  Sf.e  the  touciiing  song,  in  Greek,  of  three  j'oung  Ionian  ladies 
of  Miletir:,,  M'ho  voluntarily  quitted  life  rather  than  meet  these 
Gaul3 : — 

"  Tben  let  us  hence.  Miletus  dear!     Sweet  native  lai'd     fare- 
weU! 
The  in.siilting  wrongs  of  lawless   Gauls  wc  fear  whilst  here 
we   dwell." 
Eohn's     "  Greek     Anthology,"    translated,       p.       449.     12mo 
London:    1S52. 


< 


OF    lEELAND.  i3 

Some  people  seem  always  disposed  to  side  with  the  power- 
ful; but  the  Gauls,  according  to  the  same  author,  more 
readily  took  part  with  the  weak  and  injured. 

Caesar,  meditating  schemes  for  the  overthrow  of  the  aristo- 
cratical  power  in  Eome,  exercised  his  armies  in  subduing  the 
Gauls.  Having  desolated  a  country,  the  Eomans  set  about 
civilising  it.  They  established  on  the  ruins  of  ancient  Gaulish 
freedom  a  Eoman  government  and  a  bastard  Eoman 
civilization. 

They  gave  the  Gauls  baths,  circuses,  and  forums;  but  they 
took  away  from  them  their  arms  and  the  management  of  their 
own  affairs.  Their  best  citizens  were  withdrawn  from  them, 
to  seek  their  fortunes  at  the  capital  of  the  world.  Dearly  did 
they  pay  for  their  ci-vilisation.  Large  landed  estates,  which 
had  ruined  Italy,  now  ruined  Gaul.^  Weighed  down  with 
taxes,  and  the  overpowering  shadow  of  the  empire,  the  Gauls 
of  France  in  their  wretchedness  actually  welcomed  the  irrup- 
tion of  the  barbarians. 2 

The  Britons,  in  the  course  of  400  years  of  Eoman  govern- 
ment, were  reduced  to  similar  weakness.  The  descendants 
of  those  warriors  that  startled  Julius  Caesar  with  their  enthu- 
siastic bravery  and  contempt  of  death,  were  unable  to  strike 
in  their  own  defence,  when  the  Eoman  armies  withdrew  to  the 
Continent  to  support  the  crumbling  empire.  When  the  Irish 
of  Caledonia  invaded  them,  the  Britons  could  do  nothing  but 
"  groan, "  and  finally  called  in  the  Saxons  to  defend  them.  It 
was  the  same  with  Spain — this  country,  that  so  long  main- 
tained itself  against  the  Eomans,  was  overrun  by  the  Vandals, 
and  partitioned  in  two  years.    It  was  the  same  wherever  the 

1  "  Latifundia  perdidere  Italiam ;  jam  vero  et  provincias." 
C.  Plin.  Secundi,  Nat.  Hist.  lib.  xviii.  7. 

2  "For  an  account  of  the  Gauls,  see  Michelet,  "  Histoire  de 
France,"  b.  i.,  cc.  1-3;  Amandee  Thierry,  "  Histoire  des  Gaules," 
2  vols.     8vo.     Paris:   1857. 


4  THE   CEOMWELLIAN    SETTLEMENT 

Eoman  power  prevailed.   Italy,  and  Eome  itself,  Gaul,  Spain, 
Britain,  were  overrun  by  hordes  of  barbarians. 

Huns,  Alans,  Vandals,  Burgundians,  Goths,  Ostrogoths, 
Visigoths,  Lombards,  Saxons,  Franks,  poured  over  Western 
Europe,  like  wave  succeeding  wave.  Whole  countries  were 
depopulated;  their  names  were  changed,  their  laws  and 
languages  lost ;  their  survivors  became  the  farm  slaves  of  the 
conquerors,  to  be  taxed,  worked,  and  flogged  at  the  will  of 
their  masters.  These  conquerors  began  to  light  amongst 
themselves ;  the  strong  ones  knew  no  law  but  their  own  will, 
limited  only  by  their  power.  They  built  themselves  castles 
on  the  heights,  clad  themselves  in  iron,  and  compelled  each 
man  to  be  either  of  their  band  or  to  be  their  victim.  The 
earlier  invaders  resigned  to  some  later  tyrant  of  the  neighbour- 
hood the  allotments  they  had  carved  out  for  themselves  with 
their  own  swords  and  held  independent  of  any  superior.  They 
took  them  back  from  him  as  his  tenants  on  the  condition 
of  serving  him  as  his  followers  either  in  robbing,  or  in  defend- 
ing him  from  being  robbed,  he  on  his  part  yielding  them  pro- 
tection.^ So  dreadful  a  descent  to  a  man  of  a  free  spirit,  that 
the  Comte  d'Avesnes,  when  he  found  himself  called  vassal  of 
the  Count  of  Hainault,  the  blood  rushed  out  of  his  eyes  and 
ears — he  had  burst  his  big  heart,  and  he  fell  dead.^  This  was 
the  feudal  system,  the  foundation  of  the  law  of  real  property 
in  Europe,  modified  in  the  course  of  centuries,  by  the  growth 
of  towns,  by  the  spread  of  intelligence,  by  the  Crusades ; 
happily  extinguished  utterly  in  France  by  the  Eevolution  of 
1789,  and  wherever  the  French  army  carried  the  Code  Napo- 
leon with  its  abolition  of  settlements  or  g««s«-entails,  by  deed 
or  will,   and  its  freer  diffusion  of  property  in  land,   accom- 


1  Robertson.     "  History  of  the  Emperor  Charles  V.";  prelimi- 
ary  chapter  and  appendix,  ib. 

2  T^Iichelet,  "La  Sorciere,"  p.  46,  n.     12mo.     Paris:  1867. 


OF   lEELAND.  5 

panied  by  general  self-respect,  and  increase  of  national  well- 
being. 

Britain  from  her  remoteness,  and  by  being  an  island,  was 
not  subject  to  so  many  invasions  as  the  Continent  of  Europe. 
She  fell,  however  (A.  D.  450)  to  one  of  the  fiercest  of  the  bar- 
barian nations,  the  Saxons.  They  were  possessed  in  the  highest 
degree  of  the  Land  hunger  that  made  the  invasions  of  these 
northern  hordes  so  terrible  beyond  all  former  conquests. 
They  seized  the  houses  and  farms  of  the  Eomanized  Britons, 
exterminated  them  and  their  language,  and  the  very  names  of 
their  towns  and  districts,  and  drove  the  survivors  behind  the 
Eiver  Severn ;  and  there  they  shut  them  up  among  the  moun- 
tains of  Cambria,  surrounded  by  the  Severn  and  the  sea,  and 
further  secured  on  the  land  side  by  the  dyke  called  Offa's 
Dyke,  just  as  their  descendants,  one  thousand  years  later, 
penned  up  the  Irish  in  Connaught  behind  the  Shannon. 

Six  hundred  years  after  the  settlement  of  the  Saxons  in 
Britain,  another  race  of  pirates,  who  had  issued  in  their  boats 
from  the  fiords  and  bays  of  Norway  and  the  Baltic,  sailed 
up  the  Seine.  They  made  themselves  masters  of  Neustria, 
took  wives  of  the  native  race,  and  became  the  French  of  Nor- 
mandy. Thence  William  the  Conqueror  led  his  French  and 
Flemish  followers  into  England.  These  French  of  Nor- 
mandy reduced  this  great  English  nation  to  such  slavery, 
that  they  seized  the  entire  lands  and  government  of  Eng- 
land, made  the  inhabitants  their  serfs,  taxable  and  floggable 
at  their  will,  until  it  became  a  disgrace  to  be  called  an  English- 
man.^ 

The  English  peasantry,  deprived  of  the  protection  of  their 
native  gentry  and  national  Government,  took  the  only  means 
they  had  to  make  themselves  respected ;  they  cut  the  throats 

1  "  Ut  Anglum  vocari  foret  opprobrio."  Matthew  of  Paris,  b.  i. 
c.  12. 


6  THE   CROMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

of  the  worst  of  their  foreign  landlords  whenever  they  caught 
them  unawares  in  byways  and  thickets. ^  As  no  one  would 
turn  informer  (for  national  hatred  is  the  firmest  bond  of  asso- 
ciation and  secrecy),  the  vill  or  townland  was  then  fined  where 
a  Frenchman  was  found  murdered.  To  escape  this  fine,  the 
English  peasantry  used  to  cut  off  the  poor  gentleman's  nose, 
slit  his  cheeks,  and  so  disfigure  the  corpse,  that  no  one  could 
know  whether  it  was  French  or  English.  This  practice  is 
alluded  to  in  the  ballad  of  ' '  Robin  Hood  and  Sir  Guy  of  Gis- 
borne,"  where,  after  Robin  had  slain  Sir  Guy,  the  ballad  pro- 
ceeds,— 

"  Then  Robin  pulled  out  an  Irish  knife, 
And  knicked  Sir  Guy  in  the  face, 
That  he  was  never  of  woman  born 
Could  know  whose  head  it  was." 

It  was  then  enacted  that  the  corpse  should  be  deemed 
French,  unless  a  jury  found  it  was  only  an  Enghshman.  This 
was  called  the  presentment  of  "  Englischerie."  The  French 
vvho  ruled  England  charged  the  English  peasantry  with  trea- 
chery and  murder  as  characteristic  of  their  race.  They  said 
that  abroad  over  the  wide  extent  of  Germany,  inhabited  by  so 
many  races,  whenever  any  very  atrocious  deed  was  committed, 

1  "  Black  Book  of  the  Exchequer,"  by  Richard  Fitz  Nigel  (or 
Lenoir),  afterwards  Bishop  of  Ely,  written  in  24th  of  Henry  II., 
A.  D.  1172,  in  the  introduction  to  Madox's  "  History  and  An- 
tiquities of  the  Exchequer,"  vol.  i.,  p.  390.  2  vols.  4to.  Lon- 
don :  1769.     It  has  been  truly  said — 

"  Qui  de  ses  sujets  est  hiii, 
N'est  pas   seigneur  de   son   pays." 

"  The  lord  whose  tenants  cannot  well  endure  him, 
Finds  no  place  in  his  country  to  secure  him." 

Bee  Randle  Cotgrave's  French  and  English  Dictionary,  A.  T). 
1610,  at  the  word  "  Seigneur."  Howell's  edit.  Folio.  London  : 
1673. 


OF  lEELAND.  7 

it  was  common  to  hear  people  say,  "Perfidious  Saxon  !"^ 
But  the  EngHsh  peasantry  had  no  natural  taste  for  murder. 
They  sheltered  and  protected  the  man  that  avenged  his  own 
wrongs  with  spirit,  as  in  some  degree  the  champion  of  their 
cause  and  race;  feeling,  perhaps,  that  if  it  was  not  for  shoot- 
ing a  gentleman  now  and  then,  there  would  be  no  living  in  the 
country  for  a  poor  man.  This  law  (and  probably  these  insults 
and  murders)  lasted  till  the  reign  of  Edward  III.  Then,  when 
the  services  of  the  English  bowmen  were  wanted  to  bring 
back  the  revolted  French  provinces  under  the  hated  rule  of 
England, 2  they  ceased  from  these  national  insults,   and  no 

1  "  Who  dare  compare  the  English,  the  most  degraded  of  all 
races  under  heaven  [says  Giraldus  Cambrensis],  with  the  Welsh? 
In  their  own  country  they  are  the  serfs,  the  veriest  slaves  of  the 
Normans.  In  ours  who  else  have  we  for  our  herdsmen,  shepherds, 
cobblers,  skinners,  cleaners  of  our  dog  kennels,  ay,  even  of  our 
privies,  but  Englishmen?  Not  to  mention  their  original  trea- 
chery to  the  Britons,  in  turning  upon  them  in  spite  of  their  oath 
and  engagements,  after  being  hired  to  defend  them,  they  are  to 
this  day  so  given  to  treachery  and  murder,  that  whenever,"  &c. 
The  concluding  words  in  the  Latin  of  Giraldus  are — "  Unde  et  in 
Teutonico  regno  riuotiens  enormiter  quis  delinquere  videtur,  de 
natione  quacunque,  quasi  proverbialiter  in  suo  vulgari  dici  solet 
TJntrev-e  Sax,  hoc  est,  infidelis  Saso."  Giraldi  Cambrensis  Opera, 
edited  bv  J.  S.  Brewer,  M.A.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  27.  8vo.  Longman  & 
Co.:  1863. 

2  "  The  English,"  says  Carte  (alluding  to  the  brutal  insolence 
displayed  in  the  debates  in  the  Parliament  of  England  upon  the 
Live  Irish  Cattle  Importation  Prohibition  Bill,  in  1666,  which  he 
says  was  urged  out  of  wantonness,  and  a  resolution  taken  to 
domineer  over  that  distressed  kingdom),  "  never  understood 
governing  their  provinces,  and  have  put  them  under  a  necessity 
of  casting  off  their  government  whenever  an  opportunity  offered." 
"  Life  of  James.  Duke  of  Ormond,"  vol.  ii.,  p.  317.  And  he  had 
seen  the  treaties  made  by  the  provinces  of  Guienne.  Poictou, 
Anion,  &c..  with  the  Kings  of  France,  when  by  the  intolerable 
pride  of  the  English  they  had  been  forced  to  throw  off  their  yoke. 
In  these  they  expressly  stipulated,  "  that  in  any  distress  of  the 
affairs  of  France  they  should  never  be  delivered  back  into  the 
power  of  the  English."  Id.,  ib.  And  the  people  thus  injured  and 
insulted  in  Ireland,  in  1666,  by  the  Parliament  of  England,  were 
their  own  blood  and  nation,  the  Adventurers  and  Soldiers  not 
ten  years  settled  in  the  country. 


8  ■  THE   CEOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

doubt  found  the  English  peasantry  possessed  of  bravery,. 
truth,  and  all  the  virtues  under  the  sun. 

These  French  conquerors  were  settled  one  hundred  years 
in  England  before  they  invaded  Ireland.  A  body  of  them, 
principally  Flemings,  had  settled  in  the  southern  part  of 
Wales  along  the  Bristol  Channel,  round  by  St.  David's  Head, 
from  whence  Ireland  was  in  view. 

A  party  of  these  men,  by  way  of  private  adventure,  sailed 
over  to  the  aid  of  the  King  of  Leinster,  then  at  war  with  the 
neighbouring  Irish  kings.  The  contingent  they  brought  was 
small  in  number  compared  to  the  Irish  army  which  they 
joined;  but  better  arms,  and  discipline  acquired  in  foreign  war 
and  in  maintaining  the  rule  of  conquerors  over  the  English 
they  had  enslaved,  gave  the  victory  to  the  side  they  espoused. 
Their  leader  married  the  King's  daughter,  and  received  as  her 
dowry  the  kingdom  of  Leinster ;  his  followers  obtained  estates 
in  the  same  district;  and,  an  opening  being  thus  made,  the 
French  prince  then  ruling  in  England  followed,  \\ith  an 
army  of  French  and  Flemings,  and  established  his  rule  in 
Ireland. 

The  country  to  which  the  invaders  had  now  arrived  struck 
them  as  another  world. *  The  rest  of  western  Europe  had 
been  for  more  than  a  thousand  years  enslaved,  first  to  the  Eo- 
mans,  then  to  the  northern  hordes ;  so  that  the  Feudal  system, 
which  is  founded  on  the  conquest  and  colonization  of  the 
country  by  an  army  of  foreigners,  had  come  to  be  considered 
as  the  natural  state. 

Ireland,  however,  lying  on  the  verge  of  the  western  world 
in  the  Atlantic,  separated  from  Britain  by  the  unquiet  Irish 


1  "  Thus  separated  from  the  rest  of  the  known  world,  and  in 
some  sort  to  be  distinguished  as  another  world."- — Giraldus, 
"  Topographia  Hibernise,"  b.  i.,  chap.  2. 


OF  lEELAND.  9 

Sea,  scarcely  calm  for  three  days  in  summer,*  had  escaped 
Eoman  and  feudal  thraldom. 

Tacitus  had  often  heard  Agricola,  his  father-in-law,  com- 
mander of  the  Eoman  forces  in  Britain,  say  that  the  country 
could  be  conquered  and  held  by  one  legion,  and  that  the  con- 
quest of  it  much  concerned  the  interests  of  the  Eomans  in 
Britain;  for  the  neighbourhood  of  a  free  country  rendered 
the  Britons  more  difficult  to  govern.  It  would  be  well,  there- 
fore, that  freedom  should  be  as  it  were  taken  out  of  sight,  and 
the  Eoman  armies  be  seen  everywhere. 

To  this  end  he  kept  a  Mac  Murrogh^  in  his  camp,  and 
moved  a  legion  to  the  coast  of  Wales,  watching  for  some  op- 
portunity ;  but  the  exigencies  of  the  empire  called  the  Eoman 
forces  home  without  having  invaded  Ireland.'  So  that  when 
the  companions  of  Strongbow  landed,  in  the  reign  of  King 
Henry  II,,  they  found  a  country  such  as  Caesar  found  in  Gaul 
1200  years  before ;  the  inhabitants  divided  into  tribes  on  the 
system  of  clansmen  and  chiefs,  without  a  common  govern- 
ment, suddenly  confederating,  suddenly  dissolving,  with 
Brehons,  Shannahs,  Minstrels,  Bards,  and  Harpers,  in  all 
unchanged,  except  that  for  their  ancient  Druids  they  had  got 
Christian  priests.  Had  the  Irish  only  remained  honest  Pagans, 
holding,  no  matter  who  might  tell  them  to  the  contrary,  that 
true  religion  was  to  hate  one's  enemies,  and  to  fight  for  one's 
country,*  Ireland  perhaps  had  been  unconquered  still.     Eound 

1  Giraldus,  "  Topographia  Hibernise,"  b.  ii.,  chap.  1. 

3  "  Agricola,  expulsnm  seditione  domestica,  unum  ex  regulis 
gentis  exceperat,  ac  specie  amicitiae  in  occasionem  retinebat." — 
Tacitus,    "  Life  of  Agricola." 

3  "  Life  of  Agricola." 

*  When  the  (ireek  warrior  was  told  by  the  priest  that  there 
appeared  no  favourable  omens  or  signs,  which  in  that  day  stood 
instead  of  the  voice  of  the  Church  and  the  interpretation  of 
Scripture,  he  answered— 

"  Without  a  sign,  his  sword  the  brave  man  draws, 
And  asks  no  omen  but  his  country's  cause." 


10  THE  CEOMWELLIAN  SETTLEMENT 

the  coast  strangers  had  built  seaport  towns,  either  traders 
from  the  Carthaginian  settlements  in  Spain,  or  outcasts  from 
their  own  country,  like  the  Greeks  that  built  Marseilles.^  At 
the  time  of  the  arrival  of  the  French  and  Flemish  adventurers 
from  Wales,  they  were  occupied  by  a  mixed  Danish  and 
French  population,  who  supplied  the  Irish  with  groceries,  in- 
cluding the  wines  of  Poitou — the  latter  in  such  abundance, 
that  they  had  no  need  of  vineyards. ^ 

Unlike  England,  then  covered  with  castles  on  the  heights, 
where  the  French  gentlemen  secured  themselves  and  their 
families  against  the  hatred  of  the  churls  and  villeins,  as  the 
English  peasantry  were  called,  the  dwellings  of  the  Irish 
chiefs  were  of  wattle  or  clay.  It  is  for  robbers  and  foreigners 
to  take  to  rocks  and  precipices  for  security ;  for  native  rulers 
there  is  no  such  fortress  as  justice  and  humanity. 

The  Irish,  like  the  wealthiest  and  highest  of  the  present 
day,  loved  detached  houses,  surrounded  by  fields  and  woods. 
Towns  and  their  walls  they  looked  upon  as  tombs  or  sepul- 
chres, where  man's  native  vigour  decays,  as  the  fiercest  ani- 
mals lose  their  courage  by  being  caged^.  They  wore  woollen 
garments  much  in  the  present  fashion,  and  disdained  to  case 
themselves  in  iron,  thinking  it  honourable  to  fight  naked,  as 
it  was  called,  with  the  mailed  French  of  Normandy  and  their 
Flemish  and  English  followers,  just  as  the  Gauls  fought 
naked  with  the  well-armed  soldiers  of  Eome.* 

1  Giraldus  Cambrensis  says  the  towns  were  built  by  the  Ostmen, 
''  Topography  of  Ireland."  Distinction  iii.,  chap.  43.  But,  as 
Tacitus  says  the  ports  of  Ireland  were  better  known  to  merchants 
than  those  of  England,  the  account  here  given  is  the  more  pro- 
bable one. 

2  Giraldus  Cambrensis,  Distinction  i.,  chap.  5. 

3  This  was  the  feeling  of  the  ancient  Germans. — Gibbon, 
chap.   xix. 

*  Sentleger,  Lord  Deputy,  giving  Henry  VIII.  a  description  of 
such  troops  as  he  might  command  out  of  Ireland  to  France,  after 
describing  the  galloglasses,  says: — "  The  other  sort,  called  kerne. 


OF  lEELAND.  11 

They  were  fond  of  music,  poetry,  and  genealogy,  and  the 
professors  of  these  arts  in  each  tribe  or  clan  had  land  heredi- 
tarily allotted  to  them.  In  the  spirited  character  of  the  Irish 
the  new  settlers  found  themselves  in  the  presence  of  a  people 
of  original  sentiments  and  institutions,  the  native  vigour  of 
whose  mind  had  not  been  weakened  by  another  mind.  Nothing 
surprised  the  invaders  more  than  the  natural  boldness  and 
readiness  of  the  Irish  in  speaking  and  answering  even  in  the 
presence  of  their  chieftains  and  princes,  accustomed  as  the 
invaders  were  to  the  servile  habits  of  the  English,  produced, 
as  Giraldus  says,  either  by  long  slavery,  or  (more  probably, 
he  adds)  by  the  innate  dulness  of  men  of  Saxon  and  German 
stock.  ^ 

They  were  equally  astonished  at  the  freedom  and  fami- 
liarity of  the  Irish  gentry  with  their  poorer  followers,  so  dif- 
ferent from  the  haughty  reserve  of  an  aristocracy  of  foreign 
descent  towards  the  lower  classes  of  a  subject  nation  reduced 
by  conquest  to  the  state  of  villeins  and  serfs.  Free  by 
nature,  the  Irish  were  followers  of  nature  and  freedom  in  all 
things. 

Unlike  most  other  nations  of  the  world,  the  Irish  did  not 
bind  up  their  infants  in  swaddling  clothes. ^    It  required  the 

are  naked  men  but  only  their  shirts  and  smalj  coats,  and  many 
times  when  -they  came  to  the  bicker  [fight]  but  bare  naked  saving 
their  shirts  to  hide  their  privities,"  p.  444.  State  Papers  (Ire- 
land), H.  VIII.,  vol.  ii.,  Paper  385.  In  the  battle  with  Lucius 
^milius,  the  young  chiefs  of  the  Gesatse  stripped  themselves 
naked,  except  only  their  collars  and  armlets  of  gold. — Polybius, 
b.  ii.,  chap.  2. 

1  Giraldus  Cambrensis,  "Description  of  Wales,"  b.  i.,  c.  15; 
but  the  same  reriiark  was  applicable  to  the  Irish  even  in  a  greater 
degree. 

2  Such  was  the  custom  of  the  Jews: — "  And  when  I  was  born, 
I  drew  in  the  common  air,  and  fell  upon  the  earth  .  .  .  and  the 
first  voice  which  I  uttered  was  crying  ...  I  was  nursed  in 
swaddling  clothes."  .  .  Wisdom  of  Solomon,  chap.  7.  And  of 
the  Romans: — "  Hominem  tantum  nudum,  et  in  nuda  humo 
natali  die   [natura]    abjicit  ad   vagitus   statim   et   ploratum.     Ab 


12  THE  CEOMWELLIAN  SETTLEMENT 

lapse  of  ages,  and  the  burning  eloquence  of  Eosseau,  to  in- 
duce the  world  to  follow  the  practice  of  the  Irish,  who  never 
went  wrong  in  this  respect ;  so  true  is  the  saying  that  he 
who  follows  nature  never  goes  out  of  the  way.  We  learn 
from  Giraldus,  that  the  Irish  midwives  did  not  raise  the  new- 
born babe's  nose,  nor  shape  its  face,  nor  stretch  and  swathe 
its  little  legs.  Nature,  he  says,  was  in  that  country  allowed 
to  adjust  the  limbs  she  had  given  birth  to ;  and,  as  if  to  prove 
that  what  she  was  able  to  form  she  does  not  cease  to  watch 
over,  it  was  found  that  she  gave  growth  and  proportion  to 
the  Irish  until  they  arrived  at  perfect  vigour,  tall  and  hand- 
some.*  And,  being  never  swathed  in  infancy,  their  limbs 
had  a  freer  turn,  and  their  countenances  a  more  liberal  air. 

The  harp  that  had  long  been  silent  in  Gaul,  and  was  heard 
in  Britain  only  in  the  mountains  of  Wales,  was  universally 
played  in  Ireland ;  and  the  gaiety  of  the  airs,  and  the  skill  of 
the  artists,  astonished  and  delighted  those  accustomed  to  the 
slower  airs  of  the  Welsh. ^ 

They  ainused  themselves  with  hurling,  the  men  of  one  dis- 
trict playing  against  those  of  another — the  prize  probably,  as 
in  later  times,  being  often  some  fair  girl,  arranged  to  be  the 
bride  of  the  favourite  youth  of  the  winning  side.^ 

hoc  lucis  rudimento,  .  .  .  vincula  excipiunt  et  omnium  mem- 
brorum  nexus :  itaque  feliciter  natus,  jacet,  manibus,  pedibusque 
devinctis  flens  animal  cseteris  imperaturum,  et  a  suppliciis  vitam 
auspicatur,  unam  tantum  ob  culpam  quia  natum  est."— C.Plinius, 
lib.  vii.,  chap.  1.  "  Man  is  the  only  animal  that  nature  flings 
down  on  the  bare  ground  naked  on  the  day  of  his  birth,  to  begin 
life  with  cries  and  tears.  On  his  entrance  into  light  every  limb 
is  chained  and  bound ;  and  there  lies  this  little  weeping  animal 
that  is  to  command  all  others,  born  under  these  happy  auspices, 
and  begins  its  life  in  chains  and  punishment,  guilty  only  of  being 
born."  An  infant  swaddled  as  of  old,  can  be  likened  to  nothing 
but  a  mummy  case  or  a  chrysalis. 

1  "  Topography  of  Ireland,"  Distinction  iii.,  chap.  10. 

2  Ibid.,   chap.   11. 

3  "  There  is  a  very  ancient  custom  here  [county  of  Tipperary] 
for  a  number  of  country  neighbours  among  the  poor  people  to  fix 


OF   IRELAND.  13 

The  great  body  of  the  people  were  of  pastoral  habits.  The 
different  families  used  the  tribal  lands  in  common,  following 
their  herds  from  the  winter  feeding  grounds  to  the  summer 
pastures  in  the  mountains,  shifting  their  quarters  as  the  need 
of  fresh  pastureage  for  their  cows  required,  and  building  for 
themselves  hght  booths  of  boughs  of  trees,  covered  with  long 
strips  of  green  turf. 

The  tillage  ground  of  each  tribe,  near  which  they  seem  to 
have  had  dwellings  a  little  more  durable  than  the  moveable 
summer  huts  in  the  mountains,  was  annually  divided  among 
the  families  by  the  Caunfinny,  according  to  their  stock  and 
requirements. 

But,  though  the  great  body  of  the  people  had  no  separate 
properties,  the  chief  families  had  portions  appropriated  to  them 
in  perpetuity.  There  were  also  lands  appointed  as  well  for  the 
elected  chief,  as  others  for  the  Tanist  who  was  to  succeed  him ; 
other  portions  were  also  enjoyed  hereditarily  by  the  Brehons, 
and  bards,  and  physicians  of  the  tribe.  The  chief  also  was 
entitled  to  tributes  of  victuals,  and  certain  of  his  dependents 

upon  some  young  woman  that  ought,  as  they  think,  to  be  married. 
They  also  agree  upon  a  young  fellow  as  a  proper  husband  for  lier. 
This  determined,  they  send  to  the  fair  one's  cabin,  to  inform  her 
that  on  the  Sunday  following  she  is  to  be  horsed,  that  is,  carried 
in  triumph  on  men's  backs.  She  must  then  provide  whiskey  and 
cider  for  a  treat,  as  all  will  pay  her  a  visit  after  Mass  for  a  hurl- 
ing match.  As  soon  as  she  is  horsed,  the  hurling  begins,  on 
which  the  young  fellow  appointed  for  her  husband  has  the  eyes  of 
all  the  company  fixed  on  him:  if  he  comes  off  conqueror,  he  is 
certainly  married  to  the  girl ;  but  if  another  is  victor,  he  as  cer- 
tainly loses  her,  for  she  is  the  prize  of  the  victor." — Vol.  ii., 
p.  250,  "A  Tour  in  Ireland  in  the  years  1776,  1777,  1778,"  by 
Arthur  Young.  8vo.  Dublin :  1780.  See  also  his  account  of 
Irish  dancing,  ibid.  ;  but,  with  the  advance  of  English  power  and 
English  religion, 

"  Those  healthful   sports  that  graced  the  happy   scene, 
Lived  in  each  look,   and  brightened  all  the  green, 
These,  far  departing,  seek  a  kinder  shore, 
And  rural  mirth  and  manners  are  no  more." 


14  THE    CEOMWELLIAN    SETTLEMENT 

were  bound  to  entertain  him  and  his  company  for  stated 
times  in  the  year. 

But  the  Irish  knew  no  such  thing  as  tenure,  nor  forfeiture, 
nor  fixed  rent;  at  this  they  repined,  though  wilhng  to  offer 
such  tribute  of  victuals  as  was  required,  and  to  let  their  chief- 
tains eat  them  almost  out  of  the  house  and  home  :  hence  the 
saying,  "  Spend  me,  but  Defend  me."^ 

The  treaty  between  Henry  II.  and  Roderick,  King  of  Con- 
naught,  entered  into  at  Windsor,  three  years  after  the  king's 
return  from  his  "  Veni,  vidi,  vici,"  visit  to  Ireland,  as  Sir 
John  Davis  styles  it,  justifies  his  ridicule  of  the  nature  of  the 
conquest  attributed  to  him. 

By  that  instrument,  signed  on  O'Connor's  behalf,  as  King 
of  Connaught,  and  Chief  King  of  Ireland,  by  two  of  the  Pope's 
new  archbishops  of  Ireland,  O'Connor  is  ixiade  to  become  the 
King's  liegeman,  and  to  be  King  of  Connaught,  and  Chief 
King  of  Ireland,  under  Henry  II.  He  undertakes  that  the 
Irish  shall  yield  the  King  of  England  annually  one  merchant- 
able hide  for  every  ten  cows  in  Ireland,  which  O'Connor  is  to 
collect  for  him  through  every  part  of  Ireland,  except  that 
which  is  in  the  possession  of  King  Henry  II.  and  his  barons, 
being  Dublin,  Meath,  and  Leinster,  with  Waterford  as  far  as 
Dungarvan.  The  rest  of  the  kings  and  people  of  Ireland  are 
to  enjoy  all  their  lands  and  liberties  as  long  as  they  shall  con- 
tinue faithful  to  the  King  of  England,  and  pay  this  tribute 
through  the  hands  of  the  King  of  Connaught. ^ 

Two  systems  were  thus  established  side  by  side  in  Ireland, 

1  Spenser  says,  "  Coigny  is  in  common  use  amongst  landlords 
of  the  Irish  to  have  a  common  spending  upon  their  tenants  .  .  . 
neither  in  this  was  the  tenant  wronged,  for  it  was  an  ordinary 
and  known  custom  .  .  .  for  they  were  never  wont  (and  yet  are 
loth)  to  yield  any  certain  rent  but  only  such  spendings  ;  for  their 
common  saying  is,  '  Spend  me,  but  Defend  me.'  "  "A  View  of 
the  State  of  Ireland,"  by  Edmund  Spenser,  Esq.,  in  the  year  1596. 

2  Rymer's  "  Foedera,"  vol.  i.,  p.  31.     Folio.     London:  1816. 


OF   IRELAND.  15 

the  Feudal  and  the  Brehon  systems;  for  the  Irish,  as  Sir  John 
Davis  remarks,  merely  became  tributaries  to  the  King  of  Eng- 
land, preserving  their  ancient  Brehon  law,  and  electing  their 
chiefs  and  tanists,  making  war  and  peace  with  one  another 
and  ruling  all  things  between  themselves  by  this  law,  until  the 
reign  of  Queen  Ehzabeth;i  and  this,  as  Spenser  remarks,  not 
merely  in  districts  entirely  inhabited  by  Irish,  but  in  the  Eng- 
hsh  parts.  He  speaks  as  an  eye-witness,  having  seen  their 
meetings  on  their  ancient  accustomed  hills,  where  they  de- 
bated and  settled  matters  between  family  and  family,  town- 
ship and  township,  assembling  in  large  numbers,  and  going, 
according  to  their  custom,  all  armed. ^ 

There,  surrounded  by  the  Irish  lords  and  gentlemen  and 
commonalty,  seated  on  the  accustomed  stone,  or  under  some 
ancient  tree,  the  Brehon  gave  his  judgment  according  to  the 
Brehon  code,  formed  partly  of  Irish  customs,  and  partly  of 
maxims  culled  from  the  Roman  Digest.* 

Campion,  an  English  Jesuit,  from  Oxford,  who  travelled 
in  Ireland  in  Queen  Elizabeth's  day,  saw  their  schools  of  Bre- 
hon law;  the  rising  Brehons,  stretched  at  full  length,  conning 
their  tasks,  and  learning  by  rote  fragments  of  Roman  and  Irish 
law,  at  which  they  continued  for  many  years.*    Spenser  admits 

1  A  "  Discoverie  of  the  State  of  Ireland,  and  the  true  Cause  why 
that  Kingdom  was  never  entirely  subdued  until  the  Beginning  of 
His  Majestie's  [James  I.]  most  happie  Reign,"  p.  603.  London: 
1613. 

2  "  View  of  Ireland,"  pp.  421,  500. 

3  Sir  James  Ware,   "  Antiquities  of  Ireland,"  chap.  viii. 

*  They  speak  Latin  Hke  a  vulgar  language,  learned  in  their 
common  schools  of  leachcraft  and  law,  whereat  they  begin  chil- 
dren and  hold  on  sixteen  or  twenty  years,  conning  by  rote  the 
aphorisms  of  Hippocrates  and  the  Civil  Institutes,  and  a  few 
other  parings  of  these  two  faculties.  I  have  seen  them  where 
they  kept  school,  ten  in  some  one  chamber,  grovelling  upon 
couches  of  straw,  their  books  at  their  noses,  themselves  lying 
prostrate,  and  so  to  chaunt  out  their  lessons  by  piecemeal,  being 
the  most  part  lusty  fellows  of  twenty-five  years  and  upwards." — 
p.  18,  Edmund  Campion's  "  Account  of  Ireland,"  written  in  May, 
1571. 


16  THE  CEOMWELLIAN  SETTLEMENT 

that  their  decisions  had  great  show  of  equity.  Stanihurst,  a 
contemporary  of  Spenser's,  had  witnessed  the  breaking  up  of 
their  meetings,  and  seen  the  crowd  in  long  hnes  coming  down 
the  hills  in  the  wake  of  each  chieftain,  he  the  proudest 
that  could  bring  the  largest  company  home  to  his  evening 
supper.* 

It  was  from  a  priest  who  had  once  been  a  Brehon  that 
Sir  John  Davis,  in  1610,  received  the  treatise  on  "  Corbes 
and  Herenachs  '."^  and  few  who  have  read  his  account  of  the 
first  assizes  held  for  the  county  Fermanagh,  in  the  ruins  of 
the  abbey,  in  the  island  of  Lough  Erne,  will  forget  the  aged 
Brehon  of  the  Maguires  drawing  from  his  bosom  with  trem- 
bling hand  the  ancient  roll,  and  refusing  to  part  with  it  until 
the  Lord  Deputy,  Sir  Arthur  Chichester,  had  given  him  his 
hand  and  faith  that  it  should  be  restored  to  him.^  It  was  only 
at  this  period  of  the  reign  of  King  James  I.  that  the  practice 
of  the  Brehon  law  was  forbidden  in  Ireland  ;*  for  the  Statutes 
of  Kilkenny,  passed  in  the  40th  of  Edward  III.,  only  prohi- 
bited the  use  of  it  in  ruling  differences  between  the  English. 
The  Irish  had  no  other,  as  they  were  denied  the  use  of  the 
English  law.  But  after  the  subduing  of  Tyrone's  rebellion, 
the  English  judges,  who  had  hitherto  gone  their  circuits  round 
the  Pale,  were  sent  all  round  Ireland  to  administer  English 
law;  and  the  practice  of  the  Irish  code  was  superseded,  and 
declared  to  be  no  law,  but  a  lewd  custom. 

At  the  date  of  the  Treaty  of  Windsor  the  invaders  had 

1  Ricardus  Stanihurst,  "  De  Rebus  in  Hibernia  Gestis,"  p.  37. 
4to.     Antwerp:  1584. 

2  "  Letter  to  Robert  Earl  of  Salisbury,  touching  the  State  of 
Monaghan,  Fermanagh,  and  Cavan ;  wherein  is  a  Discourse  con- 
cerning the  Corbes  and  Herenachs  of  Ireland,"  1607,  p.  246.  8vo. 
Dublin:  1787. 

3  p.  253. 

4  In  Hilary  Term,  3rd  James  I.  (A.  D.  1605).  See  Sir  J.  Davis, 
Reports,  p.  40. 


OF   lEELAND.  17 

planted  themselves  only  on  the  east  coast  of  Ireland ;  and  King 
Henry  II.  by  that  treaty  purported  to  guarantee  their  lands 
to  the  rest  of  the  Irish.  Yet  he  did  not  hesitate,  unknown 
probably  to  the  Irish,  to  cantonize  or  divide  Ireland  among 
ten  of  his  followers,  who  received  by  these  grants  petty 
kingdoms,  to  be  divided  among  their  comrades  and  followers, 
in  the  expectation  that  they  should  bring  over  fresh  Adven- 
turers from  England,  and  that  as  they  grew  more  numerous, 
they  should  gradually  supplant  the  Irish,  and  strip  them  of 
their  lands. ^ 

These  barons  and  their  followers  all  held  their  lands  on 
feudal  conditions,  liable  to  homage  and  fealty,  to  aids  and  tal- 
liages,  to  wardships  and  marriages,  to  fines  for  alienation,  to 
primer  seisins,  rents,  reliefs,  escheats,  and  forfeitures — con- 
trivances of  the  stronger  for  exacting  money  from  the  weaker. 
They  stood  instead  of  legacy  and  succession  duties  and  stamp 
duties  of  modern  times.  No  man  could  come  into  his  estate 
without  paying  a  year's  rent  as  a  relief,  or  sell  it  or  settle  it 
without  a  fine  for  alienation. 

But  beyond  all  other  feudal  burthens  were  wardships  and 
marriages.  If  a  gentleman  left  his  heir  under  age  at  his  death, 
he  could  appoint  no  guardian :  the  king  or  superior  lord  (for 
each  lord  exacted  from  his  tenants  what  the  king  exacted  from 
him)  took  possession  of  the  heir  and  the  estate,  leaving  the 
widow  to  maintain  the  rest  of  the  family  out  of  her  dower, 
while  the  guardian  spent  the  rents  of  the  estate,  without  liabi- 
lity to  account,  often  letting  the  castle  go  out  of  repair.  As 
incident  to  the  wardship,  he  had  a  right  to  sell  it,  and  this 
gave  the  purchaser  the  disposal  of  the  heir  or  heiress  in  mar- 
riage to  the  highest  bidder.  Thus  the  Earl  of  Lincoln  gave 
King  John  3000  marcs  for  the  marriage  of  Richard  de  Clare 

1  Sir  John  Davis'   "  PiscQverie,"  &c.,  p,  652, 


18  THE  CEOMWELLIAN  SETTLEMENT 

in  order  to  marry  him  to  his  eldest  daughter,  Matilda. ^  Geoffry 
de  Mandeville  gave  him  20,000  marcs,  that  he  might  marry 
Isabella  Countess  of  Gloucester,  and  possess  her  lands. 2  Si- 
bella  de  Singera  offers  the  king  200  marcs  to  marry  as  she 
likes. 3  Heiresses  remained  in  wardship  to  the  king  or  their 
landlord  until  they  married,  no  matter  what  their  age,  and 
when  they  became  widows  became  wards  again,  and  to  marry 
a  second  time  mUst  have  their  landlord's  consent.*  Thus 
Ahce  Countess  of  Warwick  gave  the  king  £1,000  for  liberty 
to  remain  a  widow  as  long  as  she  liked,  and  not  to  be  forced 
by  the  king  to  marry,  and  for  the  wardship  of  her  sons.^  One 
of  the  great  inducements  to  settle  in  towns  was  the  privilege 
conceded  by  almost  every  founder  of  a  borough  by  his  charter, 
that  the  burghers  or  citizens  might  marry,  themselves,  their 
sons,  and  daughters,  and  widows,  without  license  from  their 
lords  f  a  license  of  late  required  on  the  estates  of  some  land- 
lords managed  in  the  English  or  feudal  mode  in  Ireland. 

No  man  could  hunt  or  hawk  on  his  own  estate;  the  game 
was  all  reserved  for  the  king;''  he  could  not  even  take  the 
young  hawks  in  his  own  oaks — this  was  one  of  the  liberties 
won  and  consecrated  by  Magna  Charta.  So  strict  a  game  pre- 
server was  King  John,  that  the  beasts  and  fowl  of  the  forest 
seemed  to  be  aware  that  they  were  under  his  protection.  In 
England  the  country  abounded  with  them;  they  would  not 
fly  from  the  traveller,  but  would  only  move  to  a  short  distance 

1  Preface,  p.  xxx.  "  Oblate  and  Fine  Rolls  in  the  Tower  of 
London,  in  tlie  Time  of  King  John,"  Record  Publication.  8vo. 
By  T.  D.  Hardy:  1835. 

2  lb.  3  lb.  xxxii.  i  lb.  5  lb. 

6  See  the  charter  of  the  city  of  Dublin  and  other  charters,  in 
"  Cartfe  Privilegia  et  Immunitates,"  Irish  Record  Commission. 
Folio. 

7  Walter  de  Riddlesford  offers  King  Jolin  (A.  D.  1200)  twenty 
marcs  to  have  the  King's  confirmation  of  his  lands,  and  for 
license  to  hunt  the  hare  and  the  wolf.  "  Oblate  and  Fine  Rolls," 
preface,  p.  ix'.,  n. 


OF   lEELAND.  19 

and  continue  to  feed.i  This  slavery  the  Anglo-Saxons  always 
endured;  but  the  Irish  never  knew  the  Forest  Law  or  Game 
Law,  nor  could  the  EngHsh  ever  impose  it  on  them.  ' '  If  they 
had,"  says  Sir  John  Davis,  "  it  might  have  been  a  means 
of  conquest ;  for  they  might  have  turned  the  Irish  out  of  the 
wild  places  where  they  dwelt  in  freedom,  and  might  have 
given  them  up  to  the  beasts  of  chase,  less  hurtful,  and  less 
wild  than  they."^ 

The  feudal  system  proceeded  on  the  principle  that  the 
lands  were  all  derived  from  the  king,  as  the  captain  of  a  con- 
quering army,  and  had  been  distributed  by  him  amongst  the 
members  of  it  on  certain  conditions  (the  main  object  of  which 
was  the  maintaining  of  the  conquest),  liable  to  be  forfeited  if 
they  were  not  observed. 

The  Irish,  having  never  undergone  a  feudal  conquest  and 
plantation  like  the  rest  of  Europe,  considered  the  territory  as 
the  common  property  and  patrimonyj)fjLhfi  .clans  or  nations — 
not  held  from  any  one,  not  liable  to  forfeiture,  which  indeed 
was  impossible,  as  it  was  owned  and  occupied  by  them  jointly 
or  in  common. 

The  chief  families  had  contrived,  contrary  to  the  general 
principle,  to  appropriate  someportions  to  themselves,  divisible 
however  at  the  death  of  the  father  among  all  the  sons,  legi- 
timate and  illegitimate  alike.  The  inferior  members  of  the 
tribe  yielded  to  the  chiefs  milk  and  honey,  and  even  money 
for  the  grazing  of  their  cows,  and  were  bound  to  maintain 
their  lords,  with  their  wives,  sons,  and  daughters,  their  horses, 
servants,  their  dogs  and  dog  boys,  for  a  specified  number  of 
meals  or  days  in  their  houses  when  they  went  among  their 

1  See  a  curious  account  by  one  of  the  Flemish  soldiers  of  King 
John's  expeditionary  army  to  Ireland,  in  the  year  1210,  "  Histoire 
des  Dues  de  Nonnandie,"  vol.  i.,  p.  109.  2  vols.  8vo.  Paris; 
1840. 

2  Sir  John  Davis'   "  Discoverie,"  &c.,  p.  664. 


20  THE  CKOMWELLIAN  SETTLEMENT 

dependents  "  coshering, "  as  it  was  called.  But  they  knew  no 
such  thing  as  rent  or  services  in  the  feudal  sense,  as  an  ac- 
knowledgment of  holding  their  land  from  a  landlord,  liable  to 
forfeiture  if  not  rendered. 

The  chief,  like  the  baron,  had  his  law  court,  but  it  assem- 
bled under  his  Brehon  on  the  hill.*  He  had  his  retainers,  and 
each  of  them  had  their  kerne,  or  foot  soldiers,  ready  to  appear 
on  sumixLons,  quartered  on  the  poorer  fainilies  of  the  tribe. 
He  had  also  his  "  galloglasses, "  or  soldiers  by  profession, 
mercenaries ;  men  they  were  that  knew  not  how  to  till  the 
ground,  to  feed  cattle,  or  to  navigate  ships,  but  whose  sole 
profession  was  to  fight  and  conquer.  They  were  men  of  pro- 
digious size,  ready  beyond  expression  at  their  exercises,  lofty 
and  full  of  menaces  against  the  enemy ;  and  as  they  marched, 
their  pikes,  heavy  shod  with  iron,  shook  on  their  right  shoul- 
ders. ^  The  Irish  custom  of  fosterage  was  in  the  nature  of 
wardship ;  but  the  object  being  to  make  the  young  chief  the 
beloved  of  his  followers,  he  was  brought  up  in  the  bosom  of  the 
family  of  his  foster  parents,  who  paid  largely  for  the  honour 
of  thus  bringing  him  up  from  his  earliest  years  in  the  midst  of 
them. 3  Nursed  up  in  a  sense  of  his  own  importance,  he  be- 
came the  proud  and  spirited  head  of  the  clan,  their  pride  and 

1  "  Other  lawyers  they  have  liable  to  certain  families,  which 
after  the  custom  of  the  country  determine  and  judge  causes.  .  . 
the  Breighoon  (as  they  call  this  kind  of  lawyer)  sitteth  him  down 
on  a  bank,  the  lords  and  gentlemen  at  variance  around  about 
him,  and  then  they  proceed,"  p.   19,   Edward  Campion  (1571). 

2  State  Papers  of  Henry  VIII.  (Ireland),  vol.  ii.,  p.  444;  and 
Spenser's  "  View  of  Ireland  "  (A.  D.  1596). 

3  "  They  love  tenderly  their  foster  children,  and  bequeath  to 
them  a  child's  portion,  whereby  they  nourish  sure  friendship,  so 
beneficial  in  every  way  that  commonly  500  kine  and  better  are 
given  to  winne  a  nobleman's  child  to  foster."  lb.,  pp.  13-14. 
"  Gifts  of  the  Irishry  to  foster  with  the  Earl  of  Kildare,"  pp.  70, 
71,  "  Earls  of  Kildare,"  vol.  ii.,  by  the  Marquis  of  Kildare. 
Dublin:  1860. 


OF  lEELAND.  21 

joy,  and  bound  to  his  foster  family  and  they  to  him  by  ties  of 
affection  stronger  than  those  of  blood. 

Though  their  lands  were  thus  left  with  the  Irish,  it  was  the 
design  of  the  EngHsh  Government  that  they  should  gradually 
come  into  the  possession  of  the  English,  until  all  should  be 
held  in  feudal  tenure,  and  the  feudal  system  be  spread 
throughout  the  kingdom.  "With  this  intent,  therefore,  the  Irish 
were  reputed  aliens  and  enemies,  and  were  denied  the  right  of 
bringing  actions  in  any  of  the  English  Courts  in  Ireland  for 
trespasses  to  their  lands,  or  for  assaults  and  batteries  to  their 
persons.  Accordingly,  it  was  answer  enough  to  the  action  in 
such  a  case  to  say  that  the  plaintiff  was  an  Irishman  :  ^  unless 
he  could  produce  a  special  charter  giving  him  the  rights  of  an 
Englishman.  If  he  sought  damages  against  an  Englishman  for 
turning  him  out  of  his  land,  for  the  rape^  or  seduction  of  his 
daughter  Nora,  or  for  the  beating  of  his  wife  Devorgil,  it  was 
a  good  defence  to  say  he  was  a  mere  Irishman.  And  if  an 
Englishman  was  indicted  for  inanslaughter,  and  the  inan  slain 
was  an  Irishman,  he  pleaded  that  the  deceased  was  of  the 
Irish  nation,  and  that  it  was  no  felony  to  kill  an  Irishman. 
For  this,  however,  there  was  a  fine  of  five  marcs,  payable  to 
the  king  or  the  lord  of  the  manor;  but  mostly  they  killed  us 
for  nothing.     If  the  man  killed  was  a  servant  of  an  English- 


1  Thus  in  29th  Edward  I.,  before  the  Justices  in  Eyre,  at 
Droglieda,  Thomas  le  Boteler  brought  an  action  against  Robert  de 
Ahnain  for  certain  goods.  The  defendant  pleaded  that  he  was  not 
bound  to  answer  him,  because  he  was  an  Irishman,  and  not  of 
free  blood.  A  jury  Avas  summoned,  and  found  that  the  plaintiff 
was  an  Englishman,  and  thereupon  he  liad  judgment  to  recover 
his  goods.     Sir  J.  Davis'   "  Discoverie,"  p.  639. 

2  A.  D.  1278,  Robert  de  la  Roclje  and  Adam  Walsh,  indicted  for 
a  rape  of  Margaret  O'Rorke,  pleaded  "  Not  guilty,  for  that  the 
said  Margaret  is  an  Irishwoman,"  which  being  so  found  b.v  the 
jury,  the  said  Robert  and  Adam  are  acquitted,  p.  3(),  Calendar  of 
the  Patent  and  Close  Rolls  of  Chancery  in  Ireland.  By  James 
Morrin,  Clerk  of  the  Enrolments.     8vo.     Dublin  :    1862. 


22  THE  CKOMWELLIAN  SETTLEMENT 

man,  he  added  to  the  plea,  that  if  the  master  should  ever 
demand  damages,  he  would  be  ready  to  satisfy  him.^  Not 
unlike  those  hot  bloods  of  Charles  II. 's  day  who  ran  the 
waiter  through  at  a  tavern  with  their  rapiers,  and  threw  the 
body  out  at  the  window,  and  then  rang  the  bell  for  the  land- 
lord, and  bade  him  put  him  in  the  bill. 

But  it  was  not  the  Irish  that  complained.  It  was  only 
when  the  English  claimed  to  kill  Danes,  or  Ostmen  as  they 
were  called,  at  the  same  cheap  rate,  that  protests  were 
made.  Thus,  Philip  Mac  Guthmund,  by  petition  to  King 
Edward  I.  in  Parliament,  declared  that  for  the  sake  of  five 
marcs  payable  for  every  Irishman  killed,  the  grasping 
lords  of  Ireland,  the  king's  rivals,  would  make  the  peti- 
tioner and  over  400  of  his  race  Irish.  And  he  prays  that 
of  Englishman  and  Ostman  he  be  not  made  Irishman,  add- 
ing that  it  was  better  for  the  king  to  have  400  Englishmen 
than  that  they  be  made  Irish  by  false  suggestions. 2  And 
Maurice  Mac  Otere,  for  himself  and  300  of  his  race,  claimed 
similar  protection,  his  ancestors  having  purchased  the  rights 
of  Englishmen  for  £3000,  and  for  proof  referred  to  the  rolls 
of  Chancery. 3 

The  Irish,  too,  were  forbid  to  purchase  land.     Though  the 

1  "  Lastly,  the  mere  Irish  were  not  only  accounted  aliens,  but 
enemies,  and  altogether  out  of  the  protection  of  the  law,  so  as  it 
was  no  capital  offence  to  kill  them."  And  then  Sir  J.  Davis  gives 
a  record  of  a  gaol  delivery  at  Waterford,  where  "  Robert  Walsh, 
indicted  of  the  manslaughter  of  John,  son  of  Ivor  Mac  Gilmore, 
admits  the  slaying;  but  says  it  was  no  felony,  because  Mac  Gil- 
more  was  a  mere  Irishman,  and  not  of  free  blood  :  But  when  the 
master  of  the  said  John  shall  ask  damages  for  the  slaying,  he  will 
be  ready  to  answer  him  as  the  law  may  require."  "  Discoverie," 
p.  641. 

2  Petitions  in  Parliament,  18  Edward  I.  [A.  D.  1290].  "  Selec- 
tions from  the  Exchequer  Records,  illustrative  of  the  13th  and 
14th  Centuries,"  p.  69.  By  Henry  Cole.  Record  Publications. 
Folio.     London:  1844. 

3  Id.,  ibid. 


OF  IKELAND.  23 

English  might  take  from  the  Irish,  the  Irish  could  not  even 
by  way  of  gift  or  purchase  take  any  from  the  English.  In 
every  charter  of  English  liberty,  as  it  was  called,  granted  to  an 
Irishman,  besides  the  right  to  bring  actions  in  the  king's 
courts,  there  was  given  an  express  power  to  him  to  purchase 
lands  to  him  and  his  heirs  ;i  without  this  he  could  not  hold  any 
so  acquired.  The  Exchequer  officers  constantly  held  inquisi- 
tions for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  a  return  that  certain  lands 
had  been  alienated  to  an  Irishman,  in  order  thereupon  to  seize 
them  into  the  hands  of  the  Crown  as  forfeited.  Thus,  by  inqui- 
sition taken  at  Dunboyne,  in  the  first  year  of  King  Henry  VI., 
the  lands  of  Moymet  and  Clonfine,  in  the  county  of  Meath, 
were  found  forfeited ;  and  were  seized  by  the  king's  escheator, 
as  having  been  alienated  by  Esmond  Butler,  son  and  heir  of 
James  Lord  and  Baron  of  Dunboyne,  deceased,  to  Connor 
O'Mulroony  and  John  Machan,  chaplains,  and  their  heirs,  they 
being  Irish  and  of  Irish  nation. 2  In  16th  of  Edward  IV., 
lands  near  Swords,  in  the  county  of  Dublin,  were  seized  on  a 
like  inquisition,  finding  them  to  have  been  conveyed  by 
Catherine  Dowdal  to  John  Belane,  chaplain,  an  Irishman  of 
Irish  nation,  that  is  to  say,  of  the  O'Belanes,  Irishmen,  and 
enemies  to  our  lord  the  king ;  although  0 'Belane  was  evidently 
only  a  trustee  to  answer  the  uses  of  Mrs.  Dowdal 's  will.^  The 
Parliament  Eolls  are  full  of  such  cases.  They  prove  that  no 
Irishman  could  take  lands  by  conveyance  from  an  English- 
man; and  this  continued  to  be  the  law  until  the  year  1612, 
when  Sir  John  Davis  framed  an  Act  abolishing  the  distinction 
of  nations.*     But  the  prohibition  practically  prevailed  after 

1  Sir  John  Davi.s'   "  Discoverie,"  p.  641. 

2  Fifth  Edward  IV.,  c.  24.  Trau.script  of  Statute  Rolls,  made 
by  the  Record  Commissioners  (1810),  in  the  Record  Tower,  DubHn 
Castle . 

3  Sixteenth  Edward  IV.,  c.  80.     Id.,  ib. 

*  "  Statutes  of  Irehmd,"  lltli,  12th,  and  13th  James  I.,  c.  v. 


24  THE   CEOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

the  passing  of  the  Act;  for,  by  Plantation  rule,  the  Enghsh 
were  forbidden,  under  pain  of  forfeiture,  to  convey  any  of  the 
lands  taken  from  the  Irish  in  the  extensive  plantations  of 
English  made  in  Munster,  Ulster,  and  Leinster,  to  any  Irish- 
man, and  the  Irish  there  could  only  aliene  to  Enghsh;  so  that 
the  Irish  must  be  always  losing,  and  the  English  gaining, 
by  any  change.  The  prohibition  was  again  extended  to  the 
whole  nation  by  the  Commonwealth  Government ;  and  when 
the  lands  forfeited  for  the  war  of  1690  came  to  be  sold  by 
auction  at  Chichester  House  in  1701,  the  Irish  were  declared 
by  the  Enghsh  Parliament  incapable  of  purchasing,  or  to  hold, 
even  as  tenants,  more  than  two  acres.  Shortly  afterwards, 
another  Act  disqualified  them  for  ever  from  purchasing  or  ac- 
quiring any  lands  in  Ireland,  and  declared  the  purchase  void.* 
But,  notwithstanding  these  prohibitions,  the  Irish  grew  and 
increased  upon  the  English,  instead  of  the  Enghsh  upon  the 
Irish;  and  the  Irish  customs  overspread  the  feudal,  until  at 
length  the  administration  of  the  feudal  law  was  confined  to 
little  more  than  the  counties  lying  within  the  line  of  the 
Liffey  and  the  Boyne. 

It  may  be  asked  how  the  Irish  contrived  to  preserve  their 
lands?  In  the  first  place,  then,  it  is  to  be  remembered  that 
they  kept  their  arms,  and  the  whole  tribe  rose  in  war  against 
the  English  of  that  district  whence  their  lands  had  been  in- 
vaded, or  by  whom  an  Irishman  had  been  killed.  They 
ravaged  it,  and  made  prisoner  of  the  highest  Englishman  they 

1  But  it  was  when  the  estate  was  made  the  property  of  the  first 
Protestant  discoverer,  that  animation  was  put  into  this  law  (Rob- 
inson, Justice,  in  Lessee  McCarthy  against  Hanley,  King's  Bench, 
Hilary  Term,  1771),  Howard's  "  Popery  Cases,"  DubHn,  1775, 
p.  209.  Discoverers  then  became  like  hounds  upon  the  scent 
after  lands  secretly  purchased  by  the  Irish.  Gentlemen  fearing 
to  lose  their  lands  found  it  now  necessary  to  conform.  "  Between 
17U3  and  1709  there  were  only  36  conformers  in  Ireland.  In  the 
next  ten  years  (i.e.  after  the  Discovery  Act),  the  conformists 
were  150."     lb.,  pp.  211-12. 


OF  IRELAND,  25 

could  take,  and  held  him  to  ransom,  and  by  this  obtained  a 
"health  saute, "  or  satisfaction  to  the  family  of  the  deceased. ^ 

Had  the  first  English  adventurers  in  Ireland  been  of  one 
mind  with  the  king  and  nobility  in  England,  the  Irish  might 
possibly  have  been  subdued,  their  lands  taken  from  them,  and 
the  nation  reduced  to  serfdom,  or  exterminated.  But  the 
early  settlers  learned  to  love  the  Irish,  and  to  prefer  the  ease 
and  freedom  of  Irish  life  and  manners  to  the  burdensome 
feudal  system.  The  case  of  the  leader  of  the  first  Enghsh 
adventurers  in  Ireland  may  serve  to  explain  the  relations  of 
the  English  of  Ireland  with  the  Irish  in  early  times. 

Richard  Strongbow,  Earl  of  Pembroke,  was  married  to  an 
Irishwoman ;  he  had  a  large  body  of  Irish  kinsmen ;  he  had  an 
aniiy  composed  largely  of  Irishmen,  and  he  and  they  had  been 
comrades  in  war;  his  territory  was  nearly  sixty  miles  square, 
inhabited  almost  entirely  by  Irish.  His  English  captains  and 
men-at-arms,  amongst  whom  he  divided  his  territory  in  fiefs, 
were  much  in  the  same  condition.  They,  many  of  them,  took 
Irish  wives,  and  they  had  Irish  kinsmen  and  Irish  comrades, 
and  Irish  girls  were  mistresses  of  their  hearts.  As  Strongbow 
left  the  Kavanaghs  and  M'Morroughs,  relations  of  his  wife's, 
in  possession  of  their  lands,  liable  to  serve  hiin  with  their  fol- 
lowers in  war,  so  did  his  captains  other  Irish ;  no  difference 
of  religion  divided  them;  they  early  learned  the  language  of 
Ireland ;  they  gave  out  their  sons  to  be  fostered  with  their 
Irish  relations;  the  young  English  heir  became  the  pride  of 
his  foster  father  and  his  clan ;  hurled  with  his  Irish  cousins  -^ 

1  The  payment  of  "  Health  Saute  "  by  the  English  to  the  Irish, 
made  high  treason,  11  &  12  Edward  IV.,  c.  5  (Unpublished 
Statutes). 

2  "It  is  ordained  and  established  that  the  English  do  not  hence- 
forth use  the  plays  which  men  call  hurlings  with  great  sticks  and 
a  ball  upon  the  ground,  and  other  plays  called  coitings,  but  that 
tliey  do  apply  themselves  to  draw  the  bow  and  throw  lances,  and 
other  gentlemanlike  games  appertaining  to  arms,  whereby  the 
Irish  enemies  may  be  better  checked,"  &c.  "  Statutes  of  Kil- 
kenny," 40th  Edward  III.  (A.  D.  L%7),s.  6. 


26  THE  CEOMWELLIAN  SETTLEMENT 

listened  with  delight  to  the  harpers,  bards,  and  minstrels, *  and 
became  enamoured  of  Irish  life,  and  probably  of-  some  fine 
Irish  girl  also.^  The  young  Englishman,  however,  remained 
of  his  father's  nation,  an  Englishman;  and  held  his  estate  on 
English  tenure,  liable  to  the  demands  of  the  Exchequer  for 
aids,  reliefs,  and  fines.  How  burdensome  this  tenure  was, 
may  be  judged  from  the  complaints  of  the  English  of  Ireland. 
In  1347  they  complained  to  the  king,  that  bad  as  were  the 
King's  Irish  enemies,"  the  extortions  and  oppressions  done 
by  the  king's  officers  were  worse. ^  But,  bad  as  these  burdens, 
were,  the  law  of  forfeiture  must  have  been  a  more  constant 
source  of  disquiet.  Under  convictions  of  high  treason  the 
king  could  enrich  himself  and  his  courtiers  with  confiscated 
estates.  The  De  Lacys,  beggared  by  this  law,  and  driven 
from  their  principalities  of  Meath  and  Ulster,  induced  Edward 
Bruce  to  invade  Ireland.  John  Fitzthomas  with  an  army  of 
Irishmen  recovered  the  kingdom  for  Edward  II.,  but  not 
until  the  greater  part  of  it  had  been  in  possession  of  the  in- 
vading force,  supported  by  some  of  the  English  of  Ireland,  for 
more  than  a  year,  during  which  time  the  sitting  of  the  courts 
and  the  administration  of  the  feudal  laws  was  suspended. 
The  English  of  Ireland  beyond  the  immediate  neighbourhood 
of  the  metropolis  took  care,  under  various  pretences,  to  op- 
pose its  being  resumed ;  and  thenceforth  the  regular  adminis- 
tration of  the  English  law  was  confined  to  the  limits  of  the 
Pale.     They  represented  the  whole  Irish  nation  as  hostile  to 

1  "  Statutes  of  Kilkenny,"  sect.  15. 

2  It  is  ordained  that  no  alliance  by  marriage,  gossipred,  foster- 
ing of  children,  concubinage,  or  by  amour,  be  henceforth  made 
between  the  English  and  Irish  ....  and  if  any  shall  do  to  the 
contrary,  he  shall  have  judgment  of  life  and  member  as  a  traitor 
to  our  Lord  the  King."     lb.,  s.  2. 

3  "  Petitions  delivered  to  our  Lord  the  King  of  France  and 
England,  by  Friar  John  L'Archer,  Prior  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem, 
in  Ireland,  and  Master  Thomas  Wogan,  sent  in  message  by  the 
Prelates,  Earls,  Barons,  and  Commons  of  the  land  in  Ireland." 
"  Red  Book  of  the  Exchequer  of  Ireland." 


OF  IBBLANB.  27 

the  English,  and  thereby  had  an  excuse  for  keeping  up  their 
forces.  These  forces  of  kerne  and  gallowglasses  were  main- 
tained by  coyne  and  Hvery,  nearly  equivalent  to  free  quarters 
on  their  tenants ;  and  their  English  tenants,  being  unwilling 
to  endure  this  infliction,  retired  to  England,  and  the  lands 
thus  deserted  were  granted  by  these  great  lords  to  Irish. * 

"  The  Irish  enemy  "  now  became  an  excuse  for  feudal 
duties  neglected,  and  feudal  payments  withheld.  The 
government  of  Ireland  became  impossible  to  strangers  from 
England.  The  EngHsh  lords  of  Ireland  had  always  a  means 
of  moving  the  Irish  to  rebellion  by  oppressing  them,  or  to 
attacks  on  their  neighbours,  or  the  king's  officers,  by  secretly 
egging  them  on. 

The  judges,  who  from  the  days  of  the  first  Settlement  had 
regularly  ridden  their  circuits  in  Munster  to  administer  the 
feudal  law,  now  ceased  to  hold  assizes.  The  danger  from  the 
Irish  enemy  was  alleged  to  be  the  cause,  though  there  was  no 
reason  why  the  Irish  should  object  to  the  administration  of  the 
law,  as  it  was  only  administered  between  the  King's  English 
subjects.  The  journey  to  the  South  lay  through  Kildare  and 
Carlow,  under  the  Dublin  and  Wicklow  mountains,  to  the 
bridge  of  Leighlin,  for  many  ages  the  only  passage  over  the 
Barrow.  These  hills  were  inhabited  by  the  three  nations  of 
the  Tooles,  the  Byrnes,  and  the  Kavanaghs,  and  the  opposite 
side  of  the  river  towards  Leighlin  Bridge  by  the  O'Moores,  so 
that  there  was  a  kind  of  gantelope  to  be  run  between  these 
tribes.  It  is  alleged  that  the  Tooles,  the  Byrnes,  and  Kava- 
naghs, exiled  the  administration  of  the  king's  law  from  Mun- 
ster, by  preventing  the  judges  riding  their  circuits  past  Leigh- 
lin Bridge. 2  But,  as  the  English  of  Munster  had  much  greater 
reason  to  fear  the  return  of  the  King's  officers  than  the  Irish, 

1  Preamble  to  10  Henrv  VIT.,  c.  i.  Sir  J.  Davis'  "  Discoverie," 
p.  675. 

2  State  Papers,  Henry  VIII.  (Ireland),  vol.  i.,  p.  411.  Memorial, 
or  "A  Note  for  the  Wynning  of  Leynster,"  A. I).   1536. 


28  THE  CBOMWELLIAN  SETTLEMENT 

there  is  good  reason  to  suspect  that  they  were  egged  on  by 
them.  In  Henry  VIII.  's  days,  the  Earl  of  Kildare  was  charged 
with  having  always  protected  these  three  nations,  the  Tooles, 
the  Byrnes,  and  the  Kavanaghs,  whom  he  kept  at  his  bidding, 
it  was  said,  ready  to  rise  and  "  make  war  behind  "  when  any 
of  the  king's  forces  marched  out  of  Dublin  on  any  expedition 
which  he  secretly  wished  to  counteract.^  Now  "  the  Irish 
enemy  "  was  no  nation  in  the  modern  sense  of  the  word,  but 
a  race  divided  into  many  nations  or  tribes,  separately  defend- 
ing their  lands  from  the  English  barons  in  their  immediate 
neighbourhood.  There  had  been  no  ancient  national  govern- 
ment displaced,  no  national  dynasty  overthrown;  the  Irish 
had  no  national  flag,  nor  any  capital  city  as  the  metropolis 
of  their  common  country,  nor  any  common  administration  of 
law;  nor  did  they  ever  give  a  combined  opposition  to  the 
English.  The  English,  coming  in  the  name  of  the  Pope, 
with  the  aid  of  the  Irish  Bishops,  and  with  a  superior  national 
organization,  which  the  Irish  easily  recognised,  were  accepted 
by  the  Irish.  Neither  King  Henry  II.  nor  King  J'ohn  ever 
fought  a  battle  in  Ireland. 

In  the  early  days  of  English  rule  in  Ireland,  the  Irish 
generally  lived  as  tributaries  to  the  king.  During  the  reign 
of  Henry  III.  and  in  the  beginning  of  that  of  Edward  I.  the 
kings  and  captains  of  nations  received  regular  writs  of  sum- 
mons, in  precisely  the  same  terms  and  by  the  same  cursitor 
or  courier  as  the  De  Burgos,  the  Butlers,  the  Le  Poers,  to 
attend  the  war  in  Wales  or  Scotland,  or  yield  the  king  an  aid 
in  money. 2  The  chief  or  royal  tribe  in  each  of  the  five  pro- 
vinces became  allies  of  the  English  at  the  first  invasion,  as  is 
plain  from  their  receiving  the  rights  of  Englishmen  to  bring 

1  State  Papers,  Henry  VIII.  (Ireland),  vol.  i.,  p.  411.  Memorial, 
or   "  A  Note  for  the  Wynning  of  Leynster,"   A.D.   1536. 

2  See  some  of  these  writs,  "  Liber  Munerum  Publicorum," 
vol.  i.,  part  iv.,  pp.  6,   12.     2  vols.     Folio.     London  :  1820. 


OF  IRELAND.  29 

and  defend  actions.  They  were  legally  known  as  the  Five 
bloods,  being  the  O'Neills  of  Ulster,  the  O'Connors  of  Con- 
naught,  the  O'Melaghlins  of  Meath,  the  O'Briens  of  Munster, 
and  the  M'Morroughs  of  Leinster.i  Different  encroachments 
of  Enghsh  adventurers  caused  partial  insurrections.  In 
Bruce 's  invasion  the  Northern  Irish  formed  a  more  general  con- 
federacy, and,  owing  to  their  situation,  established  their  inde- 
pendence; but  the  Irish  tenants  and  kerne  of  theFitzgeralds, 
the  Butlers,  the  De  Burgos,  the  Eoches,  the  Barrys,  adhered 
to  their  English  chiefs  in  Leinster,  Munster  and  Connaught. 
No  soldiers  came  from  England,  and  it  was  Irish  troops 
that  recovered  the  dominion  of  Ireland  for  the  English. 2  But 
from  thenceforth  all  the  Irish  were  called  in  law  the  king's 
Irish  enemy.  So  that  the  very  men  who  filled  the  troops 
levied  by  the  English  Deputy  for  service  against  the  Irish 
were  known  as  such.  Thus  O'Hanlon  and  O'Mulloy,  who 
claimed  to  be  hereditary  standard  bearers  of  Ulster,  and  bore 
the  Banner  of  Queen  Elizabeth's  army  as  soon  as  it  crossed 
the  Boyne  on  alternate  days,  on  its  march  against  Hugh 
O'Neill, 3  were  Irish  enemy.  It  meant  that  they  were  excluded 
from  claiming  any  rights  or  privileges  under  English  law ; 
and  was  in  fact  a  far  less  injurious  disqualification  than  that 
of  Irish  Papist  in  the  last  century.  The  English  of  Ireland 
intermarried  with  them,  fostered  with  them,  and  made  alli- 
ances with  them,  though  the  Statutes  of  Kilkenny  made  it 
high  treason  to  do  so.  But  as  the  English  law  was  now  confined 
within  the  limits  of  the  English  Pale,  and  no  judges  went  cir- 
cuit beyond  the  Barrow,  the  prohibition  was  nugatory.  If  it 
is  only  remembered  that  from  the  reign  of  King  John  no  army 
ever  came  out  of  England  except  the  expeditionary  army  of 

1  Sir  John  Davis'  "  Discoverie,"  p.  639. 

2  lb.,  p.  674. 

3  Sir  Richard  Cox,  "  Hjbernia  Anglicana,"  vol,  i.,  p.  407. 


30  THE  CKOMWELLIAN  SETTLEMENT 

Eichard  II.,  and  that  the  few  forces  subsequently  sent  over, 

mtil  the  29th  of  Queen  EHzabeth,  were  to  subdue  rebelhons 

)f  the  Enghsh,!  it  will  be  evident  that  the  term  Irish  enemy 

[simply  meant  that  the  Irish  had  no  legal  rights,  and  that 

'sooner  or  later  they  should  lose  their  lands  to  the  English. 

The  English  in  all  the  provinces  beyond  the  Pale  saw  with 
joy  the  regular  administration  of  the  English  law  confined 
within  the  line  of  the  Liffey  and  the  Boyne.  Many  of  them 
had  acquired  lands  not  held  from  the  Crown,  which  they 
feared  would  be  seized. ^  Others  had  large  arrears  of  fines  due 
by  them,  for  which  their  estates  were  liable  to  forfeiture. 
These  men  boldly  banished  the  king's  sheriffs,  escheators,  and 
pursuivants,  by  making  it  dangerous  for  them  to  approach. 
The  Burkes  or  De  Burgos  were  in  this  class.  They  had  lands 
which  the  king  claimed  by  title  derived  by  the  intermarriage 
of  Lionel,  son  of  Edward  III.,  with  the  heir  female  of  William 
De  Burgo,  Earl  of  Ulster.  Lionel  came  over  with  a  consider- 
able force  to  seize  these  lands  from  the  Burkes,  but  did  not 
march  into  Connaught.  Thenceforth  they  employed  every 
effort  to  prevent  the  king's  writ  running  in  Connaught.  In 
this  sense,  and  through  fear  of  losing  their  lands,  they  became 
"the  king's  English  rebels.  "3  They  allied  themselves  for  this 
purpose  with  "the  king's  Irish  enemies,"  but  they  had  no  in- 
tention of  rebelling  to  eject  the  English  out  of  Ireland;  they 
were  too  proud  of  their  English  blood.  To  the  eye  they 
looked  like  Irish,  for  they  dressed  and  spoke  as  Irishmen,  yet 
they  are  described  as  "tall  men  who  boast  themselves  to  be  of 
the  king's  blood,  and  berith  hate  to  the  Irishrie."*    But  be- 


*  Sir  J.  Davi.s'   "  Discoverie,"  p.  617. 

2  lb.,  p.  676. 

3  Deputy  and  Council  to  tlie  King,  A.D,   1610.     State  Papers, 
Henry  VIII.   (Ireland),  vol.  ii,,  p.  307. 

4  Id.,  ib.,  vol.  i.,  p.  327. 


OF  lEELAND  31 

sides  English  rebels,  the  king  had  his  Enghsh  lieges  beyond 
the  Pale.  The  Enghsh  lieges^beyoadJ^eJPale  ackngsdedged 
themselves  to  be  the  king'^  subjects,  on  bis  peace  and  war, 
and  held  their  Irish  tenants  and  forces  ready  to  appear  in  the 
field  on  the  king's  side.  But  they  had  for  the  most  part 
ceased  to  pay  feudal  dues,  as  there  were  no  sheriffs  or  eschea- 
tors  to  enforce  them;  though  the  Butlers  of  Ivilkenny,  and 
the  Earls  of  Kildare  and  Desmond,  as  they  were  about  the 
king's  courts,  and  aspired  to  be  lord  deputies  and  treasurers, 
seem  to  have  sued  out  livery,  and  paid  some  of  the  feudal 
charges. 

The  English  of  Ireland,  however,  of  all  classes  except  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  Dublin,  had  adopted  the  Irish  language, 
dress,  and  manners,  and  never  appeared  in  English  apparel, 
except  when  attending  Parliament  or  the  Lord  Deputy's 
court;*  and  no  sooner  home  thence  (or  from  the  Court  of 
England),  than  off  with  their  English  apparel,  and  on  with 
their  brogues  and  saffron  shirt,  and  kerne's  coat,  and  other 
Irish  attire. 2 

In  their  justice  halls,  they  administered  March  law,  a  mix- 
ture of  the  English  law  and  the  Irish  law  of  Kincogish,  the 
latter  being  a  system  of  fines  or  satisfaction  exacted  from  the 


i  State  Papers,  Henry  VIII.  (Ireland),  vol.  i.,  p.  477. 

2  "  That  the  Earl  of  Clanricarde's  sons  (not  without  manifest 
consent  of  their  father)  had  stolen  across  the  Shannon,  and  there 
cast  away  their  Enghsh  liabit  and  apparel,  and  put  on  their 
wonted  Irish  weede."  Sir  Henry  Sidney  to  the  Council  in  Eng- 
land (A.D.  1576),  pp.  119,  120,  Collins'  ^''Memorials  of  the  Sidney 
Family."     2  vols.     Folio. 

Patrick,  the  Baron  of  Lixnaw's  eldest  son,  "  Notwithstanding 
he  was  trained  up  in  the  Court  of  England,  sworn  servant  to  her 
Majesty,  in  good  favour  there,  and  apparelled  according  to  his 
degree,  yet  he  was  no  sooner  come  home,  but  away  with  liis  Eng- 
lish attires,  and  on  with  his  brogs,  liis  shirt,  and  other  Irish  rags, 
being  become  as  verie  a  traitor  as  the  veriest  knave  of  them  all." 
—A.D.  1856.     Holinshed,     "  Chronicle  of  Ireland,"  p.  477. 


32  THE  CEOMWELLIAN  SETTLEMENT 

clan  or  nation  of  the  party  committing  the  injury,  payable, 
part  to  the  party  injured,  and  part  to  the  lord  who  enforced 
it.i 

The  king  and  statesmen  of  England,  indignant  that  the 
feudal  system  had  been  nearly  abandoned  in  Ireland,  and  that 
the  English  settlers  had  adopted  the  freer  mode  of  life  of  the 
Irish,  by  an  ordinance  made  in  England  in  the  year  1342 
(15  Edw.  III.),  resumed — in  other  words,  confiscated — the  es- 
tates of  all  the  great  English  nobility  and  gentry  of  Ireland, ^ 
intending  plainly  to  send  over  colonists  from  England  to  plant 
such  parts  of  their  lands  as  the  king  should  judge  convenient, 
just  as  was  done  about  200  years  later  (in  the  year  1585). 
when  the  estates  of  the  descendant  of  the  Earl  of  Desmond, 
one  of  the  noblemen  now  aimed  at,  were  confiscated,  and  set 
out  to  planters  from  Somersetshire  and  Devonshire,  from 
Cheshire  and  Lancashire.  For  this  purpose  the  Deputy  sum- 
moned the  nobility  and  commons  of  Ireland  to  a  Parliament 
at  Dublin,  largely  filled  with  prelates  and  lords,  and  landed 
proprietors  of  English  birth,  who  were  eager,  no  doubt,  for  a 
reformation  and  improvement  of  Ireland,  founded  on  a  redis- 
tribution of  Irish  lands  to  English  capitalists.  But  the  Earls 
of  Desmond  and  Kildare,  and  the  rest  of  the  English  nobility 
possessed  of  Irish  estates,  refused  to  attend,  and,  with  the 
citizens  and  burgesses  of  the  principal  towns,  held  a  separate 
Parliament  or  Convention  at  Kilkenny,  and  remonstrated 
against  the  design.  The  Earl  of  Kildare  was  thereupon 
arrested,  and  the  Earl  of  Desmond  and  many  others  indicted, 
their  lands  seized,  and  their  titles  called  in,  and  cancelled. ^ 
But  about  ten  years  afterwards  (26th  Edw.  III.),  their  lands 


1  "  The  Deputie's  Boke,"  State  Papers  of  Henry  VIII.,  vol.  i., 
Paper  181,  p.  447. 

2  Sir  J.  Davis'   "  Discoverie,"  p.  660. 

3  lb.,  pp.  660,  680. 


OF  IRELAND         ^  33 

and  liberties  were  restored;  much,  however,  to  the  chagrin 
of  the  Parhament  of  England,  who  made  the  king  engage  not 
to  restore  them  if  he  again  got  them  into  his  hand.i 

The  expedition  of  Lionel  Duke  of  Clarence,  the  king's  son, 
to  Ireland,  a  few  years  afterwards,  was  a  partial  renewal  of 
the  same  design.  He  claimed  the  greater  part  of  Connaught 
from  the  Burkes,  and  other  lands  in  other  parts  of  Ireland, 
which  he  intended  to  take  from  the  present  possessors,  and  to 
plant,  of  course,  when  recovered,  with  settlers  out  of  England. 
Preparatory  to  his  invasion  of  Connaught,  he  assembled  a 
Parliament  at  Kilkenny,  where  the  most  rigorous  laws  were 
passed  against  those  Enghsh  that  had  adopted  Irish  customs, 
or  should  adopt  them  for  the  future.  Those  who  should  take 
Irishwomen  for  wives  or  mistresses,  or  should  give  out  their 
children  to  be  fostered  or  reared  up  in  Irish  families — who 
should  maintain  Irish  harpers,  bards,  rhymers,  or  minstrels  in 
their  halls — were  to  undergo  various  punishments.  For  mar- 
rying an  Irish  wife,  or  for  having  an  Irishwoman  for  a  mis- 
tress, the  penalty  was  to  be  half  hanged,  shamefully  muti- 
lated and  disembowelled  alive,  and  to  forfeit  his  estate. ^ 


1  Sir  J.  Davis'    "  Discoverie,"  p.  655. 

2  "  The  Statutes  of  Kilkenny,  of  the  40th  Year  of  King  Edward 
III.,  enacted  in  a  Parliament  held  at  Kilkenny,  A.D.  1367,  before 
Lionel  Duke  of  Clarence.  Now  first  printed.  Edited  by  James 
Hardiman,  M.R.I. A."  4to.  Dublin.  For  the  Irish  Archaeologi- 
cal Society  :  1843.  The  English  of  Ireland  became  as  fond  of  the 
harp  as  the  Irish.  In  the  inventories  of  the  household  goods  of 
the  gentry  confiscated  at  the  Revolution  of  1688,  the  ancient 
English  families  of  the  Pale  are  found  possessed  of  "  one  Irish 
harpe."  (W.  Lynch,  author  of  "  Feudal  Dignities  in  Ireland," 
Sub-Commissioner  of  Irish  Records,  "  Dublin  Penny  Journal," 
vol.  i.,  p.  335.)  And  the  Irish  "  Hudibras,"  printed  in  London, 
1698,  to  ridicule  and  vilify  the  Irish,  thus  describes  the  gentlemen 
of  the  same  class  : — 

"  There  was  old  Threicy  [Tracy],  and  old  Darcy, 
Playing  all  weathers  on  tlie  clarsey, 


34  THE  CEOMWELLIAN  SETTLEMENT 

"  It  was  manifest  from  these  laws,"  says  Sir  John  Davis, 
' '  that  those  who  had  the  government  of  Ireland  under  the 
Crown  of  England  intended  to  make  a  perpetual  separation 
and  enmity  between  the  English  settled  in  Ireland  and  the 
native  Irish,  in  the  expectation  that  the  English  should  in  the 
end  root  out  the  Irish."  But  the  numerous  English  of  Irish 
birth  possessed  of  lands  to  which  the  Crown  laid  claim,  or 
which  were  liable  to  forfeiture,  had  now  nearly  equal  reason 
with  the  native  Irish  to  fear  the  designs  of  the  Government  of 
England.  The  degenerate  English,  like  the  Burkes  of  the 
counties  of  Mayo  and  Galway,  the  Poers  of  Waterford,  and 
others,  became  only  more  determined  "English  rebels.''  The 
other  English  beyond  the  Pale,  though  they  professed  alle- 
giance to  the  king,  were  in  secret  equally  disinclined  to  see 
the  king's  escheators,  sheriffs,  and  judges  resuixie  their  duties 
among  them.  They  knew  the  value  of  being  free  from  the 
feudal  burdens  of  wardships,  marriages,  fines  for  alienation, 
and  all  the  other  taxes  which  it  was  the  secondary  aim  of  these 
reforms  to  restore ;  and  they  did  not  feel  that  hatred  and  con- 
tempt for  their  Irish  tenants,  neighbours,  and  kinsmen,  re- 
quired by  the  Statute  of  Kilkenny.  Nor  did  the  English  who 
came  over  from  England  render  themselves  very  agreeable  to 
their  countrymen  settled  in  Ireland,  or  make  them  very  anx- 
ious for  any  reformation  that  should  bring  a  fresh  accession  of 
them  from  the  mother  country ;  for  they  were,  of  course,  pre- 
ferred to  all  the  chief  offices  of  the  State,  and  they  despised 
the  English  of  the  birth  of  Ireland.    It  appears  from  this  very 

The  Irish  harp, — whose  rusty  metal 

Sounds  like  the  patching  of  a  kettle." 
Ten  years  afterwards  it  survived  in  Connaught,  where  the  old 
Irish  gentry  are  described  as  careful  to  have  their  children  taught 
to  speak  Latin^  write  well,  and  play  on  the  harp.  "  Discourse 
concerning  Ireland,  and  the  different  Interests  thereof ;  in  Answer 
to  the  Exon  and  Bai-nstaple  Petition."  Small  4to.  London: 
1697-8,  p.  19. 


OF  lEELAND.  35 

Statute  of  Kilkenny  (\\hich  forbids  the  use  of  the  contemp- 
tuous term),  that  the  newly  arrived  English  had  no  better 
name  for  them  than  "Irish  Dogg," — insolence  which  the 
EngHsh  of  Ireland  hurled  back  by  calling  them  "  Enghsh 
hobbe  "  or  churls. ^  The  Irish  marked  the  coarser  manners, 
the  cold  reserve  of  the  English  by  birth,  by  calling  them 
"  Buddagh  Sassenach,"  Saxon  clowns  :2  for  they  conceive  it 
to  be  the  mark  of  a  gentleman  to  be  free  and  affable  with 
inferiors  and  equals  :  clowns  are  cold,  they  thought,  but  gen- 
tlemen courteous. 3  Thus,  both  the  English  of  the  birth  of 
Ireland  and  the  native  Irish  had  reason  to  dislike  the  reforms 
aimed  at  by  the  Statute  of  Kilkenny ;  but  it  was  the  English) 
of  Ireland  that  became  the  main  impediment  to  the  recoh- 
quest  of  Ireland,  and  more  malicious  to  the  English* — inorel 
mortal  enemies  than  the  Irish  themselves, ^  as  better  know- 
ing their  power  and  purposes.^ 

During  the  long  wars  in  France,  and  afterwards  during 
the  civil  wars  of  the  Eoses,  when  the  Enghsh,  driven  back 
from  their  attempted  conquests  in  France,  turned  in  their  lust 
for  land  and  power  to  rob  each  other,  this  reformation  of  Ire- 

1  "  Also  .  .  that  no  difference  of  allegiance  shall  lienceforth  be 
made  between  the  English  born  in  IreUuid  and  the  English  born 
in  England  by  calling  them  English  hobbe  or  Irish  dog ;  but  that 
all  be  called  by  one  name,  the  English  lieges  of  our  Lord  the 
King."     40th  Edward  III.   (Irish),  c.  4. 

2  Stanihurst,  in  Holinshed's  "  Chronicle,"  vol.  ii.,  chap.  8,  p.  44. 
Folio.     London;  1586. 

3  "  Les  vilains  s'enti-etiennent ;  les  nobles  s'embrassent."  Old 
French   proverb. 

*  Spenser's  "View  of  Ireland." 

s  Sir  J.  Davis'   "  Discoverie." 

6  In  Henry  VIII. 's  reign  the  Deputy  and  Council  dissuade  tlie 
king  from  seeking  to  confiscate  Connaught,  as  it  was  "  the  fear- 
ing to  be  expelled  from  these  their  possessions,"  tliat  kept 
M'William  [the  ancestor  of  the  present  Marquis  of  Clanricarde], 
and  his  ancestors  so  long  English  rebels."  State  Papers  of 
Henry  VIII.   (Ireland),  vol.  ii.,  p.  ,309. 


36  THE  CROMWELLIAN  SETTLEMENT 

land  was  suspended.  But  no  sooner  were  these  wars  over, 
and  the  Government  firmly  established  in  England,  which 
was  not  until  Henry  VIII. 's  reign,  than  all  these  projects 
were  renewed. 

At  the  commencement  of  Henry  VIII. 's  reign,  the  re- 
gular administration  of  the  law  was  limited  to  the  four  coun- 
ties adjacent  to  the  capital,  called  the  Four  obedient  Counties, 
or  the  Enghsh  Pale.  In  these  only  were  there  justices  or 
sheriffs  under  the  king.  In  the  rest  of  Ireland  no  judges  had 
held  assizes  for  more  than  200  years.  No  escheators  or 
sheriffs  had  levied  the  reliefs  payable  to  the  king  for  each 
succession;  no  fines  had  been  paid  for  alienations.  The 
estates  of  all  the  old  English  settlers  beyond  the  Pale  were 
for  this  reason  alone  liable  to  forfeiture. 

The  native  Irish  were  in  a  still  worse  case.  From  the  days 
of  the  first  conquest,  they  were  denied  the  protection  and  en- 
joyment of  the  English  law,  with  the  intent  that  the  Enghsh 
should  in  the  end  root  them  out  of  their  lands.  Many  of  the 
largest  English  proprietors  were  absentees,  who  possessed 
land  in  both  countries,  and  scorned  to  dwell  in  this  remote  and 
backward  island.^  In  their  absence,  the  Irish  reoccupied  their 
ancient  territories.  During  the  civil  war  of  the  Roses  whole 
families  had  left  Ireland  for  the  battle  fields  in  England,  and 
been  swept  away.  The  Irish  repossessed  themselves  of  the 
deserted  lands.  But  it  was  against  the  policy  of  England  that 
any  Irish  should  ever  possess  any  lands  that  had  once  be- 
longed to  an  Englishman.  About  this  period  much  of  the 
county  of  Kildare  was  thus  deserted  of  English,  and  reoccu- 

1  It  is  about  twenty  years  since  a  Barrister  of  the  Leinster  Cir- 
cuit, on  arriving  for  the  mess  at  the  Club  House  Hotel,  Kilkenny, 
congratulated  John  Walsh,  the  host,  on  the  news  in  the  papers, 
that  a  luxurious  young  absentee  nobleman,  of  large  estates  in 
the  county,  had  at  length  come  to  reside  at  his  Irish  mansion. 
Walsh  answered,—"  He,  Sir?  He'd  as  lief  live  in  Newgate!  We 
haven't  vice  enough  for  him." 


OF  lEELAXD.  37 

pied  by  Irish.  The  Parliament  offered  it  to  any  English  who 
would  come,  and  inhabit  it;  and  as  an  inducement,  they  were 
to  be  tax  free  for  six  years. ^  In  like  manner  in  the  counties 
of  Kilkenny  and  Tippcrary,  many  of  the  native  proprietors 
had  got  back  into  their  ancient  lands,  abandoned  by  the  Eng- 
lish. This,  if  not  remedied,  would  be  the  destruction  of  these 
counties,  which  (piously  adds  the  Parliament)  God  forbid. 
For  the  English  seem  to  have  thought  God  made  a  mistake  in 
giving  so  fine  a  country  as  Ireland  to  the  Irish ;  and  for  near 
seven  hundred  years  they  have  been  trying  to  remedy  it.  Sir 
James  of  Ormond  was  therefore  commissioned  to  recover  the 
lands  for  himself. ^  The  Earls  of  Kildare  subsequently  had 
grants  of  all  lands  they  could  win  from  the  Irish. ^  The  Irish 
were  therefore  never  deceived  as  to  the  purpose  of  the  Eng- 
lish. And  though  the  English  Pale  had  not  been  extended  for 
240  years,  their  firm  persuasion  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII. 
was,  that  the  original  design  was  not  abandoned.  "Irishmen 
be  of  opinion  among  themselves,"  says  Justice  Cusack,  to 
the  King,  "  that  Englishmen  will  one  day  banish  them,  and 
put  them  from  their  lands  for  ever."*  How  correctly  they 
judged  of  the  purpose  of  the  English  is  now  evident  from  the 
State  Papers  of  that  day.  Upon  the  subduing  of  Thomas 
Fitzgerald's  rebellion  there  is  project  after  project  for  clear- 
ing Ireland  of  Irish  to  the  Shannon. ^  Almost  all  concur 
in  proposing  that  the  country  south  of  Dublin,   within  the 

i  28th  Henry  VI.   (Irish),  c.  35  (Unpublished  Statutes). 

2  8th  Henry  VII.   (Irish),   c.   25. 

3  State  Paper.s  of  Henry  VIII.  (Ireland),  vol.  i.,  p.  177. 
*  ibid.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  326. 

9  See  Cowley's  "Treatise,"  ibid.,  vol.  i.,  pp.  323-328.  Another 
paper  thus  concludes — "  Consequently,  the  premises  brought  to 
pass,    there    shall    no    Irishrie    be    on    this    side    the    water    of 

Shennyn     unprosecuted,     unsubdued,     and     unexiled Then 

shall  the   English   Pale   be   well   200  Iryshe   miles   in   length,   and 
more."     Ibid.,  ib.,  p.  452. 


38  THE  CKOMWELLIAN  SETTLEMENT 

line  of  the  Barrow,  be  inhabited  exclusively  by  English.  It 
was  to  be  a  base  of  operations  against  the  rest  of  Ireland. 
Some  even  contemplated  the  entire  extirpation  of  the  Irish ; 
but,  luckily  for  the  Irish,  there  was  no  precedent  for  it  found 
in  the  chronicle  of  the  conquest. *  Add  to  this  the  difficulty 
of  finding  people  to  reinhabit  it,  if  suddenly  unpeopled.  Ac- 
cordingly, the  chiefs  and  gentlemen  of  the  Irish  only  were  to 
be  driven  from  their  properties,  and  worn  out  in  exile,  while 
their  lands  should  be  given  to  English.  The  towns  were  to 
be  all  cleared,  their  walls  repaired,  and  rendered  defensible 
against  the  attacks  of  the  exiled  Irish. 2  And  the  projectors 
of  these  improvements  were,  of  course,  to  be  rewarded  by 
lands  thus  recovered.  The  king,  however,  seems  to  have  been 
satisfied  with  confiscating  the  estates  of  the  Earl  of  Kildare 
and  his  family.  Fierce  and  bloody  though  he  was,  there  was 
something  lion-like  in  his  nature.  Notwithstanding  all  these 
promptings,  he  left  to  the  Irish  and  old  English  their  posses- 
sions, and  seemed  anxious  even  to  secure  them,  but  failed  to 
do  so  for  want  of  time.  Swarms,  however,  of  English  adven- 
turers were  hungering  and  thirsting  after  Irish  lands,  and 
thez'e  was  no  difficulty  in  driving  a  high-spirited  people,  full 


1  "  The  lande  is  very  large,  by  estimation  as  large  as  Englande, 
so  that  to  inhabit  the  whole  with  new  inhabiters,  the  number 
would  be  so  great  that  there  is  no  prince  christened  that  coin- 
niodiously   might    spare    so  many    subjects    to   depart   out   of   his 

regions But  to  enterprise  the  whole  extirpation  and  total! 

destruction  of  all  the  Irishmen  of  the  lande,  it  would  be  a  mar- 
villous  and  sumptions  charge  and  great  difficulty,  considering 
both  the  lack  of  enhabitors,  and  the  great  hardness  and  misery 
these  Irishmen  can  endure,  both  of  hunger,  colde,  and  thirst  and 
evill  lodging,  more  than  the  inhabitauntes  of  any  other  lande.  And 
by  president  of  the  conquest  of  this  lande  we  have  not  heard  or 
redde  in  any  cronycle  that  at  such  conquests  the  whole  inhabi- 
tauntes of  the  landes  have  been  utterly  extirped  and  banished. 
Wherefore,"  &c.  Lord  Deputy  and  Council  to  the  King,  ibid., 
vol.  ii.,   p.   176. 

2  Cowley's    "  Treatise,"    ibid.,   vol.   i.,   p.   326. 


OF  lEELAND.  39 

of  well-grounded  suspicions,  into  rebellion.  The  O'Moores 
and  O'Connors  rebelled  in  Edward  VI. 's  reign.  Their  terri- 
tories were  formed  by  Philip  and  Mary  into  the  King's  and 
Queen's  Counties,  and  their  lands  passed  to  English.  The 
Earl  of  Desmond's  great  territories  in  Munster  were  forfeited 
in  Queen  Elizabeth's  reign,  and  were  set  out  to  companies  of 
planters  out  of  Devonshire,  Dorsetshire,  and  Somersetshire — 
out  of  Lancashire,  and  Cheshire — organized  for  defence,  and 
to  be  supported  by  standing  forces.  Each  new  plantation 
produced  fresh  rebellions,  from  the  pride  and  insolence  of  the 
new  planters,  the  cupidity  of  standers-by,  and  the  fears  and 
resistance  of  the  neighbouring  Irish :  till  at  length,  in  Hugh 
Earl  of  Tyrone's  rebellion,  in  1598,  the  most  of  the  native 
Irish  were  engaged,  and  great  numbers  of  degenerate  or 
rebellious  English. 

This  rebellion  was  subdued  in  the  closing  hours  of  Queen 
Elizabeth's  life;  and  James  I.  ascended  the  throne  with  the 
country  at  his  disposal. 

And  here,  before  entering  on  his  settlement  of  Ireland,  it 
may  be  worth  inquiring  what  were  the  crimes  of  the  Irish  to 
cause  the  English  for  so  many  ages  to  treat  them  as  alien 
enemies,  to  refuse  them  the  right  to  bring  actions  in  the  courts 
set  up  by  the  English  in  Ireland,  and  to  adhere  to  their 
cherished  scheme  of  depriving  the  nation  of  their  lands.  The 
Irish  gave  no  national  resistance  to  the  English ;  they  had  no 
dynasty  to  set  up;  no  common  government  to  restore;  no 
national  capital  to  recover.  They  never  contemplated  inde- 
pendence or  separation.  The  doctrine  that  allegiance  and  pro- 
tection were  reciprocal  was  not  yet  established — the  rights 
of  man  not  yet  suspected.  There  was  no  inveterate  repug- 
nance between  the  races ;  on  the  contrary,  they  were  too  ready 
to  intermarry,  and  the  heaviest  penalties  could  not  prevent 
these  alliances.     Th.Q  designs  of  extirpation  were  on  the  side 


40  THE  CEOMWELLIAN  SETTLEMENT 

of  the  English — the  fears  of  it  on  the  side  of  the  Irish.  The 
Irish  only  too  quickly  forgave  the  robbery  of  their  lands.  The 
Fitzgeralds  and  the  Butlers  soon  became  to  them  as  much 
their  natural  leaders  and  captains  as  the  O'Briens,  the 
M'Carthys,  and  O'Neills. ^  No  one  ever  questioned  their  titles. 
Sir  J.  Davis  has  said  that  the  Irish,  after  a  thousand  con- 
quests, pretended  titles  still.  This  was  to  transfer  the  feelings 
engendered  by  the  Plantations  of  the  reigns  of  Queen  Eliza- 
beth and  James  I.  to  a  period  when  no  such  feelings  were 
known.  If  they  had  entertained  them,  they  might  easily  have 
expelled  or  massacred  the  English  when  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
English  Government  was  limited  for  200  years  to  the  line  of 
the  Liffey  and  the  Boyne.  No  forces  came  from  England; 
there  was  no  standing  army  of  English ;  yet  the  English  lived 
unharmed  among  the  Irish,  as  secure  of  their  castles  and  lands 
as  native  Irish.  Campion,  Spenser,  and  Davis  have  noted 
with  no  friendly  hand  the  faults  of  the  Irish ;  but  the  murder- 
ing of  English  naturalized  landlords  is  not  in  the  catalogue ; 
on  the  contrary,   their  devotion  to  them  was  unbounded. ' 


1  Thus,  in  1520,  the  Earl  of  Surrey  urges  that  James  Lord 
Butler  be  sent  over  to  Ireland,  as  the  Earl  of  Ormond  has  gout, 
and  cannot  take  the  field;  "and  his  men  will  never  go  forth 
unless  they  may  have  the  said  Erl,  or  ellys  his  sonne  and  heire 
with  them,  to  be  their  captaine."  State  Papers  of  Henry  VIII., 
vol.  i.  (Ireland),  p.  49. 

2  "  Indeed,  they  had  an  old  prophecy  that  the  day  should  come 
when  the  Irish  would  weep  over  Englishmen's  graves.  This  one 
shall  hear  up  and  down  in  every  mouth.  They  fear  it  will  be 
verified  in  the  Scots  above  every  other  nation."  ("  Mercurius 
Hibernicus."  By  James  Howel.  Bristol:  1644).  In  1848  I  asked 
an  old  Connaught  coachman  of  the  Sligo  mail  if  he  had  ever  heard 
it?  "  Yes,"  said  he,  "  and  that  they  would  dig  them  out  of  their 
graves  with  their  nails,  if  they  could  so  get  them  back."  Like 
the  old  Phrygian  peasant  digging  the  ground,  when  asked  what 
he  was  seeking  for?  "  For  Antigonus,"  he  answered,  "  whose 
tyranny  seemed  mildness  to  the  rule  of  his  successor."  Plutarch, 
"  Life  of  Phocion.". 


OF  lEELAND.  41 

Thousands  sacrificed  themselves  to  maintain  tlTe  Kildares  and 
the  Desmonds  in  their  right.  And  the  love  of  lord  and  tenant 
was  reciprocal  When  the  Earl  of  Kildare  and'  his  five  uncles 
had  been  cut  of!  by  a  kind  of  Turkish  butchery, ^  the  Irish  of 
Leinster  pined  for  the  return  of  the  heir;  they  longed  to  see 
young  Gerald's  banner  displayed,  and  coveted  more  to  see  a 
Geraldine  reign  and  triumph  than  to  see  God  come  among 
them  ;2  and  the  last  Earl  of  Desmond  declared  he  had  rather 
forsake  God  than  forsake  his  men.^ 

/  Their  crime  was  to  be  possessed  of  lands  the  English 
'coveted.  Moreover,  the  English  could  not  endure  that  the 
Irish  should  enjoy  their  lands  in  a  freer  manner  than  them- 
selves; and  the  Irish  could  not  submit  to  give  them  up,  or  to 
change  their  free  and  independent  title  into  feudal  tenure. 
The  English  planted  in  Ireland  soon  learned  to  prefer  Irish 
freedom  to  feudal  thraldom.  This  became  a  fresh  crime  in  the 
Irish — they  corrupted  the  English,  and  both  became  odious, 
and  the  lands  of  each  were  to  be  confiscated. 

James  I.  ascended  the  throne  at  the  very  hour  of  Hugh 
O'Neill  Earl  of  Tyrone's  submission.  The  country  was  a  ruin, 
from  the  devastations  of  "the  fifteen  years'  war."  He  recog- 
nised the  insecurity  of  the  properties  of  the  Irish  as  the  capi- 
tal error  of  all  the  former  governments,  from  the  days  of  the 

1  Hanged  and  disembowelled  alive  at  Tyburn  on  3rd  February, 
1538. 

"  Butchered  to  make  a  London  holiday." 
Some  or  all  of  the  uncles  were  guiltless  of  their  nephew's  rebel- 
lion. But  the  king  was  told  there  should  never  be  peace  and  good 
order  in  Ireland  "  till  the  bludde  of  the  Garroldes  were  wholly 
extinct."  Lord  Audley  to  Thomas  Cromwell,  13th  Sept.,  1535. 
"  Lives  of  the  Earls  of  Kildare,"  by  the  Marquis  of  Kildare, 
vol.  i.,  p.  152. 

2  State  Papers  of  Henry  VIII.  (Ireland),  vol.  ii.,  p.  147. 

3  Carle  ton  (Bishop  of  Chichester),  "  Thankful  Remembrance  of 
Cod's  Mercy  to  the  Church  of  England,"  p.  41.  4to.  London; 
1624. 


42  THE  CEOMWELLIAN  SETTLEMENT 

Conquest.  He  saw  also  how  largely  the  fears  of  the  dege- 
nerate Enghsh  for  their  estates,  heldunder  defective  title,  had 
contributed  to  the  disturbance  of  Ireland.  His  first  act  was 
i^o  proclaim  a  general  oblivion  and  indemnity.  He  restored 
the  Earl  of  Tyrone  to  his  estates ;  he  promised  the  Irish  that 
they  should  henceforth  hold  their  lands  as  English  freeholds, 
instead  of  under  the  law  of  tanistry,  and  assured  the  degene- 
rate English  that  their  estates  should  be  confirmed  to  them 
for  the  future  against  the  claims  of  discoverers,  on  easy  terms 
of  composition.  By  these  measures  the  perpetual  war  which 
had  continued  between  the  nations  "for  four  hundred  and  odd 
years,"  and  was  caused,  says  Sir  John  Davis,  by  the  purpose 
entertained  by  the  English  "to  root  out"  the  Irish,  was  to  be 
brought  to  an  end.  But  before  many  years  were  past  these 
first  good  resolutions  were  abandoned.  The  right  of  the  Irish 
to  their  lands  was  derided,  and  we  find  Sir  John  himself  shar- 
ing in  the  spoil. i  In  the  mean  time  the  king's  design  with 
regard  to  the  Irish  was  to  restore  to  the  chief  and  principal 
gentlemen  such  demesnes  as  they  kept  in  their  own  occupa- 
tion, to  hold  as  tenants  by  knight's  service  under  the  king; 
and  to  fix  the  inferior  members  of  the  clan,  hitherto  living 
the  wandering  life  of  the  creaghts,  in  settled  villages,  paying 
certain  money  rents  to  their  lords,  instead  of  their  former  un- 
certain spendings, — the  object  being  to  break  up  the  clan 
system,  and  to  destroy  the  power  of  the  chiefs. 

This  plan  seems  to  have  been  matured  by  the  summer  of 
1607.  On  the  17th  of  July  in  that  year.  Sir  Arthur  Chiches- 
ter, Lord  Deputy,  accompanied  by  Sir  John  Davis  and  other 
commissioners,  proceeded  to  Ulster,  with  powers  to  inquire 

1  In  the  Plantation  of  Ulster  he  got,  in  the  county  of  Ferma- 
nagh, 1,300  acres;  in  the  county  of  Tyrone.  2,000  acres;  in  the 
county  of  Armagh,  500  acres.  Pynnar's  "  Survey  of  Ulster  by 
Commission  under  the  Great  Seal  of  Ireland,  A.D.  1618-1619." 
Harris's  "  Hibernica,"  p.  131.     8vo.     Dublin:  1717. 


OF  lEELAND.  43 

what  lands  each  man  held.  There  appeared  before  them  in 
each  county  which  they  visited  the  chief  lords  and  Irish  gen- 
tlemen, the  heads  of  creaghts,  and  the  common  people,  the 
Brehons  and  Shannahs,  a  kind  of  Irish  heralds  or  chroniclers, 
who  knew  all  the  septs  and  families,  and  took  upon  themselves 
to  tell  what  quantity  of  land  every  man  ought  to  have ;  they 
thus  ascertained  and  booked  their  several  lands,  and  the  Lord 
Deputy  promised  them  estates  in  them.^  "  He  thus,"  says 
Sir  John  Davis,  "  made  it  a  year  of  jubilee  to  the  poor  inha- 
bitants, because  every  man  was  to  return  to  his  own  house, 
and  be  restored  to  his  ancient  possessions,  and  they  all  went 
home  rejoicing. '  '^ 

Notwithstanding  these  promises,  the  king,  in  the  following 
year  issued  his  scheme  for  the  Plantation  of  Ulster,  urged  to 
it,  it  would  seem,  by  Sir  Arthur  Chichester,  who  so  largely 
profited  by  it,  though  the  highest  councillor  in  the  kingdom 
told  him  to  his  face  in  the  king's  presence  that  it  was  against 
the  honour  of  the  king  and  the  justice  of  the  kingdom.^  It 
could  not  be  said  that  the  flight  of  O'Neill  and  O'Donnell, 
Earls  of  Tyrone  and  Tyrconnell,  gave  occasion  to  this  change ; 
for  the  king  immediately  issued  a  proclamation*  (which  he 
renewed  on  taking  formal  possession  of  the  Earls'  territories), ^ 
assuring  the  inhabitants  that  they  should  be  protected  and 
preserved  in  their  estates,  notwithstanding  the  flight  of  the 
Earls  :  nor  the  outbreak  of  Sir  Cahir  O'Dohcrty  in  the  month 

1  Letter  of  Sir  John  Davis  to  the  Earl  of  Salisbury,  A.D.  1607. 
"  Historical  Tracts,"  by  Sir  John  Davis,  p.  258.     Dublin:  1787. 

2  Ibid.,  ib.,  p.  238. 

3  "  Analecta  Sacra,  Nova  et  Mira  de  Rebus  Catholicorum  in 
Hibernia  pro  Fide  et  Religione  Gestis.  Collectore  et  Relatore 
T.   N.   Philadelpho-Colonise."     1617,   p.   239.     12mo. 

*  Dated  Rathfarnham,  7th  Sept.,  fifth  James  I.  "  Printed 
Calendar  of  Patent  Rolls  of  James  I.,"  p.  419. 

5  Dated  9th  November  of  same  year,     lb.,  p.  420. 


44  THE  CKOMWELLIAN  SETTLEMENT 

of  May,  1608,  as  it  was  confined  to  the  neighbourhood  of  Lon- 
donderry, which  he  attacked,  kilhng  the  governor,  who  had 
dared  to  strike  him.     The  truth  would  seem  to  be,  that  the 
EngHsh,  with  their  feudal  prejudices,  regard  the  land  in  a 
higher  light  than  man,  and  consider  the  improvement  of  the 
country  to  mean  the  improvement  of  the  land,  and  not  the 
happiness  of  its  inhabitants.     As  if  man  were  not  the  first  ob- 
ject— and  humanity  the  first  virtue !     The  more  especially 
as  they  assume  that  the  Irish  cannot  effect  these  works,  and 
that  the  lands  must  accordingly  be  assigned  to  themselves, 
careful  not  to  remember  that  the  energies  of  the  Irish  are  de- 
stroyed by  their  sense  of  impending  exile.    Manors  of  1,000, 
1,500,  and  3,000  acres  were  offered  by  this  project  to  such 
English  and  Scottish  as  should  undertake  to  plant  their  lots 
with  British  Protestants,  and  engage  to  allow  no  Irish  to  dwell 
upon  them.    For  the  security  of  the  Plantation,  all  Irish  who 
had  been  in  arms  were  to  be  transplanted  with  their  families, 
cattle,  and  followers,  to  waste  places   in  Munster  and  Con- 
naught,  and  there  set  down  at  a  distance  from  one  another; 
while  those  who  should  be  suffered  to  remain  were  to  remove 
from  the  lands  allotted  to  the  planters,  to  places  where  they 
could  be  under  the  eye  of  the  "Servitors,"  as  those  planters 
were  called  who  had  shares  given  them  in  reward  for  their 
services  after  a  war  or  rebellion.^ 

/  The  Irish  gentlemen  who  did  not  forfeit  their  estates  re- 
/ceived  proportions  (intended  to  be  three-fourths  of  their 
former  lands,  but  too  often  only  one-half  or  one-third,  or 
none  at  all,  as  the  English  "were  their  own  carvers"),  as  im- 
/  mediate  tenants  of  the  king.  Their  lands  were  liable  to  for- 
feiture if  the  chief  took  from  any  of  his  former  clansmen 
any  of  his  ancient  customary   exactions  of  victuals;  if  he 

1  Sir    William    Petty's     "  Political    Anatomy,"     [A.D.     1670], 
chap.  13. 


OF  IKELAND.  45 

went  coshering  on  them  as  of  old;  if  he  used  gavelkind,  or 
took  the  name  of  "  O'Neill."  or  "  O'Donnell,"  "  0 'Carroll," 
or  "O'Connor,"  by  tanistry.  On  his  death  his  youthful 
b3ir  was  made  ward  to  a  Protestant,  to  be  brought  up  in 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  from  his  twelfth  to  his  eighteenth 
year,  in  Enghsh  habits  and  religion, — often  after  this  enforced 
conformity,  all  the  more  embittered,  like  Sir  Phehm  O'Neill, 
against  English  religion.  The  wandering  creaghts  were  now 
to  become  his  tenants  at  fixed  money  rents.  He  covenanted 
that  they  should  build  and  dwell  in  villages,  and  live  on 
allotted  portions  of  land,  "  to  them  as  grievous  as  to  be  made 
bond  slaves."  Unable  to  keep  their  cattle  on  the  small  por- 
tions of  land  assigned  to  them,  instead  of  ranging  at  large, 
they  sold  away  both  corn  and  cattle.^  Unused  to  money 
rents,  though  of  victuals  they  formerly  made  small  account 
because  of  their  plenty,  they  were  unable  to  pay  their  rents; 
and  their  lords  finding  it  impossible  to  exact  them,  and  being 
thus  deprived  of  their  living,  numbers  of  them  fled  to  Spain. 
Similar  plantations  followed  in  Leitrim,  Longford,  King's 
County,  and  Wexford,  except  that  in  some  (as  in  Leitrim) 
one-half  of  the  lands  of  the  Irish  were  to  be  seized. 

What  the  Irish  suffered  in  these  plantations  may  be  con- 
ceived from  the  following  instances  :  — 

Thus  Daniel  Coughlan,  one  of  the  young  Duke  of  York's 
household,  in  his  petition  to  the  king,  at  Oxford,  in  1645, 
states  that,  in  the  time  of  Lord  Falkland  being  Deputy 
[A.D.  1622-1629],  his  father's  lands  in  the  King's  County 
were  planted  for  His  Majesty's  use,  which  was  every  fourth 
acre,  according  to  plantation  rule.  "But  one  Matthew  Drench 
[Derinzy],  under  pretence  of  plantation,  turned  your  peti- 
tioner's father,  deceased,  and  your  petitioner,  out  of  all  his 


1610 


*  Letter  of  Sir  Arthur  Chichester  to  the  King,  30th  October, 

10.      Sir   Henrv   F.lli«'c    "  fki-irrinol    T.Q++n..o  "      TU;..,!    c„„;„,. 


46  THE  CROMWELLIAN  SETTLEMENT 

lands;  nor  could  your  petitioner  ever  yet  be  righted,  or  have 
any  consideration  for  his  land."  Derinzy  being  in  actual  re- 
bellion here  in  England,  and  still  in  possession  of  all  the 
petitioner's  lands,  Mr.  Coughlan  prayed  to  be  restored. ^ 

In  the  Wexford  plantation  of  1611,  the  lands  to  be  planted 
lay  between  the  river  Slaney  and  the  sea,  consisting  of 
66,800  acres,  besides  woods  and  mountains.  Of  447  Irish 
claiming  freeholds,  only  21  were  to  retain  their  ancient 
houses  and  habitations,  36  others  were  to  be  elsewhere  pro- 
vided for,  and  all  the  rest  of  the  freeholders  390  in  number, 
together  with  the  other  inhabitants,  estimated  to  be  14,500 
men,  women  and  children,  were  removeable  at  the  will  of 
the  new  planters. ^ 

On  the  7th  of  May,  1613,  the  Sheriff  of  Wexford  pro- 
ceeded to  put  the  latter  in  possession  of  the  several  portions 
of  the  land  specified  in  their  patents,  broke  open  the  doors 
of  such  of  the  ancient  proprietors  as  resisted,  and  turned 
them  out. 3 

They  probably  felt  this  all  the  more,  as  they  had  been 
previously  informed  that  nothing  was  intended  unto  them  by 
that  plantation  but  their  good;  and  that  the  civilizing  the 
country  was  the  chief  thing  aimed  at.* 

They  all  offered,  but  in  vain,  to  pay  such  rents,  and 
to  perform  such  buildings,  as  the  new  undertakers  were  to 
perform,  s 

The  men  of  Longford,  in  their  address  to  the  Eoyal  Com- 
missioners authorized  [A.D.  1622]  to  hear  the  grievances  of 


1  Carte  Papers,  vol.  xiv.,  p.  100.  The  king's  fiat,  dated  at  Ox- 
ford, March  28th,  1645,  describes  Mr.  Coughlan  as  "  our  servant 
attending  our  dearest  son,  the  Duke  of  York." 

2  Return  of  Sir  Arthur  Chichester  and  other  Commissioners  to 
the  King.     "  Desiderata  Curiosa  Hibernica,"  vol.  i.,  p.  376. 

3  Ibid.,  p.  389.  4  Ibid.,  vol.  i.,  p.  374.  s  ibid.,  p.  390. 


OF  lEELAND.  47 

Ireland,  say  that,  instead  of  losing  one-fourth,  many  had  all 
taken  from  them;  and  that  divers  of  the  poor  natives,  or 
former  freeholders,  after  the  loss  of  all  their  possessions  or 
inheritance,  some  went  mad,  and  others  died  instantly  for 
very  grief  :  asone  O'Feraill,  of  Clayrad,  and  D  on  a  ghM' Gerald 
OTeraill,  of  Cuillagh  (and  others  whose  names  for  brevity 
are  left  out),  who  on  their  death  beds  were  in  such  a  taking 
that  they  by  earnest  persuasion  caused  some  of  their  friends 
to  bring  them  out  of  their  said  beds,  to  have  abroad  the  sight 
of  the  hills  and  fields  they  lost  in  the  said  plantation,  every 
one  of  them  dying  instantly  after. ^ 

If  the  fair  promises  of  James  I.  were  of  no  value  to  the 
native  Irish,  his  commission  to  secure  the  defective  titles  of 
the  Enghsh  availed  them  but  little  more.  Notwithstanding 
large  sums  paid  during  his  reign,  as  compositions  to  obtain 
perfect  titles.  Discoverers  with  eagle  eyes  (to  use  the  language 
of  a  Committee  of  the  House  of  Commons  of  Ireland  to  Lord 
Strafford,  in  1634),  piercing  into  the  grants  made  to  them 
under  this  commission,  took  advantage  of  the  errors  of  the 
persons  employed  in  passing  of  patents  and  estates  from  the 
Crown,  and  disheartened  them  from  making  their  possessions 
beautiful  or  profitable. ^  And  King  Charles  I.,  occupied  inj 
devising  means  to  raise  moneys  without  the  aid  of  Parliament,/ 
connived  at  the  Earl's  proceedings  in  the  confiscation  of  the 

1  "  To  the  Right  Honourable  the  Commissioners  authorized  by 
His  Majesty  to  hear  the  grievances  of  Ireland. 

"  A  Memorial  of  part  of  their  grievances  and  destructions  done 
upon  the  most  part  of  the  poor  natives  of  the  County  of  Long- 
ford, in  the  time  of  the  late  Plantation  thereof,  by  the  Com- 
mittees and  Surveyors  appointed  for  the  said  county."  A.D. 
1622,  Harris  MSS.,  p.  68.  Folio.  Royal  Dublin  Society's 
Library. 

2  "  Strafford's  Letters,"  vol.  i.,  p.  310.  For  a  good  account  of 
the  various  technical  errors  for  which  the  Patents  were  declared 
to  be  void,  see  "  Fiction  Unmasked,"  by  Walter  Harris,  P]sq., 
pp.  60-83.     12mo.     Dublin:   1752. 


48  THE  CEOMWELLIAN  SETTLEMENT 

estates  of  the  old  English  of  Connaught,  though  they  had 
bought  off  the  claim  of  the  Crown,  three  hundred  years  old, 
derived  through  the  De  Burgos,  whose  daughter  and  heir 
Lionel,  son  of  Edward  III. ,  had  married.  Lord  Strafford  found 
flaws  in  the  execution  of  the  previous  commissions,  and  got 
the  king's  title  found.  More  unscrupulous  than  James  I., 
who  professed  to  take  one-fourth  from  the  native  Irish, 
Strafford  resolved  to  take  one-half  of  the  lands  of  the  old 
English  of  Connaught,  with  the  intention  of  founding  there 
"a  noble  English  plantation."^  And  when  Lord  Holland, 
in  the  Privy  Council  in  England,  declared  that  taking  so 
much  might  induce  them  to  call  the  Irish  regiments  out  of 
Flanders,  Lord  Strafford  answered  that  if  taking  one-half 
should  move  that  country  to  rebellion,  the  taking  one-third 
or  one-fourth  would  hardly  insure  the  Crown  their  allegiance ; 
and  if  they  were  so  rotten  and  unsound  at  heart,  wisdom 
would  counsel  to  weaken  them,  and  line  them  thoroughly 
with  Protestants  as  guards  upon  them.^ 

His  despotic  proceeding  in  the  confiscation  of  Connaught 
was  made  one  of  the  grounds  of  his  impeachment ;  but  the 
managers  for  the  Parliament  abandoned  it.^  It  had  served 
its  purpose  by  swelling  the  train  of  the  Earl's  accusers :  and, 
in  their  Declaration  concerning  the  Kise  and  Progress  of  the 
Irish  Eebellion,  the  Commons  of  England  made  it  a  ground 
of  complaint  against  the  king  that  he  had  allowed  the  Con- 
naught proprietors  to  compound  with  him  for  their  estates.* 

1  Sir  Richard  Cox,  Secretary  to  King  William  III.,  and  after- 
wards Chancellor  of  Ireland,  in  his  "  Hibernia  Anglicana," 
vol.  ii.,  p.  56.     Folio.     London:   1690. 

2  "  Strafford's  Letters,"  vol.  ii.,  p.  33. 

3  Rushwortli's  "  Historical  Collections,"  vol.  viii.,  p.  717. 

4  Ibid.,  vol.  v.,  pp.  346-7. 


OF  IKELAND.  49 


CHAPTER    II. 

THE    IRISH    REBELLION    OF    23rD    OCTOBER,    1641,    AND    SUPPOSED 
MASSACRE  OF  ENGLISH. 

The  forty  years  between  the  defeat  of  the  Irish  at  Kinsale,  on 
the  2nd  January,  1601-2,  and  the  great  War  or  Eebelhon 
which  broke  out  on  the  23rd  October,  1641,  have  been  repre- 
sented as  the  period  of  the  greatest  peace,  improvement,  and 
prosperity  known  in  Ireland  since  the  days  of  the  first  invasion. 
And  so  it  was  in  one  sense ;  but  in  another  the  period  of  the 
greatest  misery.  The  land  was  improved.  Castles  and  bawns 
sprang  up  among  new-formed  fields.  The  planters,  happy  and 
energetic,  thought  all  the  world  was  happy  too.  Under  the 
labours  of  about  twenty  years,  their  lands  began  to  smile. 
Little  they  thought  or  cared  how  the  ancient  owner,  dispos- 
sessed of  his  lands,  must  grieve  as  he  turned  from  the  sight  of 
the  prosperous  stranger  to  his  pining  family ;  daughters  with- 
out prospect  of  preferment  in  marriage;  sons,  without  fit  com- 
panions, walking  up  and  down  the  country  with  their  horses 
and  greyhounds,  coshering  on  the  Irish,  drinking  and  gaming, 
and  ready  for  any  rebellion  ;i  most  of  his  high-born  friends 

1  Act  of  10th  and  11th  Charles  I.,  chap.  16  [Irish],  A.D.  1636, 
"  For  the  suppression  of  Cosherers  and  idle  Wanderers."  It 
speaks  of  "  the  many  young  gentlemen  of  this  kingdom  that  have 
little  or  nothing  to  live  on  of  their  own  ....  but  live  coshering 
on  the  country,  and  sessing  themselves  and  their  followers,  their 
horses  and  their  greyhounds,  sometimes  exacting  money  to  spare 
them  and  their  tenants,  and  to  go  elsewhere  for  their  ceaught 
and  adravgh,  viz.,  supper  and  breakfast  .  .  .  being  commonly 
active  young  men,  and  such  as  seek  to  have  many  followers 
apt  upon  the  least  occasion  of  insurrection  or  disturb- 
ance ....  to  be  heads  and  leaders  of  outlaws  and  rebels,  and 
in  the  meantime  do  support  their  excessive  drinking  and  gaming 
by  several  stealths." 

G 


50  THE   CKOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT  . 

wandering  in  poverty  in  France  or  Spain,  or  enlisted  in  their 
armies.  There  was  prosperity,  but  it  was  among  the  supplant- 
ing strangers — misery  among  the  displanted  and  transplanted 
Irish.  There  was  peace,  but  it  was  the  peace  of  despair,  be- 
cause there  remained  no  hope  except  in  arms,  and  their  arms 
were  taken  from  them. 

The  case  was  little  better  among  the  old  English  gentry 
of  Leinster,  Munster,  and  Connaught,  once  possessed  of  the 
finest  lands,  and  all  the  power  and  privileges  of  the  kingdom. 
They  were  now  supplanted  in  all  the  offices  of  state  by  the 
later  invaders  of  Queen  Elizabeth's,  and  James  the  First's, 
and  Charles  the  First's  reigns,  all  Protestants.  The  towns 
always  hitherto  the  sure  defence  of  the  English  power,  were 
equally  unhappy  in  this  prosperous  time.  The  seaport  towns 
were  built  by  the  Danes,  the  inland  ones  raised  and  walled 
under  charters  from  the  kings  of  England  or  of  feudal  lords. 
They  were  so  strictly  English,  that  no  Irish  could  originally 
by  law  dwell  in  them.  They  were  considered  by  Sir  Henry 
Sydney  the  Queen's  unpaid  garrisons,  which  had  ever  stood 
staunch  in  all  wars  as  well  of  English  rebels  as  of  Irisli 
enemies.  The  ancient  burgher  families  were  now  supplanted 
by  English  Protestants  in  the  office  of  mayors,  sheriffs,  and 
recorders;  and  where  these  could  not  be  had,  and  Eoman 
Catholics  took  the  offices,  the  members  of  the  corporation  were 
summoned  before  the  Lord  Deputy,  and  fined  £100  each,  and 
imprisoned,  for  not  taking  the  oath  of  supremacy  when  ten- 
dered to  them.i  Churchwardens  enumerated  in  Hsts  the  Irish 
of  every  parish  that  did  not  attend  the  English  service,  and 
these  were  tendered  to  grand  juries  at  sessions  of  the  peace 
and  assizes  to  be  presented  for  fines.  If  the  old  English  or 
Irish  grand  jurors  outnumbered  the  hew  English,  there  were 


1  P.  325,  "  Analecta  de  Rebus  Catliolicis  in  Hibernia  "  (Collec- 
tions relating  to  Catholic  affairs  in  Ireland).    12ino.    Dublin:  1617. 


OF  IKELAXD.  51 

no  presentments  made;  for  they  made  it  a  matter  of  con- 
science not  to  be  accessory  to  fining  their  fellow-worshippers 
for  an  act  of  religious  duty.  They  were  then  all  "  censured  " 
by  the  Court  of  Castle  Chamber  by  heavy  fines,  and  put  in 
prison,  till  at  times  the  jails  were  choked  with  them. 

At  Michaelmas  Term,  1616,  the  jurors  who  were  imprisoned 
for  refusing  to  find  verdict  against  their  fellow-CathoHcs  were 
packed  in  jail  like  herrings  in  a  barrel;  their  fines  reached  to 
£16,000,  which,  instead  of  going  to  the  poor  of  the  parishes, 
went  to  private  favourites. ^  Those  of  the  county  Cavan  alone 
were  fined  £8,000.^ 

The  Primate's  Great  House  at  Drogheda  was  built  out  of 
them.  For  when  Lesley,  Bishop  of  Kaphoe,  was  turned  out 
of  his  Palace  or  See  House,  by  orders  of  the  Common- 
wealth, and  he  applied  for  compensation,  as  having  built  the 
house  out  of  his  own  funds,  the  Commissioners  for  the  affairs 
of  Ireland  affected  to  disbelieve  him,  as  they  knew,  they  said, 
that  the  Primate's  house  had  been  built  out  of  the  fines 
Ecclesiastical.^ 

During  the  same  forty  years,  England  and  Scotland,  like 
Ireland,  had  been  suffering  under  the  tyranny  of  King 
James  I.  and  King  Charles  I.  These  men  sought  to  deprive 
the  Scots  of  their  Presbyterian  religion,  and  the  English  of 
their  free  Parliament.  They  were  also  charged  with  the 
design  of  restoring  Popery  in  both  kingdoms. 

The  Scots  were  the  first  to  take  arms,  they  were  no  sooner 
in  the  field  than  the  leaders  of  the  popular  party  in  England 
secretly  invited  them  to  invade  England,  showing  them  that 
the  king  would  be  thus  forced  to  call  a  Parliament  to  obtain 
supplies  for  the  war;  and  they  engaged  that  this  Parliament, 

1  "  Analecta  de  Rebus  Catholicis  in  Hibernia,"  p.  49. 

2  Ibid.,  p.  59. 

3  Order  on  Dr.  Lesley's  petition,  15th  May,  1654.  A  (85),  p.  379. 


52  THE   CKOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

instead  of  providing  funds  to  carry  on  the  war  against  the 
Scots,  should  pay  them  the  costs  of  their  invasion,  and  should 
help  to  redress  the  grievances  of  Scotland  by  impeaching  the 
king's  ministers,  the  authors  of  the  common  calamities  of  the 
two  kingdoms. 

The  king  got  ready  an  army  in  England  to  chastise  the 
Scots.  But  he  determined  to  make  himself  master  as  well  of 
the  discontented  English  as  of  the  Scots,  by  wielding  Ireland 
against  them.  Ireland  in  early  times  was  styled  by  the  Eng- 
Hsh  "one  of  the  barbicans  of  the  Eealm.''^  On  the  other 
hand,  0 ' Sullivan  Bere  counselled  the  Spaniards  to  turn  it  into 
a  fortress  for  the' reduction  of  England. ^  And  to  this  purpose 
the  king  had  for  some  time  resolved  to  turn  it.  Lord  Strafford 
had  been  employed  there  since  the  year  1633,  in  taking 
measures  to  have  the  lands,  goods,  and  bodies  of  the  king's 
Irish  subjects  at  his  absolute  command.  The  king  could  then 
raise  and  pay  what  forces  might  be  necessary  for  the  invasion 
of  England  and  Scotland. 

In  the  summer  of  1640,  Strafford  had  an  army  of  8,000 
men,  raised  in  Ireland,  encamped  about  Belfast  and  Carrick- 
fergus,  for  a  descent  upon  Scotland.  According  to  the  king's 
plans,  the  king  and  his  army  were  to  march  across  the  border, 
and  attack  the  Scotch  in  front ;  Strafford  and  his  forces  were 
to  land  on  the  coast  of  Ayrshire  and  take  them  in  the  flank, 
and  after  "whipping  them  home  in  their  own  blood,"  the 
conjoined  forces  were  to  march  into  England  to  give  the 
English  a  lesson. 

But  before  the  king  was  quite  ready,  the  Scotch,  at  the  in- 


1  Rolls  of  Parliament,  vol.  iii.,  p.  36,  b.  2nd  of  King  Richard 
II.,   A.D.  1379.     Folio.     London. 

a  "  Arcem  esse  unde  heretici  possent  debellari."  "  Alithin- 
ologia,  sive  Veridica  Responsio,"  &c.  Eudoxio  Alithinologo  [Rev. 
John  Lynch]  autore.  Printed  [at  St.  Malo],  A.D.  1664.  In  2 
vols.     4to.     Vol.  ii.,  p.  12. 


OF  IRELAND.  53 

stigation  of  the  Inviters,  on  the  21st  of  August,  1640,  crossed 
the  Tweed,  and  sat  down  in  Durham  and  Northumberland. 

By  this  bold  step  they  anticipated  and  defeated  the  king's 
scheme.  Many  of  the  officers  of  his  army  were  in  favour  of 
the  treason  of  the  Inviters.    His  army  w^as  mutinous. 

A  treaty,  therefore,  was  come  to  at  Ripon,  and  by  the  terms 
of  it  the  Scots  were  to  continue  in  the  counties  they  occupied 
until  paid  their  expenses.  For  this  purpose  "  the  Parliament 
of  Parliaments  "  was  summoned  for  the  3rd  of  November, 
1640,  and  so  far  the  scheme  of  the  Inviters  was  completely 
successful. 

The  first  act  of  the  Parliament  was  to  impeach  Strafford ; 
but,  the  method  of  impeachment  failing,  the  Parliament 
passed  a  Bill  of  Attainder,  and  in  pursuance  of  it  this  tyrant 
was  beheaded  on  Tower  Hill,  on  r2th  May,  1641,  the  Scottish 
army  standing  by  (as  it  were)  on  English  ground  till  he  was 
executed,  and  the  Court  of  Star  Chamber  was  abolished.  The 
Scots  entered  England  on  20th  August,  1640,  and  only 
quitted  it  in  August,  1641. 

But  the  king  had  no  intention  of  yielding  :  on  the  contrary, 
he  resolved  to  punish  the  Inviters.  They  were  now  in  great 
danger.  The  English  were  pacified  by  the  king's  concessions. 
No  act  of  pardon  and  oblivion,  however,  had  passed. 

The  king  had  obtained  some  evidence  of  the  treason  of  the 
Inviters  while  he  was  with  the  army  at  York,  in  the  previous 
summer.  With  the  view  of  completing  the  proofs,  he  pro- 
ceeded to  Edinburgh  in  July,  1641,  and  sent  the  queen  with 
the  crown  jewels  to  France  and  Denmark,  to  provide  arms, 
and  to  engage  those  powers  to  send  him  aid.^  From  York,  on 
his  way  down,  he  sent  into  Ireland,  to  Ormond  and  Antrim,  to 


1  This  view  is  taken  principally  from  Roger  Acherle>'s 
Britannic  Constitution."  Folio.  London:  1727.  (Cliap.  ix., 
Breaches  of  the  Constitution  in  the  Reign  of  Charles  I.") 


54  THE   CEOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMEXT 

gather  the  freshly  disbanded  army  of  Strafford.  If  the  Lord 
Justices  should  oppose  his  design,  the  Castle  of  Dublin  was  to 
be  surprised.  The  Parliament  of  Ireland  was  to  declare  for 
the  king  against  the  Parliament  of  England,  and  the  whole  of 
Ireland  was  to  be  raised  in  his  service.  Such  is  the  consistent 
account  of  the  king's  designs  given  by  the  Marquis  of  Antrim 
himself  to  Dr.  Henry  Jones,  Bishop  of  Clogher,  and  Henry 
Owen,  in  the  year  1650,  to  be  communicated  to  Cromwell. 
They  took  down  in  writing  all  the  particulars  he  gave  during 
an  interview  with  them,  for  this  purpose,  of  two  days'  con- 
tinuance (9th  and  11th  of  May,  1650);  and  he  read  it  again, 
signed,  and  confirmed  it  on  the  22nd  of  August,  1650.  He 
said  he  communicated  the  king's  scheme  to  Lord  Gor- 
manstown  and  to  Lord  Slane,  and  to  many  in  Leinster. 
And  after  going  into  Ulster  he  recommended  the  same 
to  many  there.  "But  the  fools"  (such  was  his  lordship's 
expression  to  us,  said  Jones  and  Owen),  "well  liking  the 
business,  would  not  expect  our  time  and  manner  of  order- 
ing the  work,  but  fell  upon  it  without  us,  and  sooner  and 
otherwise  than  we  should  have  done,  taking  to  themselves, 
in  their  own  way,  the  management  of  the  work,  and  so  spoiled 
it."i 

In  considering  the  first  stage  of  this  rebellion,  and  the  un- 
paralleled massacre  supposed  to  be  committed  by  the  Irish,  it 
will  be  necessary  to  know  something  of  the  population  and 
state  of  Ulster  at  that  period. 

In  1619,  ten  years  from  the  date  of  the  Articles  of  the 
Plantation  of  Ulster,  an  accurate  Government  survey  was 
made  of  the  state  of  every  family  of  the  Plantation.  There 
were  not  quite  2,000  families  in  all  (exact,  1,974),  and  in  these 


1  The  Marquis's  statement  is  given  at  full  length  in  2nd  Cox's 
Hibernia  Anglicana."     Appendix.     Paper  xlviii. 


OF  IBELAND.  55 

6,215  were  between  sixteen  and  sixty,  fit  to  bear  arms.^  In 
1633,  on  a  similar  inquiry,  13,092  were  the  numbers  returned 
as  capable  of  bearing  arms.2  in  1635  the  Corporation  of 
London  was  Star-chambered  for  their  neglect  in  not  bringing 
over  English  and  driving  out  the  Irish,  and  the  city  fined 
£70,000,  and  their  lands  seized  into  the  king's  hands  for  this 
breach  of  the  Articles  of  1609.'  Besides  these  Planters,  the 
greater  number  of  whom  w^ere  Scotch,  there  were  some  Eng- 
lish settlers  there  before  the  Plantation.  They  had  come 
thither  in  the  end  of  Queen  Elizabeth's  reign.  In  the  towns 
there  were  some  traders  and  families  of  broken  soldiers.  Down 
and  Antrim  were  not  counties  of  King  James's  Plantation,  but 
were  filled  with  old  Scots,  who  had  made  a  first  lodgment 
there  in  Henry  VHP's  time,  and  were  well  secured,  not  only 
by  their  numbers,  but  by  a  frontier  line  of  more  than  fifty 
miles,  of  great  strength.  Lough  Neagh  was  the  centre,  and 
through  it  ran  the  Eiver  Bann  to  the  sea,  completing  the  fine. 
In  the  six  other  counties,  called  the  Escheated  or  Planted 
Counties,  the  Planters  were  surprised  by  the  rising  of  the  Irish 
under  Sir  Phelim  O'Neill.  He  seized  the  forts  of  Charlemont 
and  Mountjoy.  All  places  of  strength  in  the  North  were 
taken,  except  Derry  and  Carrickfergus.  The  Planters'  cattle 
and  goods  v.'ere  seized,  the  Planters  made  prisoners  of,  or 
forced  to  fly  to  Derry  or  Dublin,  or  to  seek  shelter  in  some 

1  Survey  of  the  Plantation  of  Ulster,  by  Captain  Nicholas 
Pynnar  and  others,  by  virtue  of  H.M.  Commission  under  the 
Great  Seal  of  Ireland,  dated  28  December,  1618.  "  Hibernica, 
Or  some  Ancient  Pieces  belonging  to  Ireland."  Part  I.  Paper  ix. 
8vo.     Dublin:  1770. 

2  "  State  Letters  of  the  Earl  of  Strafford."  Vol.  i.  Folio. 
London. 

3  The  judgments,  as  delivered  by  Archbishop  Laud  and  the 
several  members  of  the  Court  of  Star  Chamber,  are  to  be  found 
in  the  MS',  in  Trinity  College  Library,  Dublin,  F.  3.17.  In  the 
Library  of  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral,  Dublin  (commonly  called 
"  Archbishop  Marsh's  Library  ")  the  proceedings  from  day  to  day 
are  to  be  found  at  length. 


56  THE  CROMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

few  Planters'  castles  too  strong  for  the  rebels  to  take.  So 
terrified  were  they,  that  for  the  first  three  days  and  nights  no 
cock  was  heard  to  crow,  no  dog  to  bark,  nay,  not  even  when 
the  rebels  came  in  great  multitudes. ^  In  Dublin,  notwith- 
standing its  garrison,  they  were  so  awe-struck  that  the  Castle 
drawbridge  was  raised,  and  the  Lords  Justices  and  their 
friends  went  up  to  the  platforms  of  the  towers  of  the  Castle 
to  view  the  approach  (as  was  expected)  of  the  rebels. ^  And 
on  27th  December,  1641,  the  unusual  puling  of  a  flock  of  sea 
birds  in  the  night  air  over  the  city  for  hours,  that  would  not 
be  dispersed,  though  the  great  pieces  out  of  the  Castle  were 
shot  off  for  that  purpose,  struck  the  inhabitants  with  terror, 
as  portending  they  knew  not  what  dreadful  evils. ^ 

The  Lords  Justices  (says  Ormond),  were  at  first  in  great 
fear,  and  temporized ;  but  when  some  regiments  of  English 
were  landed  in  Dublin  [in  December,  1641],  and  others  of 
Scotch  in  Ulster,  they  took  heart,  and  instigated  the  officers 
and  soldiers  to  all  cruelty  imaginable.*  At  first,  says  another, 
they  were  fearfully  scared  by  a  popular  route  of  unarmed 
clowns,  so  that  they  durst  scarce  peep  out  of  their  great 
garrisons  of  Dublin  and  Drogheda;  but  when  they  had  dis- 
covered those  multitudes  to  be  weaponless,  then  indeed  they 
took  courage,  and,  rushing  out  with  horse  and  foot  com- 
pletely armed,  they  slew  man,  woman,  and  child,  as  they 
came  under  their  lash,  as  well  those  that  held  the  plough  as 

1  "  Deposition  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Maxwell,  Rector  of  Tynan,  in 
the  county  of  Armagh."  Borlase's  "  History  of  the  Execrable 
Irish  Rebellion,"  p.  418. 

2  Sir  Richard  Cox's  "  Hibernia  Anglicana,"  vol.  ii.,  p.  75. 

3  "The  State  of  Dublin  and  other  Parts  of  Ireland,  &c.  With  a 
strange  and  unheard  of  flocking  together  of  several  kinds  of  Birds 
over  the  City  of  Dublin  on  Christmas  Eve  last."  By  T.  Witcomb. 
4to.     London:   1642. 

*  "  Introduction  to  a  Memorial  about  the  Affairs  of  Ireland 
from  1641."  Written  by  Lord  Ormond  the  year  before  his  death; 
intended  to  precede  a  narrative  to  be  presented  to  the  Queen. 
"  Carte  Papers,"  vol.  Ixix.,  p.  286. 


OF  IIIELAN]3.  57 

the  pike,  the  goad  as  the  gun.i  Thousands  were  thus  killed; 
and  the  Lords  Justices  were  known  not  to  favour  any  officer 
that  did  not,  upon  his  return  from  these  "  birdings,"  as  they 
called  them,  give  a  good  account  of  their  sport — though  their 
game  was  unarmed  men,  and  too  often  women  and  children. ^ 
Sir  Simon  Harcourt's  was  one  of  the  two  regiments  that  first 
landed;  Sir  Thomas  Temple's  the  other.  "We  found  the 
town  of  Kinsale  in  their  possession,  on  arriving  from  Cork  " 
(says  an  English  gentleman),  "  and  they  had  not  made  an  end 
of  execution  upon  the  rebels  in  the  church  and  churchyard ; 
and  we  heard  these  two  great  commanders  crying,  '  Down 
with  all  males  above  thirteen  years  old  : '  such  pitiful  clamours 
and  mortal  groanings  I  never  heard  before,  and  hope  I  shall 
never  hear  again.  "^  In  March  following  Sir  Simon  and  1,500 
men  surrounded  the  castle  of  Carrickmines,  close  to  Dublin, 
whither  some  rebels  had  fled,  but  while  pointing  a  gun  was 
himself  mortally  wounded.  The  castle  being  taken,  the  be- 
siegers put  man,  woman,  and  child  to  death,  over  260  in 
number — and  a  priest,  being  afterwards  found  hidden  in  a 
hogshead,  they  cut  him  as  small  as  flesh  for  the  pot.*  This 
was  their  own  boast.  Sir  Simon  had  only  just  returned  from 
"  burning  the  Pale  "  south  of  the  Boyne,  where  he  and  Lord 


1  "  Queries  propounded  by  the  Protestant  Party  concerning 
the  Peace  now  treated  of  in  Ireland,  and  the  Answers  tliereto 
made  on  behalf  of  the  Irish  Nation,"  p.  13.     4to.     Paris:    1644. 

2  "  A  discourse  between  two  Counsellors  of  State,  ye  one  of 
England  and  the  other  of  Ireland."  Printed  at  Kilkenny,  Decem- 
ber, 1642.     [MS.  copy.]     "  Carte  Papers,"  vol.  iv. 

3  "  Good  and  Bad  News  from  Ireland,  or  the  taking  of  the 
Town  of  Kinsale  from  the  Rebels  .  .  ."  4to.  London:  1641 
[1642.] 

4  "  The  last  True  News  from  Ireland,  being,  &c.  Likewise  the 
manner  how  a  great  Castle  called  Carrickmayne  (within  6  miles 
of  Dublin),  was  taken  by  the  English,  and  the  Rebels  put  to 
death,  man,  woman,  and  child."     4to.     London:    1642. 


58  THE   CBOMWELLIAN  SETTLEMENT 

Ormond,  by  the  express  command  of  the  Lords  Justices,  car- 
ried fire  and  sword,  making  no  distinction  between  noblemen 
and  others,  but  burning  the  villages  of  the  Irish  and  the 
houses  and  goods  of  the  nobility  and  gentry  alike. ^ 

Sir  Charles  Coote  went  into  the  suburbs  of  Dublin  and  the 
county  of  Wicklow  on  like  expeditions.  His  soldiers  had 
orders  to  spare  no  infants  above  a  span  long.  And  thirty 
years  after,  a  "  moderate  cavalier  "  gloried  in  his  doings  :  — 

"  Brave  Sir  Charles  Coote 
I  honour ;   who  in  '.s  father's  steps  so  trod 
As  to  the  rebels  was  tlie  scourge  or  rod 
Of  the  Almighty.     He  by  good  advice 
Did  kill  the  Nitts,  that  they  might  not  grow  lice. "2 

For  such  was  the  barbarity  of  the  Enghsh  soldiers  to  the 
Irish,  that  Dr.  Nalson  heard  a  kinsman  of  his  own,  who  was  a 
captain  in  that  service,  relate,  that  no  manner  of  compassion 
or  discrimination  was  shewed  to  age  or  sex,  but  that  little  chil- 
dren were  promiscuously  sufferers  with  the  guilty.  And  that  if 
any  that  had  some  grain  of  compassion  reprehended  the  sol- 
diers for  their  unchristian  inhumanity,  they  would  scoffingly 
reply,  "  Nits  will  be  lice."^  They  deemed  it  treason  to  the 
English  interest  to  oppose  the  killing  of  them.  An  English 
ofl&cer  of  quality  justified  his  leaving  the  service  in  Ireland  in 
a  printed  statement  in  London,  for  that  the  Bishop  of  Meath 
had  dared,  in  his  sermon  at  Christ  Church,  Dublin,  in  the  pre- 
sence of  the  State,  to  preach  of  mercy  for  infants.  It  need 
scarce  be  said  that  he  was  equally  indignant  at  the  Bishop's 


1  Carte's   "  Life  of  James  Duke  of  Ormond,"   vol.   i.,   p.   287. 
Folio. 

2  "  The  Moderate  Cavalier,  or  the  Soldier's  Description  of  Ire- 
land  A  Book  fit  for  all  Protestants'   Houses  in  Ireland," 

p.  11.     8vo.     Printed  A.D.  1675. 

'  Nalson's     "  Historical     Collections,"     vol.     ii.     Introduction, 
p.  vii.     2  vols.     Folio.     London  :   1682-1683. 


OF  IRELAND.  50 

plea  for  labourers,  for  unarmed  and  unresisting  men,  and  for 


women 


But  these  cruelties,  it  may  be  said,  were  in  revenge  for 
the  massacre  of  the  Scotch  and  English  in  Ulster  by  the 
Irish.  It  has  been  represented  that  there  was  a  general 
massacre,  surpassing  the  horrors  of  the  Sicilian  Vespers,  the 
Parisian  Nuptials,  and  Matins  of  the  Valtelline,^  but  nothing 
is  more  false. 

The  English,  whose  conscience  made  them  expect  such 
retribution,  had  often  foretold  the  outburst  of  injured  and 
outraged  humanity.  They  themselves  massacred  the  Danes  : 
but  the  Irish,  to  use  the  words  of  an  old  divine,  have  ever 
lacked  gall  to  supply  a  wholesome  animosity  to  the  eternal 
enemies  and  revilers  of  their  name  and  nation. ^ 

1  "  An  ApologTi'  made  by  an  English  Officer  of  Quality  for  leav- 
ing the  Irish  Wars  ;  declaring  the  design  now  on  foot  to  reconcile 
the  Irish  and  English,  and  expelling  the  Scotch,  to  bring  the 
Popish  forces  against  the  Parliament."     4to.     London:  1643. 

2  "  Letter  from  W.  Basil,  Esq.,  Attorney-General  of  Ireland,  to 
the  Parliament."     Ordered  to  be  printed.     4to.     London:   1650. 

3  "  Six  hundred  years  ago  we  found  the  native  Irish  murdering 
and  pillaging,  burning  towns,  carrying  off  heiresses  and  wives, 
too ;  and  it  cannot  be  said  that  the  leaven  is  quite  out  of  them 
yet.  A  hundred  years,  more  or  less,  are  a  trifle  in  the  cure  of  so 
deep  a  disease.  So  long  as  there  are  Ryan  Pucks  [the  latest 
sacrifice  on  the  scaffold  to  the  maintenance  of  the  unendurable 
feudal  land  monopoly],  there  will  be  stout  Saxons,  who,  by  fair 
means  or  by  foul,  will  carrj'  the  day,  or  send  them  to  work  and 
be  honest  across  the  ocean.  We  wisli,  of  course,  the  animal  could 
be  tamed  [i.e.,  reduced  to  the  serfish  condition  of  the  rural  popu- 
lation of  England],  and  kept  at  home;  but  it  is  no  use  wishing 
when  a  whole  race  has  an  innate  taste  for  conspiracy  and  man- 
slaughter."    "  Times,"   lOth  May,   1859. 

"  The  Lion  of  St.  Jarlath's  survej's  with  an  envious  eye  the 
Irish  exodus,  and  sighs  over  the  departing  demons  of  assassina- 
tion and  murder.  So  complete  is  the  rush  of  departing  maraviders, 
whose  lives  were  profitably  occupied  in  shooting  Protestants 
behind  a  hedge,  that  silence  reigns  over  the  vast  solitude  of  Ire- 
land. Just  as  civilization  gradually  supersedes  the  wilder  and 
fiercer  creatures  by  men  and  cities,  so  decivilization,  such  as  is 
going  on  in  Ireland,  wipes  out  mankind  to  make  room  for  oxen." 
— "  Saturday  Review,"  Nov.  28th,  1863. 


60  THE  CHOMWELLIAN  SETTLEMENT 

The  proper  evidence  to  prove  or  disprove  this  dreadful 
massacre  are  of  course  authentic  contemporaneous  docu- 
ments,— not  compilations  of  a  later  age,  like  Hume's  "His- 
tory of  England,"  or  even  the  ponderous  pamphlets  of  party- 
writers  of  the  day,  like  Milton  and  Clarendon,  strangers  to 
Ireland  and  its  transactions. 

There  is  one  document  that  ought  to  be  decisive  in  this 
case,  and  it  would  have  been  so  if  the  English  of  Ireland  were 
not  interested  enough,  and  the  English  of  England  prejudiced 

1  enough  to  propagate  and  perpetuate  any  calumny  to  the 
damage  of  the  fame  and  national  character  of  the  people  of 
Ireland.  It  is  the  following: — Just  two  months  after  the 
outbreak  the  Government  issued  a  Commission  under  the 

)  Great  Seal  to  seven  despoiled  Protestant  ministers,  to  take 
evidence  upon  oath  ' '  to  keep  up  the  memory  of  the  outrages 

/committed  by  the  Irish  to  posterity." 

The  Commission,  dated  23rd  December,  1641,  was,  in  its 
original  form,  to  take  an  account  of  losses.  It  was  amended 
on  the  18th  of  January,  1642,^  to  include  nmrdfirs.  So  that 
this  was  an  after- thought ;  a  thing  scarce  possible  if  there  had 
been  a  general  massacre.  The  first  Commission  recites  "  that 
many  British  and  Protestants  have  been  separated  from  their 
habitations,  and  others  deprived  of  their  goods;"  the  Com- 
missioners are  accordingly  to  examine  upon  oath  concerning 
the  amount  of  loss,  the  names  of  the  robbers,  and  what 
traitorous  speeches  were  uttered  by  the  robbers  or  others.  The 
second  adds,  "  and  what  violence  was  done  by  the  robbers, 
and  how  often,  and  what  numbers,  have  been  murthered,  or 
have  perished  afterwards,   on  the    way  to  Dublin  or  else- 


1  See  both  Commissions,  given  in  full  leligth  in  the  "  Remon- 
strance of  divers  remarkable  passages  concerning  the  Church  and 
Kingdom  of  Ireland,  presented  to  the  House  of  Commons  in 
England,  by  Doctor  Henry  Jones,  Agent  for  the  Protestant 
Clergy  of  that  Kingdom."     4to.     London:  1642. 


OF  IKELAND.  61 

where."  And  the  remonstrance  shows  that  the  outrages,  in 
spite  of  the  Commissioners'  attempts  to  present  the  most  ter- 
rible pictures,  were,  for  the  most  part,  only  such  as  necessarily 
followed  the  stripping  the  English  and  driving  them  from 
their  possessions,  as  these  Planters  had  driven  the  Irish  from 
theirs  thirty  years  before;  and  that  the  murders  were  fewer 
than  have  occurred  in  similar  insurrections,  where  of  course 
some  would  be  slain  resisting  the  pillagers  of  their  home- 
steads .  The  Commjasioner^s^seem  unconscious  of  any  general 
.Siassaere.  The  murders  they  record  are  the  occurrences  of 
four  months,  collected  from  different  parts  of  Ulster.  In  the 
few  instances  where  any  numbers  were  slfliiU_some  of  them, 
at  least,  were^jilalnly  acts  of  war,  though  the  Commissioners 
would  have  them  supposed  to  be  cold-blooded  murders,  and 
occurred  late  in  December.  So  far,  therefore,  from  warrant- 
ing the  supposed  extensive  massacre  of  the  English,  this 
official  account  disproves  it,  and  shows  how  baseless  is  Claren- 
don/s^tor^  oi4£MXlCLjO2L5{I^DQ0  English  murdered  before  they 
knew  where  they  were,  or  of  an  incredible  number  of  men, 
women,  and^-children  promiscuously  slaughtered  in  ten  days, 
as  he  elsewhere  has  it ;  or  of  154,000  or  300,000  massacred  in 
cold  blood.  The  letters  of  the  Lords  Justices  during  the  first 
months  of  the  Rebellion  are  equally  silent  concerning  any 
massacre;^  and  their  Proclamation  of  8th  February,  1642, 
while  it  falsely  charges  the  Irish  with  the  design,  says  it  had 

I  failed.  2  All  the  accounts  of  the  time  are  full  of  the  crowds 
driven  out,  not  murdered.  Six  thousand  women  and  children 
were  "saved"  by  Captain  Mervyn  in  Fermanagh.  Great 
numbers  got  safe  to  Derry,  Coleraine,  Carrickfergus,  and 
went  from  these  parts  and  other  parts,  to  England.     Several 

1  Abstract  of  the  Lords  Justices'   Letter  Book,  from  1641  till 
1644.      "  Carte  Papers,"  vol.  68.     No.  132. 

2  This  Proclamation  is  to  be  found  at  length  in  Borlase's  "  His- 
tory of  the  Execrable  Irish  Rebellion." 


62  THE   CROMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

thousands  got  safe  to  Dublin.  In  the  Count}-  of  Cavan  there 
were  no  murders.  Bishop  JBedel  of  Kihnore  remaiiied. iiL  his 
palace  unharmed,  his  flocks  untouched,  surrounded  by  crowds 
of  Enghsh  that  fled  hither  as  to  a  port  of  safety,  and  lay  in 
his  barns  and  stables,  and  even  on  hay  in  the  churchyard.^ 
Thither  fled  the  Bishop  of  Elphin  and  a  train  of  Roscommon 
exiles,  and  there  he  enjoyed  such  a  heaven  upon  earth  for 
three  weeks,  that  he  would  willingly  have  endured  another 
Irish  stripping  to  enjoy  again  such  holy  converse. ^  For  the 
Irish  never  hindered  these  two  Bishops  and  their  poor  flocks 
from  using  any  religious  exercises,*  though  their  own  was 
made  a  criixie ;  and  seven  priests,  reprieved  by  the  king,  wewB 
hanged  in  England  at  this  time,  at  the  angry  demand  of  the 
House  of  Commons,  simply  for  saying  mass.  In  November, 
an  Irish  priest  arrived  at  Bishop  Bedel's,  to  conduct  them  to 
Dublin.  The  Bishop  of  Elphin  and  the  rest  departed,  leaving 
Bedel  and  his  family  behind,  who,  with  holy  courage,  re- 
solved to  stay.*  Bedel  died  there  in  February,  1642,  and  the 
llrish  paid  him  honour  by  firing  over  his  grave.  His  family 
continued  there  unmolested  till  15th  June,  1642,  when  they 
fjoined  a  party  of  1,340  English,  that  by  treaty  with  the  Irish 
were  escorted  safely  to  Sir  Henry  Tichborne's  garrison  at 
Drogheda.5  Of  the  Bishop  of  Elphin's  company  not  one  mis- 
carried, nor  was  a  thread  of  the  garments  that  Bedel  gave  the 
stript  English  touched  by  the  rebels  on  their  way,  which  the 

1  "  Memeorial  of  the  Life  and  Episcopate  of  Dr.  A.  Bedel  of  Kil- 
more.  By  his  son-in-law,  Alexander  Clogy,  Minister  of  Cavan." 
Printed  for  the  first  time.  [Edited  by  A.  W.  AValker  Wilkin s.] 
12mo.     London:  1862. 

2  Letter  of  John,  Bishop  of  Elphin,  to  Ormond,  dated  4th  Mav, 
1682.  "  Carte  Papers."  Vol.  39,  p.  365.  Endorsed  by  Ormond 
"  Concerning  his  treatment  on  ye  beginning  of  ye  Rebellion 
1641." 

3  Clogy,  "  Life  and  Episcopate  of  Bedel." 
*  Bishop  of  Elphin's  letter. 

5  Clogy. 


OF  IRELAND.  •  63 

bishop  attributed  to  Bedel's  parting  blessing, i  not  to  the  fide- 
lity and  care  of  their  guide,  or  the  humanity  of  the  people. 
Bedel  is  always  represented  to  have  died  a  prisoner,  though 
he  was  only  removed  for  a ,  fortnight  to  the  neighbouring 
Castle  of  Cloughouter,  by  order  from  Kilkenny,  on  the  ad- 
vance of  an  Enghsh  force,  and  then  restored  to  his  son-in- 
law's  house.  In  like  manner  Sir  Phelim  O'Neil  is  handed 
down  by  history  as  the  murderer  of  Lord  Caulfeild,  his 
neighbour  in  the  country,  and  friend  in  Parliament.  Yet 
he  treated  him  and  his  family  with  great  care  when  he  sur- 
prised the  fort  of  Charlemont,  on  the  23rd  of  October,  1641 ; 
and  there  Lord  Caulfeild  was  kept  until  the  14th  of  January, 
1642,  when  he  was  sent  with  an  escort  towards  Cloughouter 
Castle  by  a  similar  order,  probably  from  Kilkenny,  to  that 
which  brought  Bishop  Bedel  thither.  They  were  to  rest  the 
first  night  at  Sir  Phelim  0 'Neil's  manor  of  Kynard  (now 
Caledon);  but  as  Lord  Caulfeild  was  entering  the  gate,  he 
was  shot  in  the  back  by  Edmund  O'Hugh,  a  foster-brother  of 
Sir  Phelim,  and  thus  murdered  in  the  absence  and  without 
the  knowledge  of  Sir  Phelim.  That  Sir  Phelim  had  no  part  in 
this  murder  is  certain,  for  he  w^as  sorely  distressed  at  it,  and 
had  O'Hugh  committed  to  Armagh  jail  for  trial  for  the 
murder;  but  he  escaped,  whereupon  Sir  Phelim  had  the 
sentry  hanged  for  his  connivance  or  neglect. ^ 


1  Bishop  of  Elphin's  letter. 

2  This  calumny  has  prevailed  in  spite  of  the  contemporary  re- 
ports of  Sir  Phelim's  worst  enemies  in  his  favour.  Thus, — from 
Dublin,  1641-2 — "  The  Lord  Caulfeild  was  most  barbarously  mur- 
dered at  Sir  Phelim  O'Neale's  house,  where  he  was  shot  dead 
with  a  brace  of  bullets  by  a  foster-brother  of  Sir  Phelim  when 
Sir  Phelim  was  from  home.  Sir  Phelim  O'Neale,  at  his  return, 
caused  his  foster-brother  and  two  or  three  villains  more  to  be 
hanged  who  were  conspirators  in  the  death  of  the  Lord  Caulfeild.  ' 
"  A  Relation  of  the  present  State  and  Condition  of  Ireland.  ' 
4to.     London:  1641-2. 


64  THE   CKOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

If  then  these  official  documents  give  no  warrant  for  the 
tale  of  this  tremendous  massacre,  how,  it  will  be  asked,  did 
it  arise? 

It  must  be  remembered  that  the  king  was  at  Edinburgh, 
/collecting  evidence  against  the  Inviters,  on  the  23rd  October, 
il641,  when  the  Irish  of  Ulster  rose  in  arms.  The  Parliament 
jsent  a  message  to  the  king,  announcing  the  outbreak.  The 
king  saw  the  handle  that  would  be  made  of  any  delay  on  his 
part  in  taking  steps  to  suppress  the  Irish,  who  alleged  a  Eoyal 
Commission  for  their  actings.  Yet  he  was  loath  to  leave 
Edinburgh  till  he  had  completed  his  task.  He,  therefore, 
desired  the  Parliament  to  provide  for  the  suppressing  of  the 
Irish  rebels,  intending,  no  doubt,  to  be  soon  back  in  London, 
and  having  treated  Pym  and  the  others  as  they  had  treated 
Strafford,  to  have  the  Parliament  at  his  feet.  On  the  23rd 
of  November,  1641,  he  returned  from  Edinburgh  to  White- 
hall, and  discharged  the  Middlesex  trained  bands  from  guard- 
ing the  Houses  of  Parliament,  and  appointed  others.  These 
the  Commons  discharged,  and  ordered  halberts  to  be  brought 
into  the  House  for  defence.  On  the  1st  of  December,  1641, 
they  presented  their  Grand  Remonstrance ;  for  they  knew  of 
the  king's  design  to  cut  some  of  them  shorter  by  the  head, 
and  they  resolved  to  be  beforehand  with  him,  and  to  blemish 
his  credit  before  he  could  attack  theirs.  On  the  3rd  of  January, 
1642,  he  sent  to  arrest  the  Five  Members  under  an  indict- 
ment signed  with  his  own  hand.  And  on  the  4th  of  January 
the  king  entered  the  House  of  Commons  to  arrest  Pym  and 
the  o'thers,  but  was  foiled,  and  soon  after  suddenly  left 
Whitehall,  like  a  beast  baffled  in  his  spring,  and  never 
entered  his  palace  again  until  he  came  thither,  seven  years 
afterwards,  to  pass  through  the  banqueting  house  to  the 
scaffold  for  his  execution. 

The  king's  entering  the  Commons'  House  was,  in  truth, 


OF  IKELAND.  65 

the  first  stroke  in  the  Civil  War,  though  the  king's  standard 
was  not  displayed  at  Nottingham  till  22nd  of  August,  1642. 
The  interval  was  spent  by  both  sides  in  preparation.  The 
king  retired  towards  Hull,  where  the  arms  provided  for  the 
war  against  the  Scots  were  deposited.  The  king  attempted 
to  enter  the  town.  Sir  John  Hotham  shut  the  gates  against 
him. 

On  the  8th  of  April,  1642,  the  king  sent  a  message  to  Par- 
liament, that  he  was  resolved  to  go  into  Ireland  to  head  his 
army  there  against  the  Irish  rebels.  The  Parhament  intimated 
to  him  by  their  answer,  that  they  should  consider  it  an  abdi- 
cation. They  were  persuaded  he  only  intended  to  go  thither 
to  bring  his  army  thence  into  England.  The  Parliament  had 
now  an  interest  in  the  Irish  Rebellion.  It  kept  the  king's 
forces  in  Ireland;  it  damaged  his  reputation.  The  people 
were  encouraged  to  believe  that  he  and  his  Popish  Queen 
were  the  authors  of  it.  Above  all,  it  gave  the  Parliament  the 
power  to  raise  money  and  armed  men.  For  under  the  pre- 
tence that  he  had  commanded  them  to  provide  for  the  sup- 
pressing the  rebels,  they  extorted  his  assent  to  an  Act 
authorizing  subscriptions  or  adventures  of  money  for  raising 
an  army,  to  be  at  the  Adventurers'  command,  and  officered 
and  paid  by  them.  The  lands  of  the  Irish  in  arms  were  to 
satisfy  the  Adventurers  for  their  advances,  but  they  were  not 
to  be  sent  out  to  them  until  the  Lords  and  Commons  in  Parlia- 
ment assembled  should  declare  the  war  to  be  ended.  The  king 
could,  therefore,  make  no  peace  (they  insisted),  nor  grant  any 
pardons  to  the  Irish  ;  for  the  effect  would  be,  to  take  from  the 
Adventurers  lands  of  the  Irish.  Thus,  the  Irish  were  pro- 
voked to  continue  the  war,  and  the  king  was  to  be  prevented 
from  employing  them  against  the  Parliament.  In  1643,  how- 
ever, the  Parhament  having  sent  Sir  H.  Vane  into  Scotland 
to  engage  the  Scots  to  advance  a  second  time  to  their  aid,  as 

H 


66  THE   CBOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

they  had  suffered  great  defeats  from  the  Cavaliers,  the  king 
directed  Ormond  to  make  a  truce  or  Cessation  with  the  Irish, 
and  send  his  forces  thus  disengaged  into  England.  To  defeat 
this  design,  the  Parliaments  of  England  and  Scotland  passed 
ordinances,  declaring  that  no  quarter  should  be  given  to  any 
,  Irish  coming  from  Ireland  to  fight  in  the  king's  service;  and 
to  damage  the  king's  cause  in  this  crisis,  they  encouraged  the 
most  dreadful  charges  against  the  Irish.  Nameless  writers  now 
propagated  the  tale  of  150,000  English  massacred  in  Ireland 
by  the  rebels ;  and  the  story  had  no  better  authority  until  the 
year  1646,  when  the  king  was  about  to  conclude  a  Peace  with 
the  Confederate  Catholics,  in  order  to  employ  their  forces 
against  the  Parliament.  Sir  John  Temple,  who  had  been  im- 
prisoned by  Ormond  in  1644,  in  Ireland,  for  betraying  his 
duty  as  a  Privy  Councillor,  in  spreading  false  news  against  the 
king,  but  was  now  in  London,  published  at  this  crisis  his  ac- 
count of  the  Irish  Eebellion.  Its  purpose  was  to  obstruct  the 
Peace,  and  with  this  view  it  represented  the  Irish  as  the  most 
horrible  of  mankind.  He  it  is  that  says,  "  there  were  above 
300,000  Protestants  murdered  in  cold  blood,"  and  is,  there- 
fore, alleged  as  authority  for  the  tale.  But  he  immediately 
adds,  "or  destroyed  in  some  other  way,  or  expelled  out  of 
their  habitations"  ;  and  not  in  ten  days  after  the  outbreak,  but 
from  the  23rd  of  October,  1641,  to  the  Cessation  made  on  the 
15th  of  September,  1643,^  two  years  of  warfare,  in  which  no 
quarter  was  given  to  the  Irish.  So  that  it  would  be  consistent 
with  this  statement,  that  none  or  but  few  were  murdered  in 
the  first  six  months,  and  only  a  hundred  in  the  whole  course  of 
dt,  and  all  the  rest  only  driven  out.  Then  it  is  to  be  considered 
jihat  every  Englishman  killed  by  the  Irish  was  murdered  or 
M massacred.    For  it  is  the  law  that  makes  killing  murder  or  no 


1  "  History  of  the  Irish  Rebellion."     4to.     London:    1646. 


OF  IRELAND.  67 

murder;  and  it  is  the  strongest  that  make  the  law.  Thus,  it 
was  no  murder  or  massacre  for  Captain  Swanley,  in  May, 
1644,  to  take  seventy  of  the  king's  soldiers,  being  part  of  150 
sent  over  by  Ormond  by  way  of  Milford  Haven  to  the  king's 
aid,  and  captured  by  Captain  Swanley  at  sea,  and  to  tie  them 
back  to  back  and  throw  them  overboard. ^  For  the  ParUament 
had  ordained  that  no  quarter  should  be  given  to  any  Irish 
coming  into  England  to  the  king's  aid.  The  London  papers 
made  merry  upon  it;  they  said,  "  Captain  Swanley  thus  made 
those  who  would  not  take  the  Covenant,  take  the  water  with 
their  heads  downwards" ;  and  that  "  he  made  trial  if  an  Irish 
Cavalier  could  swim  without  hands.  "^  For  this  good  service 
the  House  of  Commons  ordered  him  a  chain  of  gold  worth 
£200.3  Nor  was  it  murder  for  Colonel  Mytton  to  do  the  like 
with  other  soldiers  of  the  king's  army  sent  by  Ormond  by 
way  of  Chester;  with  this  difference,  that  he  tied  Anglo-Irish 
and  Irish  together.* 

The  Parliament  of  Scotland,  in  1644,  had  passed  a  similar 
ordinance  against  quarter,  by  agreement  with  the  Parliament 
of  England.  Accordingly,  after  the  defeat  of  Montrose  at 
Philiphaugh  in  1649,  all  the  Irish  prisoners  taken  by  his  army 
were  massacred.  But  this  was  not  all.  On  23rd  December, 
1649,  the  Scottish  Parliament  "ordained"  that  all  Irish 
soldiers  and  their  followers  in  the  several  prisons  of  Selkirk, 
Jedburgh,  Glasgow,  Dunbarton,  and  Perth,  should  be  exe- 
cuted without  any  assize  or  process,  "  conform  "  to  the  treaty 
betwixt  both  kingdoms  passed  in  Act.  In  one  day,  eighty 
women  and  children,    some  being  infants   at   the   mother's 

1  "  Mercurius  Aulicus,"  for  May,  1644.     4to.     London. 

2  "  The  Scout,"  "  The  Scottish  Dove,"  "  The  Weekly  Account." 
See  "  Mercurius  Aulicus."     Ibid. 

3  Commons'  "  Journals,"  vol.  iii.,  p.  517. 

*  "  Micro-Chronicon  "  for  August  17,  1646,  in  Appendix  to 
"  Mercurius  Rusticus." 


68  THE   CKOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

breast,  were  cast  over  a  high  bridge,  and  in  this  way  destroyed, 
only  for  being  the  wives  and  children  of  Irish  soldiers. i  But 
this  was  no  murder,  for  it  was  "  conform  "  to  law.  On  the 
other  hand,  it  was  murder  for  the  Irish  troops  attacking  a 
castle,  in  1641,  to  have  killed  any  of  the  garrison,  if  they  did 
not  happen  to  be  in  the  pay  of  the  state. 

Baron  Povey,  at  the  Maryborough  assizes  in  1665,  sen- 
tenced a  man  to  death  for  being  one  of  Captain  Barnaby 
Dempsey's  regiment  at  the  siege  of  Ballylinan  in  1641,  where, 
twenty-five  years  before,  an  English  spy  had  been  hanged  by 
order  of  an  Irish  court  martial .  Ten  men  of  Captain  Dempsey  's 
regiment  had  been  hanged  the  previous  assizes,  and  fifty  more 
were  to  be  tried  at  the  next.  Baron  Povey  declared  from  the 
bench  that  the  500  men  were  all  guilty,  and  would  have 
hanged  all  of  the  regiment  that  survived, ^  if  Lord  Ormond  had 
not  stopped  the  proceeding.  His  own  cousin.  Colonel  Walter 
Bagnal,  had  been  hanged  by  the  High  Court  of  Justice  at 
Kilkenny,  in  October,  1652,  for  a  similar  act.  At  the  approach 
of  the  assizes  numbers  every  year  forsook  their  labours  for 
fear  of  prosecutions,  many  of  them  moved  out  of  malice. ^ 
Thus,  Mary  Cooper,  widow  of  Connor  O'Brien,  of  Leiineneagh, 
in  the  county  of  Clare,  Esq.,  deceased,  on  claiming  her  join- 
ture in  the  Court  of  Claims  in  1662,  was  charged  with  murder 
alleged  to  be  committed  in  1642,  in  order  to  defeat  her  claim, 
of  which  she  was  totally  ignorant  and  innocent.     Her  only 

1  Napier,  "  Life  of  Montrose,"  p.  395.  8vo.     Edinburgh:  1840. 

2  "  Colonel  John  Fitzpatrick  to  Sir  Nicholas  Plunket,  April  28, 
1665."  "  Carte  Papers,"  vol.  xxxiv.,  p.  100.  "  Petition  of 
Thomas  Hoolahan  to  Ossory,  Lord  Deputy ;  and  Respite  of  Execu- 
tion, 18  March,  1665."  Ibid.,  vol.  Ix.,  p.  327.  "  King's  Letter 
to  Lord  Deputy  to  stay  prosecutions,  as  a  Bill  of  Oblivion  is  under 
consideration.    May  26th,  1665."     Ibid.,  vol.  xliii.,  p.  243. 

8  "  Ormond,  Lord  Lieutenant,  to  the  Lord  Deputy  and  Council 
of  Ireland."  Dated  London,  April  29,  1665.  Ibid.,  vol.  xlviii., 
p.  131. 


OF  lEELAND.  69 

safety  was  the  king's  pardon,  which  recites  these  facts  as  the 
ground  of  it.^  And  PhiHp  Purcell,  of  Ballyfoyle,  in  the  county 
of  Kilkenny,  before  he  claimed  his  estate  before  the  Com- 
missioners, was  imprisoned  on  a  charge  of  murder  on  the  in- 
formation of  some  "  fanatics  "  that  were  in  possession,  and 
conspired  to  deprive  him  of  his  life.  He,  therefore,  prayed 
that  he  might  be  bailed,  and  his  trial  postponed  to  the 
summer  assizes,  by  which  time,  he  doubted  not,  the  Old 
Protestant  interest  would  be  so  settled  as  he  might  not  dis- 
trust of  obtaining  an  indifferent  jury.^ 

The  king,  therefore,  in  1665,  ordered  the  Attorney-General 
to  see  that  his  subjects  should  not  prosecute  any  suits  against 
the  Irish  for  wrongs  done  in  1641,  but  the  Commons  of 
England  prayed  him  to  revoke  the  order.  The  Act  of  Obli- 
vion, passed  by  the  English  Parliament  in  1660,  covered  all 
the  acts  of  the  Protestants  of  Ireland,  but  none  ever  passed 
for  the  Irish,  though  expressly  promised.  So  that  acts 
of  war  are  to  this  day  counted  against  the  Irish  as  mur- 
ders, while  massacres  by  the  English  or  Scotch  are  sup- 
pressed. Thus,  Newry  surrendered  to  Marshal  Conway  and 
General  Munroe,  the  commanders  of  the  joint  English  and 
Scottish  armies,  on  4th  May,  1642,  on  quarter  for  life.  Yet 
forty  of  the  townsmen  were  put  to  death  next  day  on  the 
bridge,  and  amongst  them  "  two  of  the  Pope's  Pedlars  "  (so 
they  called  two  seminary  priests) ;  and  the  Scotch  soldiers, 
finding  a  crowd  of  Irish  women  and  children  hiding  under 
the  bridge,  took  some  eighteen  of  the  women,  and  stript  them 
naked,  and  threw  them  into  the  river  and  drowned  them, 
shooting  them  in  the  water;  and  more  had  suffered  so,  but 


1  "  King's  Letter."    Dated  August  9th,  16G2.    "  Carte  Papers," 
vol.  Ixii.,  p.  369. 

2  *'  His  Petition  to  the  Duke  of  Ormond,  Lord  Lieutenant,"  4th 
Jan.,  1661-2.     Ibid.,  vol.  xxxvii.,  p.  465. 


70  THE   CEOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

that  Sir  James  Turner,  in  command  under  General  Munro, 
galloped  up  and  stopped  his  men.  They  were  only  copying, 
he  says,  the  cruel  example  set  them  by  the  English  under 
Conway's  command.  If  it  was  intended  to  terrify  the  Irish, 
he  adds,  it  failed;  for  in  revenge  they  put  some  ministers, 
prisoners  in  their  hands,  to  death. ^  All  this  was  published  in 
London  in  "  A  True  Eelation  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Scots 
and  English  forces  in  the  North  of  Ireland  in  1642."  The 
Parliament  ordered  (June  8,  1642),  the  book  to  be  burned, 
not  as  false,  but  as  scandalous  and  to  the  dishonour  of  the 
Scots  nation,  and  the  printer  to  be  imprisoned. ^  The  Confe- 
derate Catholics  printed,  in  1643,  a  collection  of  the  murders 
done  upon  the  Irish  by  the  English.  The  book  was  burnt  at 
Dublin  on  26th  June,  1660,  by  order  of  the  Lord  Lieutenant 
and  Council  ;3  and  on  7th  July,  1663,  Patrick  Booth,  a  poor 
sailor,  was  imprisoned  for  selling  it.' 

One  work  out  of  many  written  at  the  time  in  defence  of 
the  Irish,  and  thus  destroyed,  has  survived.  It  seems  to  be 
a  reprint  at  Kilkenny,  in  December,  1642,  of  a  work  pub- 
lished in  London,  in  the  form  of  a  discourse  between  a  Privy 
Councillor  of  Ireland  and  one  of  the  Council  of  England.  The 
Privy  Councillor  of  Ireland  treats  of  the  causes  of  the  Insur- 
rection, taking  up  Irish  grievances  from  the  Earl  of  Strafford's 
government  in  1633,  and  touches  towards  the  end  upon  the 
collection  of  outrages  by  the  seven  despoiled  ministers,  called 
the  Eemonstrance,  which  was  pubhshed  in  the  month  of  April, 


1  "  Memoirs  of  his  own  Life  and  Times."  By  Sir  James 
Turner,    1632-1670,   p.   19.     4to.     Printed  at  Edinburgh,    1829. 

2  "  Commons  Journals  for  8th  June,  1642,"  vol.  ii.,  p.  619. 

3  "  Brief  Occurrences  touching  Ireland,  begun  the  25th  March, 
1661."      "  Carte  Papers,"  vol.  Ixiv.,  p.  442. 

■*  "  Petition  of  Patrick  Rooth,  of  the  City  of  Dublin,  Seaman, 
Avith  the  Order  for  hearing  before  the  Council,"  Ibid,  vol.  Ix., 
p.  377. 


OF  lEELAND.  71 

1642.1  jje  does  not  confute  the  massacre,  only  because  none 
is  charged.  His  complaint  is,  that  they  have  given  an  exag- 
gerated account  of  murders  and  outrages.  "Doubtless  the 
Irish  did,  in  many  places,"  he  says,  "  kill  men  resisting  them 
in  their  pillaging;  but  the  report  of  their  killing  women,  or 
men  desiring  quarter,  and  such  like  inhumanities,  were  in- 
ventions to  draw  contributions,  and  make  the  enemy  odious. 
But  sure  I  am  (he  continues)  that  there  was  no  such  thing 
done  while  I  was  there  in  Ireland  about  six  months  after  these 
stiirres  began.  And  though  unarmed,  men,  women,  and 
children  were  killed  in  thousands  by  command  of  the  Lords 
Justices,  the  Irish  sent  multitudes  of  our  people,  both  before 
and  since  these  cruelties  done,  as  well  officers  and  soldiers  as 
women  and  children,  carefully  conveyed,  to  the  seaports  and 
other  places  of  safety;  so  let  us  call  them  what  we  will — 
bloody  inhuman  traitors,  or  barbarous  rebels — we  have  suf- 
fered ourselves  to  be  much  exceeded  by  them  in  charity, 
humanity,  and  honour."  To  hear  the  English  complain  of 
massacre  in  Ireland  is  about  as  entertaining  as  it  proved  to 
the  Khegians  to  hear  the  Carthaginians  complain  of  anything 
effected  by  guile. 2  For  it  was  only  victory  that  decided,  with 
her  usual  comtempt  for  justice,  that  the  Irish,  and  not  the 
English,  should  be  noted  to  the  world  for  massacre. 

1  "  A  Discourse  between  two  Councillors  of  State,  the  one  of 
England,  and  the  other  of  Ireland.  Printed  at  Kilkenny  the 
10th  of  December,  mdcxlh."  Copy  in  MS.  "  Carte  Papers,"  vol, 
iv.,  No.  54. 

2  Plutarch,  "  Life  of  Tiinoleon." 


72  THE   CBOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 


CHAPTEB  III. 

SCHEME  FOR  A  LAST   AND  PERMANENT   CONQUEST  OF   IRELAND   BY 
PLANTATION,    THROUGH  A   SOCIETY  OF   ADVENTURERS. 

AecoEMNG  to  the's'cheme  of  the  Parliament  for  suppr^issing  the 
Irish  KebeUion,  2,500,000  acres  of  Irish  lands  to  be  forfeited, 
were  offered  as  security  to-those  who  should  advance  moneys 
to.wards  raising  and  paying  a  private  army  for  subduing  the 
rebels  in  Ireland.*  Th6  moneys,  instead  of  being  paid  into  the 
King's  exchequer,  were  to  be  paid  to  a  committee,  composed 
half  of  members  of  the  House  of  Commons,  and  half  of  sub- 
scribers to  this  joint  fund,  who  were  to  nominate  the  general 
and  the  officers,  the  king  having  nothing  to  say  to  the  force  but 
to  sign  the  officers'  commissions.  All  the  Irish  saw  that  this 
army  of  Adventurers  were  coming,  like  the  first  invaders  un- 
der Strongbow,  to  conquer  estates  for  themselves  and  their 
employers,  and  therefore  could  not  but  oppose  them  for  the 
sake  of  their  wives  and  children,  who  must  be  deprived  of 
their  homes.  They  must  therefore  fight  against  England, 
thus  represented,  and  the  king  be  deprived  of  their  aid.    The 

1  "  Petition  of  divers  well  affected  to  the  House  of  Commons, 
offering  to  raise  and  maintain  forces  on  their  own  charge  against 
the  rebels  of  Ireland,  and  afterwards  to  receive  their  recompense 
out  of  the  rebells  estates,"  Feb.  11,  1642,  p.  553,  4th  Rushworth's 
Collections ;  Act  for  the  speedy  reducing  of  the  Rebels  in  Ireland, 
16  Charles  I.   [English],  c.  33. 

"  The  Adventurers,  with  their  moneys  raised  under  the  Act, 
were  to  have  carried  over  a  brigade  of  5000  foot  and  500  horse 
into  Munster  against  the  rebels,  which  business  they  were  to  have 
carried  on  by  officers  chosen  by  themselves,  whereby  they  had  the 
oversight  of  that  business,  and  laying  out  their  own  money  for 
the  best  advantage  of  the  service." — Reasons  of  the  Committee 
of  Adventurers  for  refusing  to  lend  moneys  on  the  Ordinance  of 
15th  August,  1645, 


OF  lEELAND.  73 

king  objected  to  the  Act :  it  took  away  from  him  the  power 
of  pardoning  the  Irish;  and  he  suggested  that  it  must  only 
render  them  desperate,  which  in  truth  was  the  very  purpose 
of  the  Parhament,  but  he  dared  not  refuse  his  assent. *  The 
measure  was  received  in  England  as  a  triumph  over  the  king 
and  the  Irish.  The  subscribers,  or  Adventurers  as  they  were 
called,  were  to  have  estates  and  manors  of  1,000  acres  given 
to  them  in  Ireland  at  the  following  low  rates  :  — In  Ulster  for 
£200,  in  Connaught  for  £300,  in  Munster  for  £450,  and  in 
Leinster  for  £600,  and  lands  proportionably  for  lesr.  sums. 
The  rates  by  the  acre  were  four  shillings  in  Ulster,  six  shil- 
lings in  Connaught,  eight  shillings  in  Munster,  and  twelve 
shillings  in  Leinster.  ' 

If  this  plan  were  carried  out,  it  was  to  put  an  end  for  ever, 
according  to  Sir  John  Bulstrode  Whitelock,  the  Speaker  of 
the  House  of  Commons,  to  that  long  and  bloody  conflict  fore- 
told (with  so  much  truth)  by  Giraldus  Cambrensis.^  Accord- 
ing to  another,  it  would  bring  in  such  sums  of  money  (which 
are  the  sinews  of  war)  as  would  bring  the  war  to  a  speedy  end ; 
the  more  certainly  as  many  of  the  officers  of  the  force  would 
themselves  become  Adventurers,  and  thus,  in  the  language  of 
Sallust  describing  the  soldiers  of  Catiline,  they  would  carry 
fortune,  honour,  glory,  and  riches  at  their  swords  points. 
The  work  of  Queen  Elizabeth  and  James  the  First,  it  was 
said,  would  now  be  perfected.  The  Irish  would  be  rooted 
out  by  a  new  and  overwhelming  plantation  of  English: 
another_England  would  speedily  be  found  in  Ireland,  and 
that  prophecy  as  old  as  the  invasion^  be  proved  false,  that 


IP.  557;  ibid. 

2  "  Speech  at  a  Conference  between  the  Lords  and  Commons 
on  13th  February,  1641-2,  concerning  the  Proposition  of  divers 
Gentlemen,  etc.,  for  the  speedy  Reducing,"  &c.  Small  4to, 
London  :    1642. 

3  Giraldus  Canibrensis,     B.  ii.,  ch.  33, 


74  THE   CEOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

Ireland  will  not  be  conquered  till   just  before  the  day   of 
judgment.^ 

The  Adventurers  had  their  private  army  of  5000  foot  and 
500  horse  at  Bristol,  under  the  orders  of  Lord  Wharton,  ready 
for  the  invasion  of  Munster,  in  the  summer  of  1642.  But  the 
conflict  between  the  king  and  Parliament  growing  embittered, 
he  delayed  the  giving  the  commissions  for  the  officers  ;2  and 
the  civil  war  having  broken  out,  the  Parliament  directed 
Lord  Wharton  and  his  force  to  march  against  the  king ;  and 
on  the  23rd  October,  1642  (the  first  anniversary  of  the  Irish 
rebellion),  they  were  defeated  at  the  battle  of  Edge  Hill,  with 
the  rest  of  the  English  rebels.  The  Adventurers  finding  that 
the  funds  they  had  raised  to  conquer  lands  in  Ireland  were 
thus  misused  by  the  Parliament,  it  was  difficult  to  obtain 
further  subscriptions,  though  the  measure  of  land  was  en- 
larged to  the  Irish  standard,  and  afterwards  doubled  for  any 
Adventurer  that  would  pay  in  a  sum  equal  to  a  fourth  of  his 
original  subscription.  But  the  conflict  in  England  prevented 
any  forces  from  coming  thence  for  seven  years,  except  a  short 
buccaneering  expedition  of  the  Adventurers  to  the  coasts  of 
Munster,  under  Lord  Forbes,  in  July,  1642.  This  was  a  force 
raised  by  them  under  an  Ordinance  of  the  House  of  Commons 
which  accepted  their  proposals  (on  14th  April,  1642)  to  sub- 
scribe £20,000,  to  raise  six  or  seven  ships  and  1200  men,  to 
be  repaid  hke  other  adventures  by  the  lands  of  the  Irish. ^ 
The  Adventurers  stipulated  for  the  naming  of  the  officers, 
the  hanging  and  shooting  of  rebels,  and  the  keeping  of  what 
castles  they  took,  and  for  the  dividing  amongst  them  of  all  the 

1  "  Fidelity,  Valour,  and  Obedience,  of  the  English  declared, 
and  a  desire  that  the  present  forces  now  ready  to  bicker  here  in 
England,  may  be  turned  against  the  barbarous  Irish  rebels.  By 
AValter  Meredith,   Gent."     Small  4to.     London:    1642. 

2  4th  "  Rushworth's  Collections,"  p.  776. 

3  Ordinance  for  the  Sea  Service,  14th  April,  1642.  Hughes' 
"Abridgment  of  all  the  Acts  and  Ordinances,"  &c.    4to.    London. 


OF  IKELAND.  •  75 

spoil.  They  had  no  settled  service,  but  were  to  make  waste 
and  havoc.  They  landed  1200  men  at  Kinsale,  and  wasted 
the  neighbourhood,  but  were  beaten  back.  They  thence 
sailed  round  to  Galway.  There  Lord  Forbes  broke  the  truce 
made  by  Lord  Clanricard,  got  possession  of  St.  Mary's  Church, 
dug  up  the  graves,  and  burnt  the  coffins  and  bones  of  the 
dead,  and  required  the  citizens  to  sign  a  submission,  express- 
ing their  belief  that  there  was  no  other  means  of  saving 
them  from  extirpation  and  banishment.  He  quitted  Galway 
on  10th  September,  and  on  his  way  back  to  England  entered 
the  Limerick  river,  spoiling  mansions  on  the  river  side.^  It 
was  not,  therefore,  until  they  had  put  a  conclusion  to  their 
strife  by  cutting  off  the  king's  head  and  dethroning  the 
dynasty,  that  Cromwell,  as  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Ireland,  and 
general-in-chief  of  the  Commonwealth  armies,  landed  at 
Eingsend,  near  Dublin,  on  the  14th-  August,  1649,  in  order  to 
carry  on  the  war  in  Ireland.  He  remained  there  for  nearly 
nine  months,  being  called  back  to  England  on  the  29th  May, 
1650,  just  after  the  capture  of  Clonmel. 

The  war  lasted  more  than  two  years  longer;  for  it  was 
only  on  the  27th  September,  1653,  that  the  Parliament  were 
enabled  to  declare  the  rebellion  subdued,  and  the  war 
appeased  and  ended. ^ 


THE    DIFFICULTIES    OF    THE    IRISH    WAR,     AND    THE    TERMS 
OFFERED  TO  THE  IRISH. 

Spenser  has  described  the  English  method  of  war  in  Ire- 
land. He  was  an  eye-witness  of  the  measures  pursued  by  his 
master  and  patron.  Lord  Grey  de  Wilton,  to  subdue  Munster, 

1  Carte  "  Life  of  Ormoiul,"  vol.  i.,  p.  346. 

2  "  Ordinance  for  the  Satisfaction  of  the  Adventurers  for  Lands 
in  Ireland,  and  the  Arrears  due  to  the  Soldiery  there,  27th  Sep- 
tember,  1653." — Scobell     "  Acts  and  Ordinances." 


76  THE   CEOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

in  1580.  By  this  method  a  most  populous  and  plentiful  coun- 
try, he  says,  was  suddenly  left  void  of  man  and  beast,  so  that 
(to  use  the  language  of  the  Irish  Annalists)  the  lowing  of  a 
cow  nor  the  voice  of  a  herdsman  was  not  heard  from  Dunquin, 
in  Kerry,  to  Cashel  in  Munster.^  It  consisted  in  so  placing 
garrisons  as  to  confine  the  Irish  to  some  narrow  fastnesses. 
The  English  then  destroyed  the  cattle  and  growing  crops  in 
the  neighbourhood,  and  removed  away  or  spoiled  all  those 
that  bordered  on  those  parts,  that  the  enemy  might  find  no 
succour;  and  the  Irish  being  closely  penned  up,  and  their 
cattle  prevented  from  running  abroad,  they  were  soon  con- 
sumed, and  the  people  starved. ^  '  'In  one  year  and  a  half , "  says 
Spenser,  "they  were  brought  to  such  wretchedness,  as  any 
stony  heart  would  have  rued  the  sight.  Out  of  every  corner 
of  the  woods  and  glynns  they  came  forth  on  their  hands,  for 
their  legs  could  not  bear  them — they  looked  like  anatomies 
of  death,  and  spoke  like  ghosts  crying  out  of  the  grave ;  they 
flocked  to  a  plot  of  water-cresses  as  to  a  feast,  though  it 
afforded  them  small  nourishment,  and  ate  dead  carrion,  happy 
when  they  could  find  it,  and  soon  after  scraped  the  very 
carcases  out  of  the  graves.  "^  Yet  this  gentle  poet  only  de- 
scribes this  warfare,  and  all  its  horrors,  in  order  to  recom- 
mend it  for  adoption  by  the  Earl  of  Essex  in  the  war  then  on 
foot  against  Hugh  0  'Neill,  Earl  of  Tyrone ;  and  suggested  that 
Ulster  and  Connaught  should  be  thus  wasted,  and  that  (to  use 
his  own  words),  after  once  entering  into  the  course  of  reform, 
there  be  afterwards  no  remorse  or  drawing  back  for  the  sight 
of  any  such  rueful  objects.*    Essex,  however,  did  not  carry  out 

1  "  Annals  of  the  Four  Masters  "  at  the  year  1582. 

2  "  View  of  the  State  of  Ireland,  written  dialoguewise,  between 
Eudoxus  and  Irentcus,  by  Edmund  Spenser,  Esq.,  in  the  Year 
1596,"  p.  526,  vol.  i.  of  "  Collection  of  Tracts  and  Treatises  illus- 
trative of  Ireland."    2  vols.    8vo.    Alexander  Thorn,  Dublin :  1860. 

3  Ibid.  4  Ibid,  p.  531. 


OF    IRELAND.  77 

this  ruthless  plan;  but  Lord  Mountjoy,  who  superseded  him, 
did,  burning  the  houses  and  destroying  the  corn  and  cattle, 
till  the  dead  lay  unburied  in  the  fields  in  thousands. ^ 

Carrion  and  corpses  became  the  food  of  the  survivors ; 
and,  more  horrible  still,  children  were  killed  and  eaten,  and 
the  poor  wretches  who  Ivilled  them  were  tried  and  hanged  for 
it  by  those  that  drove  them  to  such  horrors. ^  Archbishop 
Ussher,  who  was  ordained  on  the  very  day  that  Tyrone's  war 
was  ended  by  the  defeat  of  the  Irish  and  Spaniards  at  Kinsale, 
and  therefore  speaks  of  what  was  within  his  own  knowledge, 
relates  how  women  were  known  to  lie  in  wait,  and  to  rush 
out,  like  famished  wolves,  upon  a  rider,  to  drag  him  from  his 
saddle,  and  to  seize  and  devour  the  horse. ^  And  Dean  Bar- 
nard, his  biographer  and  chaplain,  who  guarded  his  master's 
library  at  Drogheda  during  its  long  siege  by  the  Irish  in  1G41 
and  1642,  says,  the  inhabitants  being  all  destroyed  by  the 
English  garrison  for  fifteen  miles  round,  and  the  dogs  only 
surviving,  they  fed  on  their  master's  dead  bodies  and  had 
become  so  dangerous  for  passengers  that  the  soldiers  were 
careful  to  kill  them  also.*  The  war  in  Ireland  in  1650  was 
of  the  same  nature ;  but  the  resistance  was  more  general ; 
for  the  ancient  English,  and  all  the  towns,  who  were  upon 
the  Queen's  side  in  Tyrone's,  and  all  former  wars,  were  now 
united  with  the  Irish.  The  process  consequently  was  longer, 
because  the  English  forces  were  comparatively  fewer :  the 
methods  were  the  same.  It  may  seem  strange  to  hear  counted 
as  military  weapons  issued  from  the  store  at  Waterford, 
among  swords,  pikes,  powder,  shot,  bandaliers  and  match, 

1  Fynes'  Morison's  "  Itinerary,"  and  "  The  History  of  Hugh 
O'Neill,  Earl  of  Tyrone's,  Rebellion,  and  its  Suppression,"  p.  237. 
Folio.     London :    1617. 

2  Idem,  p.   271. 

3  "  Life  of  Primate  Ussher,"  by  Dean  Barnard,  p.  67.  12mo. 
London  :   1656. 

*  "  Dean  Barnard's  Siege  of  Drogheda." 


78  THE   CEOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

"eighteen  dozen  of  scythes  with  handles  and  rings,  forty 
reape  hooks,  and  whetstones  and  rubstones  proportional"  ;i 
but  with  these  the  soldiers  cut  down  the  growing  crop,  in 
order  to  starve  the  Irish  into  submission. 2 

Not  less  strange  is  it  to  hear  of  the  Bible  being  served 
out  of  store,  with  their  other  ammunition,  to  the  army.  Yet 
we  find  Bibles  issued  on  3rd  August,  1652,  by  the  Commis- 
sary of  Stores  to  the  several  companies  of  foot  and  troops  of 
horse  within  the  precinct  of  Dublin,  according  to  muster,  one 
Bible  to  every  file;^  and  on  the  17th  of  the  same,  100  Bibles 
for  the  use  of  the  forces  within  the  precinct  of  Gal  way,  for 
the  propagation  of  the  Gospel ;  and  the  several  Commissaries 
of  Musters  were  to  see  the  Bibles  regularly  mustered  and  ac- 
counted for  by  the  officer  commanding  each  troop  and  com- 
pany.* Thus  realizing  literally  Sir  John  Clotworthy's  decla- 
ration, made  a  few  years  before,  that  religion  must  be 
propagated  in  Ireland  with  the  Bible  in  one  hand,  and  the 
sword  in  the  other.      For, 

"  Here,  in  the  saddle  of  one  steed, 
The   Saracen   and   Christian   rid  : 
Was  free  of  every  spiritual  order, 
To  preach  and  fight,  and  pray  and  murder." 

And  truly  they  had  no  bloodier  instrument  than  the  Bible 
in  all  their  arsenal  of  war. 


1  A  (82),  p.  281. 

2  "  Dublin,  1st  July,  1650.— Last  Monday,  Colonel  Hewson, 
with  a  considerable  body  from  hence,  marched  into  Wicklow. 
Colonel  Hewson  doth  now  intend  to  make  use  of  scythes  and 
sickles  that  were  sent  over  in  1649,  with  which  they  intend  to  cut 
down  the  corn  growing  in  those  parts  which  the  enemy  is  to  live 
upon  in  the  winter  time,  and  thereby,  for  want  of  bread  and 
cattle,  the  Tories  may  be  left  destitute  of  provisions,  and  so 
forced  to  submit  and  quit  those  places. — Dublin,  1st  July,  1651." 
Letters  of  the  Commissioners  for  Ireland  to  the  Parliament, 
A  (2),  p.  7. 

3  A  (2),  p.  224.  *Ibid.,  p.  304. 


OF    IKELAND.  79 

On  the  1st  January,  1651-2,  the  Parhament  (so  the  Commis- 
sioners report)  had  in  Ireland  an  army  of  30,000  men ;  but  they 
had  350  garrisons  and  miUtary  posts  to  maintain,  and  100  more 
to  plant;  while  the  Irish  had  an  equal  number  of  men,  all  of 
them,  except  those  in  their  towns  and  garrisons  in  Connaught, 
in  woods,  bogs,  and  other  fastnesses  of  the  greatest  advantage 
to  them,  and  from  which  there  was  no  dislodging  them.  They 
describe  the  country  as  almost  everywhere  interlaced  with 
great  bogs,  with  firm  woody  grounds  like  islands  in  the  middle, 
approached  by  a  narrow  pass  where  only  one  horse  could  go 
abreast,  easily  broken  up,  so  that  no  horse  could  attack  them ; 
but  in  and  out  the  Irish  could  pass  over  the  wet  and  quaking 
bog  by  ways  known  only  to  themselves,  whereby  they  could 
attack  or  escape  at  pleasure.  To  place  garrisons  near  their 
fastnesses,  to  lay  waste  the  adjacent  country,  allowing  none 
to  inhabit  there  on  pain  of  death,  was  the  course  taken  to 
subdue  the  Irish. ^  The  consequence  was,  that  the  country  was 
reduced  to  a  howling  wilderness.  In  his  circuitous  march  from 
Waterford  to  the  siege  of  Limerick,  in  November,  1650 — a  dis- 
tance, he  says,  of  150  Irish  miles — Iretonpassed  through  dis- 
tricts of  thirty  miles  together,  with  hardly  a  house  or  any  liv- 
ing creature  to  be  seen,  only  ruins  and  desolation  in  a  plain 
and  pleasant  land.^  Three-fourths  of  the  stock  of  cattle  were 
destroyed.  In  1653,  cattle  had  to  be  imported  from  Wales 
into  Dublin ;3  it  required  a  license  to  kill  lamb.  Mrs.  Alice 
Bulkeley,  widow,  on  17th  March,  1652,  "in  consideration  of 


1  "  Some  particulars  humbly  offered  to  consideration,  in  order 
to  the  breaking  of  the  enemy's  strength,  and  lessening  the  charge 
of  England  in  managing  the  affairs  of  Ireland.  Commissioners 
for  Ireland  to  the  Council  of  State  in  England,  dated  1  January, 
1652."     A  (2),  p.  288. 

2  "  Mercur.  Polit.,"  p.  313. 

aPetty's  "  Political  Anatomy  of  Ireland,"  1672,  vol.  ii.,  p.  26. 
"  Tracts  and  Treatises  on  Ireland."  Alexander  Thom,  Dublin: 
1860. 


80  THE   CEOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

her  ould  age  and  weakness  of  body,"  was  licensed  to  kill  and 
dress,  notwithstanding  the  Declaration  of  the  Commissioners 
for  the  Affairs  of  Ireland,  so  much  lamb  as  should  be  necessary 
for  her  own  use  and  eating,  not  exceeding  three  lambs  for  that 
whole  year.i  Tillage  had  ceased  :  the  English  themselves  were 
near  starving.  Soldiers  and  officers  were  encouraged,  there- 
fore, to  till  the  land  round  their  posts, 2  and  such  of  the  Irish 
not  in  arms  as  would  come  down  from  their  fastnesses  and  raise 
crops  within  the  line  of  a  garrison,  until  the  Parliament  of  Eng- 
land should  declare  their  intentions  towards  the  Irish  nation, 
were  promised  the  benefit  of  their  tillage. ^  The  revenue  from 
all  sources,  even  in  1654,  did  not  amount  to  £200,000  (exact, 
£198,000).  The  cost  of  the  army  exceeded  £500,000.*  It 
became  important,  therefore,  to  come  to  some  terms  with  the 
Irish.  The  Commissioners  for  Ireland  reported  that  the  natives 
were  of  opinion  that  the  Parliament  intended  them  no  mercy. 
At  length,  on  12th  May,  1652,  the  Leinster  army  of  the  Irish 
surrendered  on  terms  signed  at  Kilkenny/  which  were  adopted 

1  A  (82),  p.  721. 

2  Waste  and  untenanted  lands  to  be  let  to  officers  and  soldiers 
of  the  garrison  for  five  years,  from  25th  March,  1653,  at  reason- 
able rents,  free  of  contribution,  on  condition  that  they  till  and 
manure,  and  sow  one-third  of  arable  land  with  corn,  and  occupy. 
A  (82),  p.  12. 

3  "  The  stock  of  cattle  in  this  country  are  almost  spent,  so  that 
above  four  parts  in  five  of  the  best  and  most  fertile  lands  in  Ire- 
land lye  waste  and  uninhabited,  which  threatens  great  scarcity 
here;  for  prevention  whereof,  declarations  have  been  issued  forth 
for  encouragement  of  the  Irish  to  till  their  lands,  promising 
them  the  enjoyment  of  their  crop,  as  also  for  enforcing  those  that 
are  removed  to  the  mountains  to  return.  Dublin,  1  July,  1651. 
Commissioners  for  Ireland  to  the  Council  of  State  in  England." 
A  (2),  p.  12. 

*  "  Memoir  on  the  Mapped  Surveys  of  Ireland  from  1640  to 
1688,  remaining  in  the  late  Auditor-General  for  Ireland's  Office, 
by  W.  H.  Hardinge,  "  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy  " 
for  1862,  p.  7. 

5  A  (90),  p.  103. 


OF    IKELAND.  81 

successively  by  the  other  principal  armies  between  that  time 
and  the  September  following,  when  the  Ulster  forces  surren- 
dered. By  these  Kilkenny  articles,  all  except  those  who  were 
guilty  of  the  first  blood,  were  received  into  protection,  on  laying 
down  their  arms;  those  who  should  not  be  satisfied  wdth  the 
conclusions  the  Parliament  might  come  to  concerning  the  Irish 
nation,  and  should  desire  to  transport  themselves  with  their 
men  to  serve  any  foreign  state  in  amity  with  the  Parliament, 
should  have  liberty  to  treat  with  their  agents  for  that  purpose. 
But  the  Commissioners  undertook  faithfully  and  really  to  me^ 
diate  with  the  Parliament  to  their  utmost  endeavours,  that 
they  might  enjoy  such  a  remnant  of  their  lands  as  might  make 
their  lives  comfortable  who  lived  amongst  them,  or  for  the 
maintenance  of  the  families  of  such  of  them  as  should  go 
beyond  seas, 

SCHEMES  FOR  THE  NEW  PLANTING  OF  IRELAND. 

Under  this  destructive  system  of  war,  the  country  was  be- 
coming a  waste,  without  cattle,  and  without  inhabitants.  The 
taxation  to  support  the  army  was  continually  increasing  on 
the  parts  of  the  country  under  protection,  and  amounted  to 
double  the  rent  in  the  former  times  of  peace.  Soldiers  who  had 
taken  farms  were  throwing  them  up.^    The  Irish  under  pro- 

1  11  January,  165.3.  On  reading  the  petition  of  the  inhabitants 
of  the  barony  of  Shileloglier,  in  the  county  of  Kilkenny,  complain- 
ing of  the  assessment,  the  Commissioners  of  Revenue  were 
directed,  if  they  found  that  the  persons  who  took  waste  lands  in 
the  said  barony  have  deserted  them,  they  are  to  compel  such 
persons  to  stand  to  their  agreements,  and  the  rents  and  contri- 
butions payable  by  such  persons  to  be  allowed  to  the  petitioners 
for  the  better  enabling  them  to  pay  their  monthly  contribution 
[i.e.,  a  like  amount  to  be  deducted  from  the  monthly  assessment 
•of  the  barony,  as  the  parties  deserting  their  holdings  ought  to 
have  paid].     A  (82),  p.  ,542. 

7  January,  1635.  On  reading  the  petition  of  the  inhabitants 
of  the  barony  of  Cranagh,  in  the  county  of  Kilkenny,  ordered, 
if  it  be  true,  a,s  js  suggested,  that  mauy  have  thrown  up  their 
I 


82  THE   CROMWELLIAN    SETTLEMENT 

tection  were  quitting  the' English  quarters  with  their  cattle, 
unable  to  endure  the  grinding  taxation,  and  flying  to  the 
mountains  again  ;  and  the  charge  to  be  supplied  from  England 
was  continually  increasing.  There  was  only  one  remedy  for 
these  evils — to  plant  and  inhabit  the  country,  and  reduce  the 
army. 

The  officers  of  the  army  were  eager  to  take  Irish  lands  in 
lieu  of  their  arrears, *  though  it  does  not  appear  that  the  com- 
mon soldiers  were,  who  had  small  debentures  and  no  capital, 
and  no  chance  of  founding  families  and  leaving  estates  to 
their  posterity.  But  the  Adventurers  must  be  first  settled 
with,  as  they  had  a  claim  to  about  one  million  of  acres,  to 
satisfy  the  sums  advanced  for  putting  down  the  rebellion  on 
the  faith  of  the  Act  of  17  Charles  I.  (A.D.  1642),  and  subse- 
quent Acts  and  Ordinances,  commonly  called  "  The  Acts  of 
Subscription."  By  these,  lands  for  the  Adventurers  must  be 
first  ascertained,  before  the  rest  of  the  country  could  be  free 
for  disposal  by  the  Parliament  to  the  army. 

Pressed  with  these  considerations,  the  Commissioners  for 
Ireland,  on  the  1st  of  January,  1652,  proposed  to  the  Council 
of  State  in  England,  that  the  Adventurers  should  cast  lots  for 
their  lands  presently,  notwithstanding  the  war  was  not  over; 
and  they  suggested  that  four  allotments,  one  in  each  province, 
amply  sufficient  to  pay  the  Adventurers,  should  be  made,  and 
that  they  should  then  cast  lots  to  ascertain  in  which  of  therti 
their  proportion  should  be  fixed  ;  the  first  lot  to  consist  of  the 
counties  of  Limerick,  Kerry, and  Clare  in  Munster ;  and  Galway 
in  Connaught;  the  second,  of  the  counties  of  Kilkenny,  Wex- 

farms  which  they  had  taken,  casting  them  as  a  burthen  upon  the 
said  barony,  that  such  persons  stand  to  their  bargains,  and  dis- 
charge the  rents  and  duties  falling  on  their  holdings.  A  (82), 
p.  523. 

1  "  Some  proposals  humblj^  offered  by  a  General  Council  of 
officers  to  the  General  and  Commissioners  of  Parliament,  22  Octo- 
ber, 1652."     lb.,  p.  47, 


OF    IKELAND.  83 

ford,  Wicklow,  and  Carlow,  in  Leiuster ;  the  third,  of  the  coun- 
ties of  Westmeath  and  Longford  in  Leinster,  and  Cavan  and 
Monaghan  in  Ulster ;  the  fourth  of  the  counties  of  Fermanagh 
and  Donegal  in  Ulster,  and  Leitrim  and  Shgo  in  Connaught.^ 
By  which  it  appears,  that  they  had  not  as  yet  determined  on 
the  transplantation  of  the  Irish  to  Connaught,  but  still 
adhered  to  the  plan  of  the  Adventurers'  Act,  that  the  lands 
should  be  taken  equally  out  of  the  four  provinces.  They  also 
proposed  that  the  soldiers  should  have  lands  in  their  quar- 
ters, as  well  for  their  arrears  as  in  lieu  (for  part  at  least)  of 
their  present  pay.  They  would  thus  be  encouraged  to  follow 
husbandry,  and  to  maintain  their  own  interest  as  well  as  that 
of  the  Common  wealth.  2  The  Adventurers,  therefore,  were 
directed  on  30th  January,  1652,  to  attend  the  Committee  of 
Parliament  sitting  in  the  Speaker's  Chamber  at  West- 
minister, and  propose  a  form  of  speedy  plantation. 

The  Adventurers  had  been  very  urgent  during  the  whole 
course  of  the  war  for  lands  to  be  set  out  to  them.  In  J  645,  they 
demanded  to  be  put  in  possession  of  the  houses  belonging  to 
the  Irish  in  Cork,  Kinsale,  and  Youghal,  with  lands  adjacent, 
and  to  be  given  other  lands  in  Munster  as  they  should  be  con- 
^  quered  from  the  rebels. ^  On  the  12th  of  May,  1652,  the  Com- 
mittee of  Parliament  offered  to  move  the  House  to  have  lands 
set  out  to  them  in  Leinster  and  Munster  to  satisfy  their  ad- 
ventures, if  they  would  undertake  to  fully  plant  their  propor- 
tions within  three  years  from  the  29th  of  September  follow- 
ing, with  Protestants  of  any  nation  (saving  Irish).  They  should 
also  have  forfeited  houses  in  seaports  and  walled  towns  at 


1  A  (2),  p.  290.  2  A  (2),  p.  289. 

3  P.  II.,  "  Reasons  offered  by  a  Committee  of  Adventurers  for 
refusing  to  lend  Moneys  on  the  Ordinance  of  15th  August,  1645, 
for  raising  Moneys  for  Ireland  for  six  months  from  November, 
1645."     Small  4to.     London. 


84  THE   CEOMWELLIAN    SETTLEMENT 

easy  rates  on  leases  for  years. ^  Now  they  declared,  if  the  Par- 
liament insisted  on  a  speedy  plantation,  they  were  undone. 
The  war  was  not  over — people  feared  the  Tories.  No  plan 
was  proposed  for  their  security.  The  Irish  were  to  be  re- 
moved. Men  were  hard  to  be  got  in  England  for  tenants  and 
labourers,  as  they  saw  that  the  government  would  have  to 
give  people  land  in  Ireland  for  nothing,  as  there  must  be  many 
milHons  of  acres  still  left  after  satisfying  the  Adventurers  and 
soldiers,  which  must  be  waste  and  untenanted,  unless  given 
away  to  prevent  them  from  being  reoccupied  by  the  Irish. 
That  labourers  were  scarce,  by  reason  of  the  many  forests 
and  chaces  lately  disafforested  in  England,  and  then  under 
improvement.  There  were  inany  eminent  persons,  as  the  Earl 
of  Cork  and  others,  even  in  Munster,  owners  of  estates  not 
forfeited,  but  still  desolated,  who  must  replant  them,  and 
would  outbid  the  Adventurers,  unless  they  had  good  terms. '^ 
They  accordingly  demanded  to  be  paid  in  lands  in  such  parts 
of  Munster,  Kilkenny,  and  (if  need  be)  in  other  parts  of  Lein- 
ster  most  contiguous,  as  they  should  choose ;  that  they  should 
have  the  city  of  Waterford,  and  such  towns  as  they  should 
point  out,  preserved  for  them;  that  they  should  be  well 
guarded. 

But  they  refused  to  be  put  under  conditions  to  plant  in  any 
limited  time,  and  demanded  that  they  should  be  free  of  taxes 
while  planting.  The  lands,  they  said,  were  their  own  by  dear 
purchase.  As  the  counties  were  laid  out,  they  could  not  plant 
together.  Houses  in  towns  they  hoped  to  enjoy  in  fee, — not 
for  years.  They  dared  not  build  in  that  land  of  desolation  till 
the  Tories  should  be  destroyed. ^  Unless  they  should  be  greatly 
favoured,  they  must  be  forced  to  plant  on  such  terms  that  the 

1  "  Carte  Papers,"   vol.  Ixx.,  p.   256. 

2  "  Carte  Papers,"  vol.  Ixx.,  p.  235. 

3  Ibid.,  p.  257. 


OP    IBELAND.  85 

labourers  would  grow  rich,  and  the  Adventurers  poor,  as  many- 
did  in  New  England.  And  if  the  first  Adventurers  should 
prove  unsuccessful,  it  might  cast  such  a  damp  upon  the  spirits 
of  others,  like  a  dismal  discomfit  in  the  beginning  of  a  battle, 
as  they  would  hardly  be  brought  on  again  on  any  conditions. ^ 

The  government,  however,  still  pressed  for  a  speedy 
plantation.  They  wished  to  limit  them  to  three  years,  and 
the  lands  not  then  planted  and  inhabited  to  be  forfeited. 
To  which  the  Adventurers  gave  for  final  answer,  that  it 
would  take  40,000  labourers  and  their  families  to  execute 
such  a  work,  for  whom  no  housing  was  provided,  no  guards 
against  Tories,  and  that  to  attempt  it  would  be  to  destroy  the 
l^lantation.^ 

The  officers  of  the  army  were  at  the  same  time  urging 
that  the  army  should  have  lands  set  out  to  them  forthwith  for 
their  arrears.  There  was  no  way  of  preventing  a  further  in- 
crease of  the  charge  that  weighed  upon  England,  but  by 
planting  the  country,  and  reducing  the  forces  by  degrees,  and 
with  as  much  speed  as  might  be  consistent  with  safety.  And 
they  proposed  that  one  or  more  counties  should  be  allotted  to 
the  Adventurers,  adequate  to  their  demands,  and  others  to 
the  army,  that  so  the  planting  by  the  Adventurers  and  by  the 
gradually  disbanding  army  might  go  on  together.  As  the 
utmost  speed  was  necessary  for  the  relief  of  England,  they 
proposed  that  the  army  should  have  lands  for  their  arrears  at 
the  same  rates  as  they  were  given  by  the  Act  of  1642  to  the  ' 
Adventurers,  called  the  Act  rates,  namely,  lands  in  Leinster 
at  12s.  per  acre;  in  Munster,  at  8s.;  in  Connaught,  at  6s.; 
and  in  Ulster,  at  4s.    To  value  the  several  estates  and  farms  in 


1  Proposals  of  the  Adventurers,  dated  April  5,  1652.  Carte 
MSS.,  Bodleian  Library,   "  Ireland,"  vol.  x.,  pp.  230-236. 

2  "  Adventurers'  remarks  upon  the  Proposals  of  the  Committee 
of  Parliament  for  the  Planting  of  Ireland,  sitting  in  the 
Speaker's  Chamber,  23rd  December,  1652."     lb.,  p.  257. 


86  THl^  CROMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

a  convenient  time,  would  require  more  fit  valuers  than  could 
be  found,  would  cost  more  than  the  revenue  could  bear,  and 
the  army  and  its  pay  (drawn  from  England)  must  continue. 
Moreover,  it  would  be  a  very  uncertain  valuation,  the  lands 
being  in  many  places  waste,  the  inhabitants  destroyed  or 
gone,  so  as  there  were  none  to  give  evidence  of  the  value 
when  they  were  inhabited.  And,  lastly,  the  Ordinance  of  the 
year  1643,  allowing  officers  of  the  army  to  become  Adven- 
turers to  the  extent  of  their  pay  on  the  same  terms  as  the 
Adventurers,  was  a  precedent  for  paying  the  whole  army  their 
arrears  now  at  the  Act  rates. ^  On  23rd  December,  1652, 
pursuant  to  this  reasoning,  the  Committee  of  Parliament 
reported  to  the  House  that  the  ten  counties  after  mentioned 
should  be  set  out  between  the  Adventurers  and  soldiers,  at 
the  same  rates  to  soldiers  as  Adventurers;  the  soldiers'  pro- 
portions to  be  measured  out  to  them  according  to  the  number 
of  acres,  and  not  according  to  the  yearly  value.  The  private 
soldiers,  troopers,  and  non-commissioned  officers  to  have  their 
lots  at  the  same  rates  as  Adventurers ;  all  lieutenants  of  horse 
and  foot,  cornets,  ensigns,  and  quarter-masters  at  two-thirds 
of  the  same  rates;  all  captains,  and  officers  above  that  degree, 
at  half  those  rates,  as  encouragement  plainly  to  the  rank  and 
file  of  the  army  to  plant.  With  the  same  view,  if  any  private 
soldier  of  horse  or  foot  should  desire  to  have  an  allowance 
in  gross  for  his  arrears,  the  Committee  suggested  that  he 
should  have  ten  acres  of  land  for  every  year  of  his  service. ^ 


DEPARTURE  OF  THE  SWORDMEX  Foil  SP.\IN. 

But  one  of  the  first  steps  towards  planting  was  to  get  rid 
of  the  disbanded  Irish  soldiery.     Foreign  nations  were  ap- 

1  A  (82),  p.  391.  2  "  Carte  Papers."     Vol.  Ixx.,  p.  253. 


OF  ICELAND.  87 

prised  by  the  Kilkenny  Articles  that  the  Irish  were  to  be 
allowed  to  engage  in  the  service  of  any  state  in  amity  with 
the  Commonwealth.  The  valour  of  the  Irish  soldier  was  well 
known  abroad.  From  the  time  of  the  Munster  Plantation  by 
Queen  Elizabeth,  numerous  exiles  had  taken  service  in  the 
Spanish  army.  There  were  Irish  regiments  serving  in  the  Low 
Countries.  The  Prince  of  Orange  declared  they  were  born 
soldiers;!  and  Henry  IV.  of  France  pubHcly  called  Hugh 
O'Neil  the  third  soldier  of  the  age, 2  and  he  said  there  was  no 
nation  made  better  troops  than  the  Irish  when  drilled.  Sir 
John  Xorris,  who  had  served  in  many  countries,  said  he  knew 
no  nation -where  there  were  so  few  fools  or  cowards.  Agents 
from  the  King  of  Spain,  the  King  of  Poland,  and  the  Prince  de 
Conde,  were  now  contending  for  the  services  of  Irish  troops. 
Don  Eicardo  White,  in  May,  1652,  shipped  7,000  in  batches 
from  Waterford,  Ivinsale,  Galway,  Limerick,  and  Bantry,  for 
the  King  of  Spain. ^  Colonel  Christopher  Mayo  got  liberty 
in  September,  165'2,  to  beat  his  drums  to  raise  3,000  for  the 
same    king.*      Lord    IMuskerry    took    5,000    to    the    King    of 

1  '•  There  lives  not  a  people  more  hardy,   active,   and  painful, 

neither    is    there    any    will    endure    the    miseries    of 

warre,  as  famine,  watching,  heat,  cold,  wet,  travel,  and  the  like, 
so  naturally,  and  with  such  facility  and  courage  that  they  do. 
The  Prince  of  Orange's  Excellency  uses  often  publiquel.y  to  de- 
liver that  the  Irish  are  souldiers  the  first  day  of  their  birth.  The 
famous  Henry  IV.,  late  King  of  France,  said  there  would  prove 
no  nation  so  resolute  martial  men  as  they,  would  they  be  ruly, 
and  not  too  headstrong.  And  Sir  James  Norris  was  wont  to 
ascribe  this  particular  to  that  nation  above  others,  that  he  never 
beheld  so  few  of  any  country  as  of  Irish  that  were  idiots  and 
cowards,  which  is  verv  notable."  P.  219,  "  Advertisement  for 
Ireland,"  MS.,  folio  (A.D.  1615),  Librarv  of  Trin.  Coll.,  Dublin, 
F.  3,  16. 

2  "  Se  ipsum  primum  esse  significans,"  &c.,  "  meaning  himself 
to  be  the  first,  and  the  illustrious  Count  de  Fuentes  the  second; 
as  testified  tu  this  day  by  the  most  noble  the  Count  D'Ossunia, 
late  Viceroy  of  Naples  and  Sicily,  in  whose  presence  he  said  so." 
Lynch's  "  Alithinologia,"  vol.  ii.,  p.  oO. 

3  A  (82),  p.  205.  4  1}).,  p.  :v:n. 


88  THE   CROMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

Poland.^  In  July,  1654,  3,500,  commanded  by  Colonel 
Edmund  Dwyer,  went  to  serve  the  Prince  de  Cond^.^  Sir 
Walter  Dungan  and  others  got  liberty  to  beat  their  drums  in 
different  garrisons  to  a  rallying  of  their  men  that  laid  down 
arms  with  them  in  order  to  a  rendezvous,  and  to  depart  for 
Spain. 3  They  got  permission  to  march  their  men  together 
to  the  different  ports,  their  pipers  perhaps  playing  "  Ha  til. 
Ha  til,  Ha  til,  mi  tulidh  " — We  return,  we  return  no  more  ;* 
or  more  probably,  after  their  first  burst  of  passionate  grief  at 
leaving  home  and  friends  for  ever  was  over,  marching  gaily 
to  the  lively  strains  of  Garryowen.  Between  1651  and  1654, 
thirty-four  thousand  (of  whom  few  ever  saw  their  loved 
native  land  again)  were  transported  into  foreign  parts. ^ 

THE  SEIZING  OF  WIDOWS,   GIRLS,  AND  ORPHANS  TO   SEND  TO 
THE  BARBADOES. 

While  the  Government  were  thus  employed  in  clearing  the 
ground  for  the  Adventurers  and  soldiers,  by  making  the  no- 
bility and  gentry  of  Ireland  withdraw  to  Connaught  and  the 

1  "  On  reading  the  within  petition  of  John  Gould,  in  behalf  of 
the  Lord  Muskerry,  who  has  license  to  transport  5,000  men  out  of 
Ireland  to  the  service  of  any  prince  in  amity  with  the  Common- 
wealth, praying  that  while  his  lord  is  now  in  treaty  with  the 
Polish  ambassador  for  those  men they  may  not  be  trans- 
planted :     It    is    ordered,     &c Dublin,     12th    February, 

1655."     A  (4),  p.  426. 

2  A  (32),  p.  112.  3  A  (84),  p.  342. 

*  The  tune  with  which  the  departing  Highlanders  usually  bid 
farewell  to  their  native  shores.  Preface  to  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
"  Legend  of  Montrose." 

6  Sir  W.  Petty's  "  Political  Anatomy  "  (published  A.D.  1672), 
p.  27.  "  The  chiefest  and  eminentest  of  the  nobility  and  many 
of  the  gentry  have  taken  conditions  from  the  King  of  Spain,  and 
have  transported  40,000  of  the  most  active  spirited  men,  most 
acquainted  with  the  dangers  and  discipline  of  war."  P.  20. 
"  The  Great  Case  of  Transplantation  in  Ireland  discussed,"  [by 
Vincent  Gookin] .     Small  4to.     London  :    1655. 


OP  IRELAND.        '  89 

soldiery  to  Spain,  ' '  where  they  could  wish  the  whole  nation, '  '^  ? 
they  had  agents  actively  employed  through  Ireland,  seizing 
women,  orphans,  and  the  destitute,  to  be  transported  to 
Barbadoes  and  the  English  Plantations  in  America.  It  was 
a  measure  beneficial  they  said  to  Ireland,  which  was  thus 
relieved  of  a  population  that  might  trouble  the  Planters;  it 
was  a  benefit  to  the  people  removed,  who  might  thus  be 
made  English  and  Christians  ;2  and  a  great  benefit  to  the 
West  India  sugar  planters,  who  desired  the  men  and  boys  for 
their  bondmen,  and  the  women  and  Irish  girls  in  a  country 
where  they  had  only  Maroon  women  and  Negresses  to  solace 
them.  The  thirteen  y;ears'  war,  from  1641  to  1654,  followed 
by  the  departure  of  40,000_Lrish  soldiers,  with  the  chief 
nobility  and  gentry,  to  Spain,  had  left  behind  a  vast  mass  of 
widows  and  deserted  wives  with  destitute  families.  There 
were  plenty  of  other  persons  too,  who,  as  their  ancient  pro- 
perties had  been  confiscated,  "  had  no  visible  means  of  liveli- 
hood." Just  as  the  King  of  Spain  sent  over  his  agents  to 
treat  with  the  Government  for  the  Irish  swordmen,  the  mer- 
chants  of  Bristol  had  agents  treating  with  it  for  men,  women, 
and  girls,  to  be  sent  to  the  sugar  plantations  in  the  West 
Indies.  The  Commissioners  for  Ireland  gave  them  orders 
upon  the  governors  of  garrisons,  to  deliver  to  them  prisoners  of 
war ;  upon  the  keepersof^aolSjJor  offenders  in  custody  ;  upon 
masters  of  workhouses,  for  the  destitute  in  their  care  "  who 
were  of  an  age  to  labour,  or  if  women  were  marriageable  and 
not  past  breeding;"  and  gave  directions  to  all  in  authority  to 
seize  those  who  had  no  visible  means  of  livelihood,  and  de- 


1  "  The  garrison  of  Roscommon  Castle  yielded  upon  that  which 
we  adjudged  moderate  terms  amongst  us,  which  is,  for  the 
Government  to  transport  a  regiment  for  Spain,  where  ire  could 
^i-ish  the  whole  nation."  Letter  from  Athlone,  12th  April,  1652. 
'■  Severall  Proceedings  in  Parliament,"   &c.,   p.   2146. 

2  Letter  of  Henry  Cromwell,  4tli  Thurloe's   "  State  Papers." 


90  THE   CI^O^IWELLIAN   SETTLEMEKT 

liver  them  to  these  agents  of  the  Bristol  sugar  merchants,  in 
execution  of  which  latter  direction  Ireland  must  have  ex- 
hibited scenes  in  every  part  like  the  slave  hunts  in  Africa.  How 
■  many  girls  of  gentle  birth  must  have  been  caught  and  hurried 
to  the  private  prisons  of  these  men-catchers  none  can  tell.  We 
are  told  of  one  case.  ^Daniel  Connery,  a  gentleman  of  Clare, 
was  sentenced,  inMorison's  presence,  to  banishment,  in  1657, 
by  Colonel  Henry  Ingoldsby,  for  harbouring  a  priest.  "  This 
gentleman  had  a  wife  and  twelve  children.     His  wife  fell 

U)'  sick,  and  died  in  poverty.  Three  of  his  daughters,  beautiful 
girls,  were  transported  to  the  West  Indies,  to  an  island  called 
the  Barbadoes;  and  there,  if  still  alive  (he  says)  they  are" 
miserable  slaves."^  \But  at  last  the  evil  became  too  shocking 
and  notorious,  particularly  when  these  dealers  in  Irish  flesh 
.    I  began  to  seize  the  daughters  and  children  of  the  English  them- 

i^^        selves,  and  to  force  them  on  board  their  slave  ships;  then, 
i  indeed,  the  orders,  at  the  end  of  four  years,  were  revoked. 
]     Messrs.   Sellick    and  Leader,    Mr.  Robert  Yeomans,    Mr.jj, 
Joseph  Lawrence,    and   others,    all   of   Bristol,    were   activd  f 
^  agents.    'As  one  instance  out  of  many  :  — Captain  John  Vernon  > 
was  employed  by  the  Commissioners  for  Ireland  into  England, 
and  contracted  in  their  behalf  with  Mr.  David  Sellick  and 

'^^53  Mr.  Leader  under  his  hand,  bearing  date  the  14th  September, 

f.,  i  1653,  to  supply  them  with  two  hundred  and  fifty  women  of 
the  Irish  nation  above  twelve  years,  and  under  the  age  of 
forty-five,  also  three  hundred  men  above  twelve  years  of  age, 
and  under  fifty,  to  be  found  in  the  country  within  twenty 
miles  of  Cork,  Youghal,  and  Kinsale,  Waterford,  and  Wex- 
ford, to  transport  them  into  New  England. 2.  Messrs.  Sellick 
and  Leader  appointed  their  shipping  to  repair  to  Kinsale ;  but 


1  Morison's   "  Threnodia   Hiberno-Ctitholica,"   Innsbruck,    1659, 
p.  287. 

2  A  (84),  p.  6G3. 


OF  lEELAKD.  SI 

Roger  Boyle,  Lord  Broghill  (afterwards  Earl  of  Orrery), 
whose  name,  like  that  of  Sir  C.  Coote,  seems  ever  the  prelude 
of  woe  to  the  Irish,  suggested  that  the  required  number  of 
men  and  women  might  be  had  from  among  the  wanderers  and 
persons  who  had  no  means  of  getting  their  livelihood  in  the 
county  of  Cork  alone.  Accordingly,  on  the  23rd  of  October, 
1653,  he  was  empowered  to  search  for  them  and  arrest  them, 
and  to  deliver  them  to  Messrs.  Sellick  and  Leader,  who  were 
to  be  at  all  the  charge  of  conducting  them  to  the  water  side, 
and  maintaining  them  from  the  time  they  received  them ;  and 
no  person,  being  once  apprehended,  was  to  be  released  but 
by  special  order  in  writing  under  the  hand  of  Lord  Broghill. ^ 
Again,  in  January,  1654,  the  Governors  of  Carlow,  Kil- 
kenny, Clonmel,  Wexford,  Ross,  and  Waterford,  had  orders 
to  arrest  and  deliver  to  Captain  Tlionias  Morgan,  Dudley 
North,  and  John  Johnson,  English  merchants,  all  wanderers, 
men  and  women,  and  such  other  Irish  within  their  precincts 
as  should  not  prove  they  had  such  settled  course  of. industry 
as  yielded  them  a  means  of  their  own  to  maintain  them,  all 
such  children  as  were  in  hospitals  or  workhouses,  all  prison- 
ers, men  and  women,  to  be  transported  to  the  West  Indies. 
The  governors  were  to  guard  the  prisoners  to  the  ports  of 
shipping;  but  the  prisoners  were  to  be  provided  for  and  main- 
tained by  the  said  contractors,  and  none  to  be  discharged 
except  by  order  under  the  hand  and  seal  of  the  governor 
ordering  the  arrest. 2  It  is  easy  to  imagine  the  deeds  done 
under  such  a  power  !  On  the  22n(l  December  of  the  same 
year,  orders  were  issued  prohibiting  all  the  shipping  in  any 
harbour  in  Ireland  boimd  for  Barbadoes,  and  other  English 
j)lantations,  from  weighing  anchor  until  searched,  in  order 
that  any  persons  found  to  have  been  seized  \\ithout  warrant 
should  be  delivered. 

1  A  (S-l),  p.  66.1.  2  A  (85),  p.  66. 


m  THE   CKOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

All  measures,  lio\\ever,  were  vain  to  prevent  the  most 
cruel  captures  as  long  as  these  EngHsh  slave  dealers  had  re- 
course to  Ireland.  In  the  course  of  four  years  they  had  seized 
and  shipped  about  0,400  Irish,  men  and  women,  boys  and 
maidens,  when  on  the  4th  of  March,  1655,  all  orders  were  re- 
voked. These  men-catchers  employed  persons  (so  runs  the 
order)  y'  to  delude  poor  people  by  false  pretences  into  by- 
places,  and  thence  they  forced  them  on  board  their  ships.  The 
persons  employed  had  so  much  a  piece  for  all  they  so  deluded, 
and  for  the  money  sake  they  were  found  to  have  enticed 
and  forced  women  from  their  children  and  husbands, — 
children  from  their  parents,  who  maintained  them  at  school ; 
and  they  had  not  only  dealt  so  with  the  Irish,  but  also  with 
the  English,  "-^which  last  was  the  true  cause,  probably,  of 
the  Commissioners  for  Ireland  putting  an  end  to  these  pro- 
ceedings.^ 

Yet  not  quite  an  end. 

In  1655  Admiral  Penn  added  Jamaica  to  the  empire  of 
England;  and,  colonists  being  wanted,  the  Lord  Protector 
applied  to  the  Lord  Henry  Cromwell,  then  Major-General  of 
the  Forces  in  Ireland,  to  engage  1,500  of  the  soldiers  of  the 
army  in  Ireland  to  go  thither  as  planters,  and  to  secure  a 
thousand  young  Irish  girls  ("Irish  wenches"  is  Secretary 
Thurloe's  term),  to  be  sent  there  also.^  Henry  Cromwell 
answered  that  there  would  be  no  difficulty,  only  that  force 
must  be  used  in  taking  them;*  and  he  suggested  the  addi- 
tion of  from  1,500  to  2,000  boys  of  from  twelve  to  fourteen 
years  of  age.  "  We  could  well  spare  them,"  he  adds,  "  and 
they  might  be  of  use  to  you ;  and  who  knows  but  it  might  be 
a  means  to  make  them  Englishmen — I  mean.  Christians?"* 
The  numbers  finally  fixed  were  1,000  boys,  and  1,000  girls,  to 

1  A  (10),  p.  283.        2  4th  vol.  Thurloe's  "  State  Papers,"  p.  75. 
3  lb.,  p.  23.  4  lb.,  p.  40. 


OF   IRELAND.  93 

sail  from  Galway  in  October,  1655, ^ — the  boys  as  bondmen, 
probably,  and  the  girls  to  be  bound  by  other  ties  to  these 
English  soldiers  in  Jamaica. ^ 

IREL.\ND   .ASSIGNED   TO   THE  ADVENTURERS   AND    SOLDIERS. 

The  discussions  concerning  the  setting  out  of  lands  to  the 
Adventurers  and  soldiers  carried  on  between  the  Council  of 
the  army  and  the  Commissioners  for  the  Affairs  of  Ireland 
in  that  kingdom,  and  between  the  Committee  of  Parliament 
and  the  Adventurers  in  England,  occupied  the  whole  of  the 
year  1652 ;  but  caused  in  point  of  fact  no  loss  of  time,  for  the 
war  was  still  raging,  and  there  could  be  no  planting. 

Towards  the  close  of  the  year  1653,  the  island  seemed 
sufficiently  desolated  to  allow  the  English  to  occupy  it.  On 
the  26th  of  September  in  that  year,  the  Parliament  passed  an 
Act  for  the  new  planting  of  Ireland  with  English. 

The  government  reserved  for  themselves  all  the  towns,  all 
the  church  lands  and  tithes ;  for  they  abolished  all  arch- 
bishops, bishops,  deans,  and  other  officers,  belonging  to  that 
hierarchy,  and  in  those  days  the  Church  of  Christ  sat  in 
Chichester  House  on  College-green.*  They  reserved  also  for 
themselves  the  four  counties  of  Dublin,  Kildare,  Carlow,  and 
Cork.    Out  of  the  houses,  lands,  and  tithes,  thus  reserved,  the 

1  4th  vol.  Thm-loe's  "  State  Papers,"  p.  100. 

2  Miiller,  the  painter  at  Berlin,  was  stated  to  be  engaged  in 
1859  on  a  picture  representing  the  seizing  and  transporting  of 
these  Irish  girls  to  the  West  Indies.  See  the  Newspapers  of  the 
21st  Feb.,  1859. 

3  "  Whereas  Mr.  Thomas  Hicks  is  by  the  Church  of  Christ 
meeting  at  Chichester  House  approved  as  one  fully  qualified  to 
preach  and  dispense  tlie  gospel  ....  he  is  appointed  to  preach 
the  gospel  at  Stillorgan,  and  other  places  in  the  barony  of  Rath- 
down,  in  the  county  of  Dublin,  as  often  as  the  Lord  shall  enable 
him,  and  in  such  places  as  the  Lord  shall  make  his  ministry  most 
effectual.  Dated  12  September,  1659.  Thomas  Herbert,  Clerk 
of  the  Council."     "  Book  of  Establishments,"  p.   181. 


94  THE   CKOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

government  were  to  satisfy  public  debts,  private  favourites, 
eminent  friends  of  the  republican  cause  in  Parliament,  regi- 
cides, and  the  most  active  of  the  English  rebels,  not  being  of 
the  army. 

They  next  made  ample  provision  for  the  Adventurers.  The 
amount  due  to  the  Adventurers  was  £360,000.  This  they 
divided  into  three  lots,  of  which  £110,000  was  to  be  satisfied 
in  Munster,  £205,000  in  Leinster,  and  £45,000  in  Ulster,  and 
the  moiety  of  ten  counties  was  charged  with  their  payment; — 
Waterford,  Limerick,  and  Tipperary,  in  Munster;  Meath, 
Westmeath,  Iving's  and  Queen's  Counties  in  Leinster;  and 
Antrim,  Down,  and  Armagh,  in  Ulster.  But,  as  all  was  re- 
quired by  the  Adventurers'  Act  to  be  done  by  lot,  a  lottery 
was  appointed  to  be  held  in  Grocers'  Hall,  London,  for  the 
20th  July,  1653,  to  begin  at  8  o'clock  in  the  morning,  when 
lots  should  be  first  drawn  in  which  province  each  Adventurer 
was  to  be  satisfied,  not  exceeding  the  specified  amounts  in 
any  province ;  lots  were  to  be  drawn,  secondly,  to  ascertain 
in  which  of  the  ten  counties  each  Adventurer  was  to  receive 
his  land — the  lots  not  to  exceed  in  Westmeath  £70,000,  in 
Tipperary  £60,000,  in  Meath  £55,000,  in  King's  and  Queen's 
Counties  £40,000  each,  in  Limerick  £30,000,  in  Waterford 
£20,000,  in  Antrim,  Down  and  Armagh,  £15,000  each.  And, 
as  it  was  thought  it  would  be  a  great  encouragement  to  the 
Adventurers  (who  were  for  the  most  part  merchants  and 
tradesmen),  about  to  plant  in  so  wild  and  dangerous  a 
country,  not  yet  subdued,  to  have  soldier  planters  near  them, 
these  ten  counties,  when  surveyed  (which  was  directed  to  be 
done  immediately,  and  returned  to  the  committee  for  the 
lottery  at  Grocers'  Hall),  were  to  be  divided,  each  county,  by 
baronies,  into  two  moieties,  as  equally  as  might  be,  without 
dividing  any  barony.  A  lot  was  then  to  be  drawn  by  the 
Adventurers,    and  by   some  officer   appointed  by  the  Lord 


OF  lllELAND.  yo 

General  Cromwell  on  behalf  of  the  soldiery,  to  ascertain 
which  baronies  in  the  ten  counties  should  be  for  the  Adven- 
turers, and  which  for  the  soldiers. 

The  rest  of  Ireland,  except  Connaught,  was  to  be  set  out 
amongst  the  officers  and  soldiers,  for  their  arrears,  amount- 
ing to  £1,550,000,  and  to  satisfy  debts  of  money  or  provisions 
due  for  supplies  advanced  to  the  army  of  the  Commonwealth, 
amounting  to  £1,750,000.  Connaught  was  by  the  Parliament 
reserved  and  appointed  for  the  habitation  of  the  Irish  nation ; 
and  all  English  and  Protestants  having  lands  there,  who 
should  desire  to  remove  out  of  Connaught  into  the  provinces 
inhabited  by  the  English,  were  to  receive  estates  in  the 
English  parts,  of  equal  value,  in  exchange. ^ 

1  "For  the  satisfaction  of  the  Adventurers  for  Lands  in  Ireland, 
out  of  the  arrears  due  to  the  Souldiery  here,  and  of  other  Pub- 
lique  Debts."  Scobell's  "  Acts  and  Ordinances  for  the  year 
1653,"   chap.  xii. 


96  THE   CBOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

CHAPTEE  IV. 
THE    TRANSPLANTATION. 


THE  FIRST  TRUMPET. 

When  the  Irish  forces  laid  down  arms  in  1650,  they  could 
scarce  have  anticipated  the  measures  adopted  towards  them, 
two  years  later,  by  the  Parliament  of  England.     Many  of  the 
Irish  gentry  embarked,  in  the  years  1650  and  1651,  for  Spain. 
Those  who  stayed  behind  had  famihes,  that  prevented  them 
from  following  their  example ;  they  returned  to  their  former 
neighbourhoods,  took  up  their  abode  in  the  offices  attached  to 
their  mansions,  or  shared  the  dwellings  of  some  of  their  late 
tenants, — their  mansions  being   occupied  by   some  English 
officer  or  soldier, — and  employed  themselves  in  tilling  the 
lands  they  had  lately  owned  as  lords.     Let  us  conceive  the 
dismay  of  a  poor  nobleman,  with  his  wife  and  daughters,  thus 
employed  on  the  evening  of  the  first  market  day,  after  the 
11th  October,  1652,  when  some  neighbour  came  to  announce 
the  news  proclaimed  by  beat  of  drum  and  sound  of  trumpet 
in  the  adjoining  town.i     It  was,  in  fact,  the  proscription  c, 
the  nation.     If  he  had  been  a  colonel  or  a  superior  officer 
the  army,  as  almost  all  the  highest  were,  it  was  a  sentence 

1  "  The  Parliament  of  the  Commonwealth  of  England  having 
by  one  Act  lately  passed  (entitled  an  Act  for  the  Settling  of  Ire- 
land) declared  that  it  is  not  their  intention  to  extirpate  this 
whole  nation,  but  that  mercy  and  pardon  for  life  and  estate  be 
extended  to  all  husbandmen,  plowmen,  labourers,  artificers,  and 
others  of  the  inferior  sort,  in  such  manner  as  in  and  by  the  said 
Act  is  set  forth  ;  for  the  better  exec^^tion  of  the  said  Act,  and 
that  timely  notice  may  be  given  to  all  persons  therein  concerned, 
it  is  ordered  that  the  Governor  and  Commissioners  of  Revenue, 


OF  IRELAND.  97 

of  confiscation  and  banishment;  and  a  separation  from  his 
now  beggared  wife  and  daughters,  the  partners  of  his  miseries, 
unless  he  had  the  means  of  bringing  tliem  abroad  with  him. 

The  Earl  of  Ormond,  Primate  Bramhall,  and  all  the  Ca- 
tholic nobility,  and  many  of  the  gentry,  were  declared  in- 
capable of  pardon  of  life  or  estate,  and  were  banished.  The 
rest  of  the  nation  were  to  lose  their  lands,  and  take  up  their 
residence  wherever  the  Parliament  of  England  should  order. ^ 
On  26th  September,  1653,  all  the  ancient  estates  and  farms 
of  the  people  of  Ireland  were  declared  to  belong  to  the  Ad- 
venturers and  the  army  of  England ;  and  it  was  announced 
that  the  Parliament  had  assigned  Connaught  (America  was 
not  then  accessible),  for  the  habitation  of  the  Irish  nation, 
whither  they  must  transplant  with  their  wives,  and 
daughters,  and  children,  before  the  1st  of  May  following 
(1654),  under  penalty  of  death,  if  found  on  this  side  of  the 
Shannon  after  that  day. 

It  might,  perhaps,  be  imagined  that  this  fearful  sentence 
was  a  penalty  upon  the  Irish  for  the  supposed  massacre  of 
300,000  English.  But  death,  not  banishment,  was  the  punish- 
ment of  blood;  and  the  class  most  likely  to  be  guilty  of 
blood, — the  ploughmen,  labourers,  and  others  of  the  lower 
order  of  poor  people, — were  excepted  from  transplantation. 
They  willingly  entertained  all  the  young  and  laborious  com- 


or  any  two  or  more  of  them,  within  every  precinct  in  this  nation, 
do  cause  the  said  Act  of  Parliament  with  this  present  declara- 
tion to  be  published  and  proclaimed  in  their  respective  precincts 
by  beat  of  drumme  and  sound  of  trumpett ,  on  some  markett  day, 
within  tenn  days  after  the  same  shall  come  unto  tliem  within 
their  respective  precincts. 

"  Dated  at  the  Castle  of  Kilkenny,  this  11th  October,   1652. 
"  Edmund  Ludlow,         Miles   Cohbet, 
"  John  Jones,  R.  Weaver." 

A  (82),  p.  367.  - 

1  Act   for   the   Settling  of   Ireland,   passed   12th   August,    1652. 
Scobell's  "  Acts  and  Ordinances." 
K 


§8  THE   CEOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

monalty,  who  were  ever  most  active  and  ready  for  mischief; 
they  banished  only  from  amongst  them  the  more  cautious 
and  prudent  proprietors,  said  Sir  Eobert  Talbot  and  Colonel 
Moore.  1  The  nobility  and  gentry  of  ancient  descent,  pro- 
prietors of  landed  estates,  were  incapable  of  murder  or 
massacre ;  but  it  was  they  that  were  particularly  required  to 
transplant.  Their  properties  were  wanted  for  the  new  Eng- 
hsh  Planters.  The  Ulster  gentry  (whites  Sir  George  Hamil- 
ton to  Ormond  on  1st  July,  1659)  are  all  transplanted  to 
Leitrim;  but  the  common  people  remain,  and  are  eager  for 
action. 2  There  is  an  anecdote  told  by  an  English  monk  of  the 
order  of  the  Friars  Minors,  who  must  have  dwelt,  disguised 
probably  (a  not  uncommon  incident),  as  a  soldier  or  servant, 
in  the  household  of  Colonel  Ingoldsby,  Governor  of  Limerick, 
that  explans  the  reason  why  the  common  people  were  to  be 
allowed  to  stay,  and  the  gentry  required  to  transplant.  He 
heard  the  question  asked  of  a  great  Protestant  statesman 
("  magnus  hereticus  consiliarius  "),  who  gave  three  reasons 
for  it: — First,  he  said,  they  are  useful  to  the  English  as 
earth-tillers  and  herdsmen;  secondly,  deprived  of  their 
priests  and  gentry,  and  living  among  the  English,  it  is 
hoped  they  will  become  Protestants;  and,  thirdly,  the 
gentry  without  their  aid  must  work  for  themselves  and  their 
families,  and  so  in  time  turn  into  common  peasants,  or  die 
if  thev  don't. 3 


1  Petition  of  the  Irish  Nobility  and  Gentry,  presented  to  the 
King  in  1660. 

2  Dated  "  The  Hague."     Carte  Papers,  ccxiii.,  189. 

3  "  Threnodia  Hiberno-Catholica,  sive  Planctus  imiversalis 
totius  Cleri  et  Populi  Regni  Hibernije,"  &c.  ["  The  Wail  of  the 
Irish  Catholics;  or,  Groans  of  the  whole  Clergy  and  People  of  the 
Kingdom  of  Ireland,  in  which  is  truly  set  forth  an  Epitome  of 
the  unheard  of  and  transcendental  Cruelty  by  which  the  Catholics 
of  the  Kingdom  of  Ireland  are  oppressed  under  the  Arch  Tyrant 
Cromwell,    the   Usurper   and   Destroyer   of   the   three   Realms   of 


,«//o 


OF    IRELAND.  90 

And  Gookin  having  remarked  upon  the  anomaly  of  trans- 
phinting  those  who  could  not  be  conceived  guilty  of  murders, 
and  allowing  the  class  most  capable  of  them  to  stay,  Colonel 
Lawrence  in  answer  appeals  to  the  Act  and  Orders  for  trans- 
plantation, and  asks,  "Is  there  in  all  this  one  word  tending  to 
ground  transplantation  on  the  principles  of  punishment  or 
avenging  of  blood?"  Its  end,  he  said,  was  to  settle  Ireland 
for  the  future. 1 

The  truth  is,  that  the  Parliament  had,  in  1642,  confiscated 
by  anticipation  2,500,000  acres  (one-fourth  of  Ireland),  to  be 
taken  equally  out  of  the  four  provinces,  and  had  sold  them 
to  the  Adventurers.  It  was  now  perceived  that  it  would 
trouble  both  the  comfort  and  safety  of  the  new  Planters  to 
have  the  former  owners  of  these  lands,  with  their  ruined 
families  living  intermixed  with  them.  For  if  any  English- 
man were  so  bad  natured  as  to  be  deaf  to  their  murmurings 
and  complainings,  says  Colonel  Lawrence,  few  would  be  so 
stupid,  after  they  came  to  know  their  danger,  as  to  continue 
to  hazard  their  costs  and  improvements,  their  persons, 
families,  and  posterity,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  those  that, 
upon  principle,  were  bound  to  hate  and  contrive  the  ruin  of 
him  and  his,  as  long  as  he  lived  there. ^ 

The  Parliament,  therefore,  in  1652,  confiscated  the  whole 
of  Ireland;  but  they  allotted  Connaught  to  the  Irish,  in 
order  that  the  new  EngHsh  might  plant  and  inhabit  the  three 
other  provinces  in  security.  All  the  Irish  (according  to 
the  original  scheme  of  the  Parliament),  except  those  who  had 

England,  Ireland,  and  Scotland,"  p.  25.]  By  F.  Maurice  Mori- 
son,  of  the  Minors  of  Strict  Observance,  Lecturer  in  Theology, 
an  Eye-witness  of  those  Cruelties.  Innsbruck.  A.D.  1659.  12mo. 
The  book  is  dedicated  to  his  worthy  patron,  Don  Guidobald, 
Archbishop  of  Salzburg,  and  to  the  dean  and  canons  there. 

1  Lawrence's  "  Interest  of  England  in  the  Transplantation 
Stated,"  p.  11.      [Printed  A.D.   1656.] 

2  Ibid.,  p.  24. 


100  THE    CEOMWET.LTAN    SETTLEINIENT 

adopted  the  religion  of  the  Enghsh  nation,  were  to  transplant 
thither,  on  the  presumption  that  they  did  not  love  the  Eng- 
lish. Such  of  them  only  were  to  be  permitted  to  return  back 
to  their  former  homes  and  lands  as  could  prove  a  Constant 
Good  Affection  to  the  enemy  of  their  religion,  name,  and  na- 
tion, during  the  ten  years'  war  just  ended.  Like  the  Platfeans 
who  surrendered  to  the  Spartans,  on  the  terms  that  none  but 
the  guilty  should  be  punished,  and  to  escape  the  sentence  of 
death  were  each  asked  "  what  service  could  he  show  that  he 
had  done  to  the  Spartans  or  their  allies?"  the  Irish  were  re- 
quired to  obtain  a  decree  from  a  Court  of  English  judges  set 
up  at  Athlone,  of  Constant  Good  Affection  to  the  Parliament, 
else  he  and  his  posterity  were  for  ever  to  dwell  in  banish- 
ment in  Connaught.  It  was  not  enough  to  have  dwelt  quietly 
at  their  homes,  if  these  homes  lay  in  the  Irish  quarters, 
doing  nothing  (and  the  English  had  not  victuals  for  them  in 
their  garrisons,  if  they  had  dared  to  present  themselves  there)  ; 
nor  to  have  shown  Much  Good  Affection.  The  decree  must 
be  for  Constant  Good  Affection.  Thus,  the  ancient  inhabi- 
tants of  Kinsale  were  all  of  English  blood,  but  of  Irish  reli- 
gion, and  had  manned  the  walls  for  eight  years  with  the 
English  garrison  against  their  own  countrymen ;  yet,  because 
they  paid  taxes  levied  there  by  the  Earl  of  Inchiquin  for  the 
king,  in  1648,  when  he  revolted  from  the  Parliament  to  the 
royal  cause,  they  lost  their  claim  to  Constant  Good  Affection, 
and  were  ordered  to  transplant  to  Connaught. ^  "  I  appeal  to 
those  who  knew  the  condition  of  Ireland  in  those  times,"  says 
Vincent  Gookin,  "whether  these  instructions  adhered  to  would 
not  transplant  every  man?-  How  was  it  possible  to  escape 
compliance  when  the  English  were  hemmed  into  their  very 
gates,  and  the  whole  country  a  wild  road  for  the  rebels.  "2 

1  See  "  Mallow  Proceedings,"  further  on. 

2  "  Author    and    Case    of    Transplantation    Vindicated,"    &c., 
p.  24. 


OF    IRELAND.  10 1 

The  exception,  too,  of  husbandmen,  ploughmen,  and  others 
of  the  lower  ranks,  did  not  save  them  for  the  use  of  the  Eng- 
lish, as  was  intended;  for  all  swordmen  were  to  transplant, 
and  in  this  term  were  included  all  who  had  attended  muster, 
though  compelled  by  their  landlords,  and  any  who  kept  watch 
and  ward,  which  comprised  almost  every  one.  For  their 
share  in  the  war,  or  not  proving  a  Constant  Good  Affection 
to  the  Parliament  of  England,  the  proprietors  of  lands  were 
to  suffer  a  loss  of  the  greater  part  of  their  estates,  and  to 
receive  an  equivalent  for  the  residue  in  Connaught,  for  the 
support  of  themselves  and  their  families. 

THE    SECOND   AND   LAST    TRUMPET,    WITH   THE   DOOM   OF   THE 
IRISH  NATION. 

Connaught  was  selected  for  the  habitation  of  the  Irish 
nation  by  reason  of  its  being  surrounded  by  the  sea  and  the 
Shannon,  all  but  ten  miles,  and  the  whole  easily  made  into 
one  line  by  a  few  forts. i  To  further  secure  the  imprisonment 
of  the  nation,  and  cut  them  off  from  relief  by  sea,  a  belt  four 
miles  wide,  commencing  one  mile  to  the  west  of  Sligo,  and  so 
winging  along  the  coast  and  Shannon,  was  reserved  by  the 
Act  of  27th  September,  1653,  from  being  set  out  to  the  Irish, 
and  was  to  be  given  to  the  soldiery  to  plant.  Thither  all  the 
Irish  were  to  remove  at  latest  by  the  first  day  of  May,  1654, 
except  Irishwomen  married  to  Enghsh  Protestants  before  the 
2nd  December,  1650,  provided  they  became  Protestants;  ex- 
cept also  boys  under  fourteen,  and  girls  under  twelve,  in 
Protestant  service  and  to  be  brought  up  Protestants ;  and, 
lastly,  those  who  had  shown  during  the  ten  years'  war  in  Ire- 

1  Otli  March,  165-1-.5.  Order.  Passes  over  tlie  Shannon  belweon 
Jamestown  and  Sligo  to  be  closed,  so  as  to  make  one  entire  line 
between  Coiniaught  and  the  adjacent  parts  of  Leinster  and 
Ulster.     A   (So). 


102  THE   CEOMWELLIAN    SETTLEMENT 

land  their  Constant  Good  Affection  to  the  Parhament  of  Eng- 
land in  preference  to  the  King.  There  they  were  to  dwell 
without  entering  a  walled  town  or  coming  within  five  miles  of 
some,  on  pain  of  death.  All  were  to  remove  thither  by  the 
1st  May,  1654,  at  latest,  under  pain  of  being  put  to  death 
by  sentence  of  a  court  of  military  officers,  if  found  after  that 
date  on  the  English  side  of  the  Shannon. ^ 

Connaught  was  at  this  time  the  most  wasted  province 
in  the  kingdom.  Sir  Charles  Coote  the  younger,  disregard- 
ing the  truce  or  Cessation  made  by  order  of  the  king  with  the 
Irish  in  1643,  had  continued  to  ravage  it,  like  another  Attila, 
with  fire  and  sword. ^  The  order  was  for  the  flight  of  the 
Irish  nation  thither  in  winter  time,  their  nobles,  their  gentry, 
and -their  commons,  with  their  wives  and  little  children,  their 
young  maidens  and  old  men,  their  cattle,  and  their  household 
goods. 

The  officers  of  the  army  were  themselves  struck  with  the 
difficulties  of  executing  the  orders  of  the  Parliament  of  Eng- 
land. The  gentry  and  farmers  were  then  engaged  in  harvest- 
ing the  crop  they  had  been  encouraged  to  plant  on  account 
of  the  scarcity.  The  whole  nation,  panic-struck  at  having  to 
travel  during  the  winter  to  Connaught,  and  to  abandon  the 
lands  they  were  still  in  occupation  of,  were  deprived  of  all 
motive  to  go  on  A\ith  their  tillage.       The  country  must  next 


1  ''  The  further  Instructions  confirmed  by  this  Act."  Act  for 
the  satisfaction  of  the  Adventurers  for  Lands  in  Ireland  and 
Arrears  due  to  the  Soukliery  there.  26  September,  1653. 
vScobell's  "  Acts  and  Ordinances,"   Anno  1653,  chap.  xii. 

2  P.  58,  vol.  1st,  "  Alithinologia ;  sive  Veridica  Responsio,  &c. 
[in  English].  A  true  Answer  to  the  Attack  of  R.  F.  [Richard 
Farrel],  Capuchin,  full  of  Lies,  Fallacies,  and  Calumnies  against 
a  large  body  of  the  Clergy,  Nobility,  and  Irish  of  ever,y  rank,  pre- 
sented to  the  Propaganda  in  the  year  1659.  By  Eudoxius 
Alithinologus  [John  Lynch,  Priest,  Archdeacon  of  Tuam.]" 
Printed  at  St.  Malo'.  1664.     2  vols.     4to. 


OF    IRELAND.  103 

year  be  a  \vaste,  for  the  soldiers  could  not  be  put  in  posses- 
sion in  time  to  sow.  Then  there  was  the  possibility  that  the 
Irish  generally  might  decline  to  remove,  and  incur  all  penal- 
ties, and  prefer  death  itself  to  transplanting  under  such  diffi- 
culties. 

The  officers  communicated  their  thoughts  to  the  Commis- 
sioners for  the  Government  of  Ireland,  who  communicated 
them  to  the  Council  of  State  in  England. 

The  Commissioners  for  Ireland,  to  use  their  own  expres- 
sions, were  overwhelmed  with  a  sense  of  their  difficulties,  and 
of  their  own  unworthiness  and  weakness  for  so  great  a  service. 
They  felt  they  had  neither  wisdom  nor  strength  for  such 
matters;  and  that  they  might  truly  say,  "  The  children  are 
now  come  to  the  birth,  and  much  is  desired  and  expected,  but 
there  is  no  strength  to  bring  forth." 

They  therefore  fasted,  and  enjoined  the  same  thing  on  all 
Christian  friends  in  Ireland,  and  invited  the  commanders  and 
officers  of  the  army  to  join  them  in  lifting  up  prayers  with 
strong  crying  and  tears  to  Him  to  whom  nothing  is  too  hard, 
that  His  servants,  whom  He  had  called  forth  in  this  day  to 
act  in  these  great  transactions,  might  be  made  faithful,  and 
carried  on  by  His  own  outstretched  arm  against  all  opposi- 
tion and  difficulty,  to  do  what  was  pleasing  in  His  sight. ^ 

Meantime  they  proceeded,  as  in  duty  bound,  to  carry  out 
the  law.  They  issued  their  orders,  dated  the  15th  October, 
1653,  for  the  better  carrying  on  the  great  work.  Fathers  and 
heads  of  families  were  to  proceed  before  30th  January,  1654, 
to  Loughrea,  to  commissioners  appointed  to  set  them  out 
lands  competent  to  the  stock  possessed  by  them  and  by  the 


1  Letter,  dated  9th  November,  1653,  from  the  Commissioners 
for  Ireland  "  to  the  commanders  of  the  respective  precincts,  to 
be  communicated  to  the  rest  of  our  Christian  friends  there," 
A  (90),  p.  555, 


104  THE   CK01\1WELLIAN    SETTLEMENT 

tenants  and  friends  who  were  to  transplant  with  them.  They 
were  there  to  build  huts  against  the  arrival  of  their  wives  and 
families,  who  were  to  follow  before  the  1st  of  May.  The  com- 
missioners were  to  be  guided  by  a  statement,  or  Particular, 
which  each  proprietor,  before  leaving  home,  was  to  present  to 
the  revenue  officer  of  the  precinct  for  his  certificate.  It  set 
forth  the  abode,  names,  ages,  stature,  colour  of  the  hair,  and 
other  marks  of  distinction  of  the  transplanter  and  his  family, 
and  of  all  his  tenants  and  friends  who  were  to  accompany  hiin 
into  Connaught,  together  with  the  number  of  their  cattle, 
quantity  and  quality  of  tillage,  and  other  substance. ^  From 
the  grey-haired  sire  of  seventy,  to  the  blue-eyed  daughter  of 
four  years  old,  the  family  portraiture  is  given  in  these  trans- 
planters' certificates.  Sometimes  there  is  a  long  list  of 
tenants  and  friends,  and  sheep  and  cattle,  accomj)anying  the 
chief  proprietor  of  the  district  into  exile,  like  the  pictures  of 
the  descent  of  the  Israelites  into  Egypt.  In  others,  a  landlord, 
who  perhaps  had  rendered  himself  distasteful  to  his  tenan^ts, 
had  none  to  accompany  him;  for  tenants  were  not  required 
to  adhere  to  their  landlord ;  they  might  sit  down  in  Connaught 
as  tenants  under  the  State.  Occasionally  in  these  certificates 
is  described  a  gentleman,  like  Sir  Nicholas  Comyn,  of  Lime- 
rick precinct,  "nuixib  at  one  side  of  his  body  of  a  dead  palsy, 
accompanied  only  by  his  Lady,  Catherine  Comyn,  aged  thirty- 
five  years,  flaxen-haired,  middle  stature;  and  one  maid  ser- 
vant. Honor  ny  McNamara,  aged  twenty  years,  brown  hair, 
middle  stature;  having  no  substance,  but  expecting  the  bene- 
fit of  his  qualification."  Or  orphans;  as,  "Ignatius  Stac- 
pole,  of  Limerick,  orphant,  aged  eleven  years,  flaxen  haire, 
full  face,  low  stature;  Katherine  Stacpoole,  orphant,  sister  to 


1  From   a  printed   copy   (original),   preserved   in   the  muniment 
roum,   Kilkenny  Castle. 


OF    lEELAND.  105 

the  said  Ignatius,  aged  eight  years,  flaxen  haire,  full  face; 
having  no  substance  to  relieve  themselves,  but  desireth  the 
benefit  of  his  claim  before  the  Commissioners  of  the 
Revenue."^ 

James,  Lord  Dunboyno,  in  the  county  of  Tipperary,  de- 
scribes himself  as  likely  to  be  accompanied  by  twenty-one 
followers,  and  as  having  four  cows,  ten  garrans,  and  two 
swine. 2  Uame  Katherine  Morris,  of  Lathragh,  in  the  same 
county;  thirty-five  followers,  one  and  a  half  acre  of  summer 
corne,  ten  cows,  sixteen  garrans,  nineteen  goats ;  two  swine. 
Lady  Mary  Hamerton,  of  Eoscrea :  forty-five  persons,  three 
and  a  half  acres  of  summer  corn,  forty  cows,  thirty  garrans, 
forty-six  sheepe,  two  goats.^  Pierce,  Lord  Viscount  Ikerrin : 
seventeen  persons,  sixteen  acres  of  winter  corne,  four  cows, 
five  garrans,  twenty-four  sheep,  two  swine.  Eor  each  acre  of 
winter  corn,  three  acres  of  land  were  to  be  assigned,  summer 
corn  and  fallow  being  included;  for  each  cow  or  bullock  (of 
two  years  old  and  upwards),  three  acres;  for  each  yearling 
one  acre;  for  each  garran,  nag,  or  mare  (of  three  years  old 
and  upwards),  four  acres;  for  every  three  sheep,  one  acre; 
and  for  goats  and  swine  proportionately.*  These  assigmnents 
were  only  conditional;  for  at  a  future  date  other  commis- 
sioners were  to  arrive  and  sit  at  Athlone,  to  determine  the 
claims,  i.e.,  the  extent  of  lands  the  transplanter  had  left  be- 
hind him,  and  to  distinguish  the  qualifications,  i.e.  the  extent 
of  disaffection  to  the  Parliament,  by  which  the  proportion  to 
be  confiscated  was  to  be  regulated,  and  an  equivalent,  called  a 


i  Pp.  ]2,  1.3,  Rook  of  Transplanters'  Certificates,  in  tlie  Record 
Tower,  Dublin  Castle. 

2  lb.     Among  the  records  of  the  late  Auditor-General's  Office, 
Custom   House  Buildings. 

3  lb.     lb.  4  A  (90),  p.   629, 


1U6  THE   CROMWELLIAN    SETTLEMENT 

Final  Settlement,  was  to  be  given  in  Connauglit.     These  first 
assignments   were   technically   called   Assignments  de  Bene 

Esse. 


REMONSTRANCES    OF    THE   IRISH. 

And  now  there  went  forth  petitions  from  every  quarter  of 
the  kingdom,  praying  that  the  petitioners' flight  might  not  be 
in  the  winter  time;  or  alleging  that  their  wives  or  children 
were  sick,  their  cattle  unfit  to  drive, — that  they  had  crops  to 
get  in.  Some  were  still  collecting  men  for  transport  to  Spain. 
Others  had  claims  to  exemption,  under  articles  of  war.  All 
sought  a  dispensation. 

The  petitioners  were  the  noble  and  the  wealthy,  men  of 
ancient  Enghsh  blood,  descendants  of  the  invaders — the  Fitz- 
geralds,  the  Butlers,  the  Plunkets,  the  Barnwalls,  Dillons, 
Cheevers,  Cusacks,  names  found  appended  to  various  schemes 
for  extirpating  or  transplanting  the  Irish  after  the  subduing 
of  Lord  Thomas  Fitzgerald's  rebellion  in  1535.  They  were 
now  to  transplant  as  Irish.  The  native  Irish  \\-ere  too  poor  to 
pay  scriveners  and  messengers  to  the  Council,  and  their  sor- 
rows were  unheard,  though  under  their  rough  coats  beat 
hearts  that  felt  pangs  as  great  at  being  driven  from  their  na- 
tive homes  as  the  highest  in  the  land.  The  first  dispensations 
were  limited  within  the  1st  of  May,  the  Commissioners  for 
the  Affairs  of  Ireland  not  being  empowered  to  dispense  from 
compliance  with  the  Act  of  Parliament.  But  they  represented 
to  the  Council  of  State  in  London  (which  had  legislative 
power  while  Parliament  was  not  sitting)  that  all  tillage  would 
cease  unless  people  were  encouraged  to  put  in  a  crop  with  the 
prospect  of  reaping  it.  Powers  were  accordingly  given  to 
them  to  grant  dispensations  for  the  wives  and  children  and 


OF    IRELAND.  107 

necessary  servants  of  those  who  should  crop  their  land,  who 
were  to  be  permitted,  in  case  the  father  or  head  of  the  family 
should  have  complied  with  the  orders  of  the  state,  and  have 
removed  into  Connaught,  to  stay  behind  with  not  more  than 
one  or  two  servants  to  watch  the  corn  in  the  ground,  and  to 
attend  to  the  threshing  and  "  inning"  of  it.^  But  from  the  1st 
of  May,  1654,  their  estates  would  be  either  taken  possession 
of  by  the  soldiers,  or  let  by  the  state  to  other  tenants,  to 
whom  they  must  pay  for  the  standing  of  their  crop  from  that 
date  till  removed,  an  eighth  or  a  fifth  sheaf,  according  to  the 
custom  of  the  country. 

The  estate  now  called  Woodlands,  the  seat  of  Lord 
Annaly,  adjoining  the  Phoenix  Park,  Dublin,  formerly  known 
as  Luttrelstown,  was  the  seat  of  the  Luttrels,  from  the  days 
of  King  John  until  sold,  about  seventy  years  ago,  b}^  Luttrel, 
Lord  Carhampton,  to  the  ancestor  of  Lord  Annaly. 

Thomas  Luttrel,   the  owner,   though  stronglv  attached  to 


1  "  Commissioners    for   Ireland    to    Colonel   Foulk,    Governor    of 
Tredagh,  and  the  Commissioners  of  JRevenue   there. 

"  Gentlemen, — The  Commissioners  of  the  Commonwealth  of 
Enghmd  for  tlie  Affairs  of  Ireland  have  read  your  letter  of  the 
25th  instant,  declaring  that  several  persons  removing  from  your 
parts  into  Connaught  desire  some  time  to  stay  for  their  wives, 
children,  and  stock,  for  the  better  enabling  them  to  travel,  and 
that  it  is  your  judgment  that  by  their  short  stay  the  contribu- 
tion will  be  the  better  secured.  They  have  commanded  me  to 
signify  that  you  may  suspend  the  transplantation  of  such  wives 
and  children  (whose  husbands  and  parents  are  to  go  into  Con- 
naught) for  such  time  as  you  shall  judge  fit,  not  exceeding  the 
1st  July  next,  and  may  permit  the  stay  of  their  cattle  until  they 
be  in  a  condition  to  drive,  allowing  but  one  servant  to  look  after 
the  respective  herds  or  flocks,  and  such  servants  to  be  neither 
proprietors  nor  such  as  have  been  in  arms  against  the  Common- 
wealth. 

"  Thos.  Herbert,  Clerk  of  the  Council, 

"  Cork  House,  27th  Ainil.   1654,"      A   (00).   p.   668. 


108  THE    CRO^nVELLlAN    SETTLEMENT 

the  English  interest,  as  appeared  by  his  getting  a  decree  at 
Athlone,  in  1658,  of  Good,  though  not  Constant  Good  Affec- 
tion,! was  obhged,  as  an  Irish  Papist,  to  make  way,  when 
Lord  Ormond  handed  over  Dublin,  and  the  sword  of  state,  in 
1647,  to  the  Parliament,  for  Lord  Broghill,  who  was  after- 
wards succeeded  as  tenant  to  the  state  by  Colonel  Hewson, 
Governor  of  Dublin.  In  1652,  Luttrel  got  permission  to 
occupy  the  stables  and  till  the  land.^ 

On  the  30th  September,  1654,  he  was  dispensed  from 
being  transplanted  until  the  1st  of  December  following,  in 
"regard  his  whole  livelihood  and  his  family's  depended  on 
improving  the  crop  of  corn  that  was  then  in  taking  off  the 
ground.  "2  On  the  15th  March,  1655,  upon  his  inability, 
through  his  weakness  by  sickness,  to  travel  into  Connaught, 
he  was  further  dispensed  till  the  1st  June.*  Before  this  time, 
however,  he  had  departed,  leaving  his  wife  behind;  for  on  the 
18th  of  May  she  was  dispensed  until  the  1st  of  June  follow- 
ing, on  her  representation  that  her  husband  was  already 
transplanted,  and  that  she  had  a  great  charge  of  children  and 
stock  which  were  not  yet  in  a  condition  to  drive. ^ 

But  often  the  owners  were  transplanted,  and  got  liberty  to 
return  to  reap  their  crop,  or  to  send  back  their  servants. 
Thus  John  Talbot,  ancestor  of  Lord  Talbot  de  Malahide,  had 
to  yield  his  castle  to  chief  Baron  Corbet,  and  transplant,  and 
in  April,  1655,  got  a  pass  for  safe  travelling  from  Connaught 
to  the  county  of  Dublin  to  dispose  of  his  corn  and  other  goods, 
giving  security  to  return  within  the  time  limited.^ 

Considerable  difficulties  arose  about  these  allowances  be- 
tween the  families  of  the  transplanted,  left  behind  to  watch 


i  A  (22),  p.  149.  2  A  (82),  p.  515;  ib.,  p.  534. 

3  A  (4),  p.  17.  *  A  (6),  p.  134. 

5  lb.,  p. 217.  6  lb.,  p.  173, 


OF    IRELAND.  109 

the  crop  and  the  soldiers.  On  the  1st  of  May,  1654,  the  first 
considerable  disbanding  took  place ;  and  from  the  moment 
any  district  was  assigned  to  the  soldiers,  they  becaine  uncon- 
trolled masters  of  it.  Thus,  the  officers  and  soldiers  whose 
lots  had  fallen  in  the  district  called  the  Eower,  in  the  county 
of  Kilkenny,  were  declared  entitled  to  have  an  allowance  for 
the  standing  of  the  corn  on  the  lands  fallen  to  them  for  their 
arrears  from  the  1st  of  May  last  (1654)  till  December  follow- 
ing, according  to  the  custom  of  the  country,  not  exceeding  a 
fifth  sheaf  ;*  and  the  transplanted  inhabitants  of  the  county  of 
Waterford,  finding  that  their  wives  and  children  were  inter- 
rupted in  the  securing  of  their  crops,  petitioned  the  govern- 
ment from  Connaught  for  protection. ^  The  government 
thereupon  ordered  that  the  Commissioners  of  Revenue  of  the 
precinct  where  the  respective  crops  of  corn  were  should  per- 
mit the  wives,  and  such  servants  of  theirs  as  were  permitted 
to  stay,  to  receive  the  benefit  of  their  crop,  having  discharged 
the  contribution  due  thereout,  and  allowing  the  new  proprie- 
tors an  eighth  sheaf,  or  such  proportion  as  is  usually  made  in 
those  parts,  according  to  the  custom  of  the  country.  But  the 
crudest  act  of  these  rough  soldiers  was  that  they  and  the 
state  tenants  entered,  and  proceeded  without  mercy  to  turn 
out  the  wives  and  children  of  these  transplanted  proprietors 
and  their  servants  engaged  in  watching  their  last  crop,  with- 
out giving  them  even  a  cabin  to  shelter  in,  or  allowing  them 
grass  for  their  cows  on  lands  so  lately  their  own.^       The 

1  A  (4),  p.  6.  2  lb.,  p.  50. 

3  "  To    the    Commissioners   of    the    Bevenue    of    the    respective 
Precincts. 

"  Dublin,  26  May,  1654. 
"  Gentlemen, ^Whereas  we  have  been  informed  that  several 
persons  that  have  taken  leases  of  lands  from  the  Commonwealth 
belonging  to  Irish  inhabitants  that  are  to  be  transplanted  in 
Connaught  from  the  1st  of  May,  instant,  and  upoJi  orders  of 
possession   for   the   same,    have   entered   by   virtue   of   their   said 


110  THE    CEOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

ancient  owners  became,  in  fact,  strict  tenants  at  will  to  the 
state  from  the  time  that  the  Parliament  declared  the  for- 
feited lands  to  belong  to  the  soldiers  and  Adventurers, 
though,  as  would  appear  from  Sir  John  Burke's  complaint, 
they  had  been  promised,  or  understood  they  were  entitled  to, 
a  six  months'  notice  to  quit.^ 


APPLICATIONS  FOR  DISPENSATIONS  FROM  TRANSPLANTATION. 

The  applications  for  dispensations  were  innumerable,  and 
the  Commissioners  were  overwhelmed  with  them. 

Margaret  Barnwall  had  long  been  troubled  with  a  shaking 
palsy. 2     Mrs.  Eobinson  was  aged  about  ninety,   and  blind, 

leases,  and  turned  out  the  former  Irish  possessors  and  their  ser- 
vants, without  allowing  them  any  cabbins  or  other  liabitacons  for 
such  necessary  servants  as  they  leave  behind  them  for  looking 
after  their  corn  in  the  ground,  and  inning  and  thrashing  of  the 
same,  contrary  to  the  provisions  made  in  the  order  for  transplant- 
ation, we  therefore  hereby  order  that  you  take  care  that  in  cases 
where  the  said  Irish  are  denied  such  liberty  as  aforesaid,  you 
cause  convenience  of  room  to  be  allowed  for  servants  dwelling  and 
thrashing  the  said  corn  now  in  the  ground,  with  grazing  on  the 
said  lands  fit  for  such  sort  of  cattle  as  will  be  needful  for  carry- 
ing in  the  corn  in  harvest. 

"  We  remain  your  loving  friends, 

"  Chas.  Fleetwood,  Miles  Corbet,  John  Jones." 
A  (90),  p.  702. 

1  "  Upon  consideration  had  of  the  agreement  made  by  the  Com- 
missioners of  Revenue  with  the  petitioner.  Sir  John  Bourke,  and 
others  in  like  condition  with  him,  that  he  should,  upon  six 
months'  notice,  remove  out  of  the  possession  of  the  lands  in  the 
petition  mentioned,  and  the  petitioner  having  been  required  to 
remove  into  Connaught  upon  the  general  declaration  for  trans- 
planting, the  Councill  do  not  think  fit  to  do  anything  in  his  case, 
but  do  expect  that  the  petitioner  should  conform  himself  to 
former  orders  for  removing  into  Connaught. 

"  Thos.  Herbert,  Clerk  of  the  Council. 
"  16^/t  Off.,  1654." 

A  (4),  p.  67.  2  A  (6),  p.  266. 


OF    IRELAND-  111 

and  never  in  arms  (as  was  alledged)  and  had  eighteen  plough- 
lands  set  out  to  the  soldiery. i  Mary  Archer  had  an  aged  fa- 
ther, who  would  be  suddenly  brought  to  his  grave  wanting 
his  accustomed  accommodation. 2  Lady  Margaret  Atkinson 
was  ©f  great  age,  and  no  one  to  support  her  but  her  son,  Sir 
George  Atkinson,  a  Protestant. ^  Lady  Culme  prayed  not  to 
be  deprived  of  her  servant.*  Elinor  Butler,  widow,  had  a 
charge  of  helpless  children. ^     Dowager  Lady  Lowth  was  of 


1  A  (85),  p.  438.  2  A  (12),  p.  65. 

3  "  Upon  consideration  of  tlie  petition  of  Sir  G.  Atkinson  on 
the  behalf  of  his  mother,  the  Lady  Margaret  Atkinson,  desiring 
that  his  said  mother  might  be  dispensed  with  from  transplanta- 
tion, and  remain  in  the  province  of  Ulster;  and  consideration 
being  had  of  the  report  of  Colonel  Markham,  Captain  Shaw,  and 
Thomas  Richardson,  Esq.,  unto  wliom  it  was  referred,  who  have 
certified  that  in  regard  of  the  said  Lady's  great  age,  as  also  that 
she  hath  no  friend  to  support  her  save  only  her  said  son,  a  Pro- 
testant, and  for  that  it  appears  by  Sir  Charles  Coote's  certifi- 
cate that  she  hath  always  lived  inoffensively  in  said  quarters, 
they  are  of  opinion  slie  should  not  be  removed  into  Connaught 
or  Clare  without  special  direction ;  and  that  she  may  in  the 
meantime  continue  to  reside  with  her  said  son.  It  is  therefore 
ordered  that  she  be  dispensed  with  from  transplantation  until 
1st  May,  and  that  she  be  permitted  to  enjoy  that  proportion  of 
her  estate  according  to  her  qualification. 

"  T.  Herbert,  Clerk  of  the  Council. 

"  Duhlii},  30f/(   Octoher,  1G54."     A  (4),  p.  116. 

*  A  (12),  p.  214. 

s  '■'  Upon  the  consideration  of  tlie  Petition  of  Ellinor  Butler, 
widow,  and  the  order  of  the  Commissioners  of  the  Revenue  of 
Waterford,  and  the  report  of  Colonel  Lawrence,  &c.,  &c.,  and  it 
being  his  opinion  that  the  petitioner's  own  person  and  her  help- 
less children  should  be  dispensed  with  as  to  her  present  trans- 
plantation; and  that  she  be  permitted  to  bring  buck  Iter  cattle 
from  Connaught  towards  the  maintenance  of  herself  and  chil- 
dren:  We,  the  said  Deputy  and  Council,  agree,  &c.,  that  she 
be  permitted  to  bring  back  her  said  cattle  without  molestation, 
&c.     Dublin,  16th  October,  1654."     A  (4),  p.  64. 

8  A   (4),  p.  211. 


112  THE   CROMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

great  age  and  iinpotency.s  John,  Lord  Baron  Power,  of  Cur- 
raghmore,  had  for  twenty  years  past  been  distracted,  and 
destitute  of  all  judgment. ^  Piers  Creagh,  of  Limerick,  was 
hated  by  his  countrymen  for  his  former  known  inclination  io 
the  Enghsh  Government. ^  John  Bryan,  of  Bawnmore,  in 
the  county  of  Kilkenny,  Esq.,  had  been  instrumental  in 
the  discovering  of  certain  persons  found  guilty  by  the  High 
Court  of  Justice  of  a  murther  at  Urlingford.^  Philip  Eo 
O'Hugh  [O'Neii],  had  given  intelligence  of  Sir  Phelim 
O'Neii  whereby  he  was  apprehended  and  brought  to  justice. 
Kobert  Plunket  had  given  information  against  several  pri- 
soners now  in  the  INIarshalsea,  who  are  of  great  alliance  to  the 
Irish,  and  his  safety  would  be  risked  in  Connaught'  (a  common 
statement).  Mrs.  Cashin,  of  the  barony  of  Eermoy,  county 
of  Cork,  was  of  known  integrity  to  the  English  in  the  wars, 
and  very  affectionate  to  them,  having  had  her  servants  slain 
by  the  rebels,  her  houses  burnt,  and  thereby  brought  to  a  very 
low  condition,  and  "she  utterly  refuseth  to  forsake  the 
English. '  '^  Lord  Viscount  Ikerrin  had  great  weakness  and  in- 
firmity of  body.^  Dominic  Bodkin,  Nicholas  oge  French,  and 
Kichard  Kerroan  (Kirwan),  inhabitants  of  Galway,  pleaded 
their  singular  good  services,  whereby  they  had  pi'ejudiced  their 
private  interests,  and  contracted  malice  from  those  of  their 
own  nation,  amongst  whom  they  were  now  to  live,  which 
might  prove  dangerous  to  them  -^  Major  Charles  Cavanagh 
and  his  brother  James, — their  inoffensive  demeanour  to  the 
English. 8  Anne  White,  widow,  of  the  town  of  Wexford, 
sought  to  spend  the  remnant  of  her  days  there  on  the  certifi- 
cate of  Colonel  Lawrence,  Governor  of  Waterford,  who  had 

1  A  (4),  p.  363.  2  lb.,  p.  112.  3  A  (84),  p.  208. 

4  A  (85),  p.  531.  s  lb.,  p.  437.  e  ib.,  p.  384. 

7  A  (30),  p.  160.  8  A  (6),  p.  9. 


OF    IKELAND.  113 

observed  her  charity  for  four  or  five  years  past,  her  good 
affections  to  English  officers,  and  others  quartered  in  her 
house — a  very  useful  person  to  that  town ;  and  if  any  of  her 
religion  might  live  in  any  garrison,  none  more  deserving  than 
she.^  Mary  Thorpe,  a  Protestant,  the  wife  of  Dillon,  an  Irish 
Papist,  and  transportable  for  her  husband's  recusancy,  being 
a  person  fearing  God,  and  affecting  his  worship  in  his  ordi- 
nances, that  she  might  have  better  conveniency  for  hearing 
the  Gospel  preached. ^  James  Briver,  of  Waterford,  because 
the  Lord  hath  been  pleased  to  enlighten  his  heart  to  the  true 
way  of  salvation,  the  Protestant  religion,  and  therefore  desir- 
ing to  live  among  the  English,  where  he  might  have  the  real 
exercise  of  his  religion. 3  Cicely  Plunket, — that  her  husband 
was  a  schoolboy  at  the  breaking  out  of  the  rebellion,  and  had 
since  lived  inoffensively;  that  her  husband  was  upon  his 
transplanting,  but  that  his  whole  substance  depends  upon  her 
corn  in  her  haggard,  and  prayed  time  for  making  benefit  of  her 
corn  and  provision  for  herself  and  her  children.*  Margaret 
Cusack,  that  she  was  seventy-eight  years  of  age,  and  dropsi- 
cal.s  Mary  Butler,  widow  of  Mr.  Eichard  Butler,  of  Balhna- 
kill,  in  the  county  of  Tipperary,  her  affection  to  the  English 
forces,  and  having  discovered  an  ambushment  of  the  Irish  to 
cut  off  the  Enghsh.s  John  Eose,  of  Warrenstown  in  the 
barony  of  Dunboyne,  his  having  suffered  much  in  the  begin- 
ning of  the  rebellion  for  his  affection  to  the  English  interest, 
and  served  as  a  trooper  under  Captain  Bland  against  the 
rebels,  and  was  wounded,  and  also  that  he  was  of  English 
parents.''  Henry  Burnell,  for  his  tedious  and  languishing 
sickness,  sought  time  till  1st  of  June  next,  by  which  time  it 

1  A  (6),  p.  170.  2  A  (4),  p.  29.  3  a  (85),  p.  410. 

4  lb.  p.  248.  5  lb.,  p.  188.  6  lb.,  p.  219. 

7  A  (G),  p.  23o. 
L 


114  THE    CllOMWELLIAN    SETTLEMENT 

was  probable  he  might  recover  his  strength,  and  be  able  to 
travel  on  foot  to  Connaught.  Nicholas  Barnwall,  of  Turvey, 
and  Bridget,  his  wife,  Countess  of  Tyrconnel,  in  regard  of 
their  great  age  and  infirmity  of  body. 

The  mayor  and  inhabitants  of  Cashel,  in  consideration  of 
a  promise  made  to  them  by  the  Lord  Protector,  such  at  least 
as  were  not  in  the  rebel  army,  and  were  acutually  inhabiting 
Cashel  at  the  time  of  the  Lord  Protector's  promise. ^  The 
old  native  inhabitants  of  Limerick  having  laboured  as  much 
as  in  them  lay  to  preserve  the  EngHsh  interest,  and  to  sur- 
render to  the  English,  whereby  they  became  odious  to  the 
Irish.  2 

The  transplantation  of  the  Kilkenny  submittees,  as  those  of 
the  Leinster  army  were  called,  that  laid  down  their  arms  under 
the  articles  entered  into  at  Kilkenny  on  12th  May,  1652,  had 
some  features  of  peculiar  hardship.  The  officers  of  the  Parlia- 
ment army  engaged  really  and  truly  to  mediate  for  them  with 
the  Parliament,  that  they  might  enjoy  such  moderate  parts 
of  their  estates  as  should  make  the  lives  of  those  who  should 
not  retire  in  voluntary  banishment  to  Spain,  but  live  amongst 
the  English,  comfortable,  and  undertook  that  in  the  mean- 
time they  should  enjoy  such  part  of  their  estates  as  had  not 
been  disposed  of;  and  under  this  latter  clause  the  Commis- 
sioners for  Ireland  ordered  them  possession  of  their  undis- 
posed of  estates  till  1st  April,  1653. 

Part  of  Lord  Trimleston's  manor  had  been  given  in  custo- 
diuvi  to  Mrs.  Penelope  Bay  ley,  the  widow  of  Colonel  Bay  ley, 
by  a  special  order  of  Lord  Deputy  Ireton,  in  1650 ;  but  in  May, 
1652,  for  her  greater  security,  she  took  a  lease  of  them  for 
one  year  from  the  state,  which  she  let  for  the  time  to  one 
Cusack,  who  assigned  them  to  his  brother-in-law,  Lord  Trim- 

lA  (85),  p.  244.  2  lb.,  p.  247. 


OF    lEELAND.  115 

Icston.  When  this  lease  expired,  she  renewed  it  for  three 
years;  but  Lord  Trimleston,  being  in  possession  at  the  expira- 
tion of  the  first  lease,  contended  he  was  entitled  to  hold  them 
under  the  Kilkenny  Articles,  and  bribed  Mr.  I^ryan  Darley, 
the  surveyor,  ^ho  was  to  put  Mrs.  Bayley  in  possession,  by 
£4,  Mrs.  Bayley  having  given  Mr.  Darley  £6.  Lord  Trim- 
leston being  thus  in  possession,  Mrs.  Bayley  had  to  get  an 
order  to  put  him  forth,  and  to  have  the  surveyor  arrested  for 
the  fraud. ^  When  the  order  for  transplantation  issued  in  Octo- 
ber, 1653,  and  Lord  Trimleston  and  the  other  Kilkenny  sub- 
mittees  were  called  on  to  transplant.  Lord  Trimleston  on  his 
own  behalf  and  theirs  pleaded  that  by  the  6th  article  they  ex- 
pected the  enjoyment  of  such  remnant  of  their  real  estate  as 
should  make  their  lives  comfortable  amongst  the  English  ;  and 
that  this  was  not  performed ;  and  that  they  were  exempt  from 
transplantation.  But  the  Commissioners  for  Ireland 
answered  that  the  Act  of  Parliament  overrode  the  articles,  and 
that  they  must  transplant  to  Conn  aught,  where  they  would 
have  one-third  set  out  to  them  by  the  Loughrea  Commis- 
sioners in  some  convenient  place,  with  such  houses  and  ac- 
commodation as  might  make  their  lives  comfortable,  and 
with  due  regard  to  the  nature  and  goodness  of  the  soil  from 
whence  they  should  remove. ^  They  then  appealed  to  the 
Committee  of  Articles,  at  Westminster,  who  were  of  opinion 
that  it  would  be  a  breach  of  faith  to  transplant  them ;  but  the 
Commissioners  enforced  their  view.  On  12th  of  April,  1655, 
they  made  their  last  effort,  and  got  liberty  to  stay  in  their 
respective  dwellings  until  the  1st  of  May,  and  their  wives 
and  children  until  the  20th.* 

These  Kilkenny  submittees  were  the  lords  and  gentlemen  of 
the  Pale,  the  Barnwalls,  the  Nettervilles,  Bellews,  Plunkets, 
and  others.     They  comphiined  that  the  officers  in  possession 

1  A  (84),  p.  408.  2  A  {S),  p.   177.  3  A   (6),  p.  205. 


I 


116  THE   CIIOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

of  their  estates  were  sheltering  their  tenants,  and  prayed  that 
they  might  be  ordered  to  assist  them  in  driving  their  cattle, 
and  removing  of  their  carriages  to  Connaught.  But  this  was 
refused  :  all  relation  between  landlord  and  tenant  had  ceased 
between  them,  but  the  transplantable  tenants  were  ordered 
to  be  arrested.^ 

How  strict  \\'as  the  imprisonment  of  the  transplanted  in 
Connaught  may  be  judged,  when  it  required  a  special  order 
for  Lord  Trimleston,  Sir  Kichard  Barnwall,  Mr.  Patrick 
Nctterville,  and  others,  then  dwelling  in  the  suburbs  of 
Athlone  on  the  Connaught  side,  to  pass  and  repass  the  bridge 
into  the  part  of  the  town  on  the  Leinster  side  on  their  busi- 
ness, and  only  on  giving  security  not  to  pass  without  the 
line  of  the  town  without  special  leave  of  the  governor. ^ 


WILLIAM  SPENSBU,  THE  GRANDSON  OF  EDMUND  SPENSER,  THE 
AUTHOR  OF  THE  "  FAERY  QUEEN,"  TO  BE  TRANSPLANTED  AS 
AN  "  IRISH  PAPIST." 

It  has  already  been  remarked  that  the  descendants  of  those 
statesmen  of  Henry  VIII. 's  day,  who  were  so  full  of  schemes 
for  confiscating  the  lands  of  the  Irish,  and  transplanting 
or  extirpating  them,  had  to  abandon  their  estates,  and  to 
transplant  to  Connaught.  In  Queen  Elizabeth's  reign  there 
was  no  more  deadly  enemy  to  Ireland  than  Edmund  Spenser ; 
he  was  secretary  to  Lord  Grey  de  Wilton,  all  whose  cruelties 
he  justified.  He  deals  with  transplantation  as  if  the  Irish 
were  beasts  of  the  field,  that  might  be  driven  from  one  pro- 
vince to  another  for  the  convenience  of  the  English.  .  He 
obtained  a  grant  from  his  cruel  master  of  the  castle  and  lands 
of  Kilcolman,  beside  the  Blackwater,  late  the  inheritance  of 

i  A   (6),  p.   205.  2  Ibid.,   p.  346. 


OF  IRELAND.  117 

the  Fitzgeralds.  One  can  scarce  pity  his  lot.  It  was  his 
fate  to  see  this  mansion  burned  before  his  eyes,  with  all  it 
contained,  including  one  of  his  infant  children.  The  robber 
was  thus  robbed,  the  spoiler  spoiled;  and  he  went  down  to 
the  grave  in  darkness,  in  lodgings  in  London,  banished  by 
the  Irish,  who  retook  their  former  lands.  By  a  retribution 
so  common  in  Ireland,  the  grandson  of  this  English  settler 
had  become  Irish,  and  the  very  woes  his  ancestor  had  con- 
trived for  the  Irish  came  to  be  inflicted  on  his  descendant. 
Among  those  seeking  to  be  dispensed  from  transplantation  to 
Connaught  was  William  Spenser,  whose  grandfather  (as 
Cromwell  wrote  to  the  Commissioners  for  the  Affairs  of  Ire- 
land) was  that  Spenser  who  by  his  writings  touching  the  re- 
duction of  the  Irish  to  civility  brought  upon  him  the  odium 
of  that  nation.  That  very  estate  near  Fermoy  which  was 
confiscated  from  the  Fitzgeralds,  and  conferred  on  him  about 
seventy  years  before,  is  now  confiscated  anew,  and  set  out 
among  the  soldiers  of  the  Commonwealth  army,  and  his 
grandson  is  ordered  to  transplant  to  Connaught  as  "Irish 
Papist."  William  Spenser  appealed  to  Cromwell ;  and  Crom- 
well, out  of  regard  for  the  works  of  Edmund  Spenser, 
endeavoured,  but  in  vain,  to  save  his  lands  for  him.^ 

1  "  Lord  Frutector  to  Commissioners  for  Affairs  in  Ireland, 

"  Whitehall,   27th   Mhreh,    1657. 

"  Right  Tiu'Sty  and   avell  Beloved, 

"  A  petition  hatli  been  exhibited  unto  us  by 
William  Spenser,  setting  forth  that  being  but  seaven  years  old 
att  the  begiiuiing  of  the  rebellion  in  Ireland,  bee  repaired  with 
his  mother  to  the  Citty  of  Corke,  and  during  the  rebellion  coji- 
tinued  in  the  English  quarters;  that  hee  never  bore  arms,  or 
acted  against  ye  Commonwealth  of  England;  that  his  grand- 
father, Edmund  Spenser,  and  his  father,  were  both  Protestants, 
from  whom  an  estate  in  lands  in  the  barony  of  Fermoy,  and 
county  of  Corke,  descended  to  him,  which  during  the  rebellion 
yielded  nothing  towards  his  reliefe;  that  ye  estate  hath  been 
lately  given  to  the  souldiers  in  satisfaction  of  their  arrears, 
upon  aecompt  of  liis  professing  the  Popish  religion,   which  since 


118  THE   CKOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 


THE   TROUBLES    OF   THE   COMMISSIOXERS    FOR   IRELAND. 

Besides  the  complaints  of  the  transplanting  Irish,  the 
Commissioners  of  Ireland  had  to  meet  and  answer  the  peti- 
tions of  their  own  officers.  The  transplanting  work  (they  write) 
\\'e  are  drudging  on  with,  and  it  is  hard  work  to  put  in  prac- 
tice, whatever  you  in  England  may  imngine.^  The  Commis- 
sioners of  Revenue  found  their  returns  affected  hy  the 
transplantation,  "it  had  so  distracted  and  discomposed  the 
people."  The  agents  from  the  countries  declared  their  in- 
ability to  pay  the  expected  taxes  if  that  held.^  Irish  entrusted 
by  their  neighbours  with  collecting  the  assessment  payable  by 
the  different  baronies  were  escaping  into  Connaught  with  the 
balances,  without  passing  their  accounts. ^     Kerry  would  be 

his  coming  to  years  of  discretion  hee  hath,  as  hee  professes, 
utterly  renounced;  that  his  grandfather  was  that  Edmund 
Spenser,  who  by  his  writings  touching  the  reduction  of  ye  Irish 
to  civilitj'  brought  on  him  the  odium  of  that  nation,  and  for 
those  works  and  liis  other  good  services  Queen  Ehzabetli  con- 
ferred on  him  3't  estate  whicli  the  said  William  Spenser  now 
claims.  Wee  liave  also  l)een  informed  that  ye  gentleman  is  of  a 
civil  conversation,  and  that  the  extremitie  his  wants  have 
brought  him  unto  have  not  prevailed  over  him  to  put  him  upon 
indiscreet  or  evil  practices  for  a  livelihood.  And  if  upon  enquiry 
you  shall  find  his  case  to  be  such,  wee  judge  it  just  and  reason- 
able, and  do  therefore  desire  and  authorise  you  yt  hee  bee  forth- 
with restored  to  his  estate,  and  that  reprisall  lands  bee  given 
to  the  souldiers  elsewhere.  In  ye  doing  whereof  oiir  satisfaction 
wil  be  the  greater  by  the  continuation  of  that  estate  to  ye 
issue  of  his  grandfather,  for  whose  eminent  deserts  and  services 
to  ye  Commonwealth  yt  estate  was  first  given  to  him. 
"  W^e   rest,   your   loving   friend, 

"  Oliver,    P." 

Book  of   ''  Letters  from  the   Lord   Protector,"    p.    118,   Record 
Tower,   Dul)lin  Castle. 

1  "  Mercur.   Politicus,"   October   12,   1653,   p.   2839. 

2  Ibid.,   p.    5241. 

3  "  The   time   for  transplanting   the   Irish  being  at   hand,   and 
the  ablest  of  the  Irish  inhabitants  to  remove  thereupon,  amongst 


OF  IRELAND.  119 

desolate,  therefore  contracts  must  be  made  to  provide  bag- 
gage horses  for  carrying  provisions  to  the  garrisons,  and  for 
inning  of  hay  for  the  horse  and  dragoons  there. ^  Officers  and 
Protestants  prayed  that  they  might  not  be  deprived  of  their 
tenants  and  servants.  The  Lady  Xetterville,  the  Lady  Ahson 
Talbot,  Mr.  Nicholas  Barnwall,  of  Turvey,  the  Lady  Mary 
Allen,  Thomas  Luttrell,  of  Luttrelstown,  and  others  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Dublin,  applied  for  a  rehearing,  as  they 
had  material  things  to  offer  against  the  report  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Officers,  to  show  they  should  not  be  transplanted. ^ 
Officers  entrusted  with  clearing  the  towns  of  Irish,  unwilling 
to  be  answerable  for  the  consequences  of  literally  executing 
the  order,  required  categorical  answers  from  the  government 
to  their  queries.  Colonel  Sadleir  asks  whether  any  Irish 
Papist  shall  be  permitted  to  live  in  the  town  of  Wexford?  If 
any,  whether  all  the  seamen,  boatmen,  and  fishermen,  or 
how  many?  How  many  packers  and  gillers  of  herrings? 
How  many  coopers?  How  many  masons  and  carpenters? 
What  shall  be  done  with  the  Irishwomen  which  are  Papists, 
who  are  married  to  Englishmen  and  Protestants  ?  What  shall 
be  done  with  the  Irishmen  who  are  turned  Protestants  and 


which  it  is  probable  that  the  most  of  those  persons  who  have 
been  entrusted  as  commissioners,  agents,  or  trustees  for  baronies 
will  be  included,  who  will  some  of  them  doubtless  take  the 
advantage  to  avoid  accompting  with  the  country  for  their 
receipts  and  collections  before  departure.  .  .  .  We  therefore 
desire  you  will  take  care  to  call  all  such  of  the  Irish  or  others 
who  have  been  entrusted  witli  the  receipt  of  publique  moneys 
in  your  precinct,  to  account  in  convenient  time  before  their 
transplanting.   ... 

"  Your  affectionate  friends, 

"  Edward    Roberts.  Benjamin    Worsley. 

"  Corhe  House,  March  2nd,   1651. 

'"  To   the   Commissioners  of   tlie   I'recinct   of    Limerick." 
Records  of  late  Auditor-General's  Office,  Custom  House  Buildings. 

1  A  (85),  p.  L^94.  2  A  (84),  p.  816. 


120  THE   CEOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

come  to  hear  the  word  of  God?^  The  Commissioners  of 
Loughrea  troubled  them  even  more.  They  asked  whether  by 
Popish  rescusants  of  the  Irish  nation,  and  therefore  trans- 
plantable, might  be  understood  those  whose  fathers  or 
mothers,  or  both,  were  English,  only  themselves  born  in 
Ireland?  Whether  persons  enlisted  by  their  landlords,  being 
officers,  though  they  were  never  in  the  field  nor  marched  out 
of  their  country?  Whether  Papists  that  first  served  in  the 
rebel  army,  but  then  took  service  under  the  Commonwealth, 
if  still  on  muster?  Whether  ixien  marrying  transplantable 
widows  become  themselves  transplantable  ?  Whether  the 
wives  and  children  of  those  gone  to  Spain  be  transplantable, 
as  well  as  those  remaining  behind  in  like  condition  with  them- 
selves? W'hat  do  the  Commissioners  for  Ireland  mean  by 
Irish  widows  of  English  extract  ?  What  course  shall  be  taken 
with  those  transplanted  that  set  themselves  down  where  they 
choose,  refusing  to  come  to  their  assignments,  contrary  to 
the  4th,  5th,  6th,  and  7th  instructions,  which  hinder  the 
Commissioners  from  giving  any  account  either  of  the  number 
or  quality  of  the  transplanted  persons,  and  also  from  dispers- 
ing the  septs  according  to  instructions  ?2 

THE   FIRST   ASPECT   OF   CONNAUGHT. 

The  difficulties  of  the  government  were  increased  by  the 
leports  arriving  from  Connaught  from  the  earliest  trans- 
planters, to  the  families  they  left  behind  preparing  to  follow, 
who  were  thereby  discouraged.  They  found  the  country  a 
waste.  In  the  summer  of  this  year  the  famine  was  so  sore, 
that  the  natives  had  eaten  up  all  the  horses  they  could  get, 
and  were  feeding  upor^one  another,  the  living  eating  the  dead.^ 

1  A  (85),   p.   178.  2  Ibid.,   p.   544. 

3  '•  Mercur.  Politicus,"  June  8,  1653,  p.  2516. 


OF  IKELAKD.  121 

The  county  of  Clare  was  totally  ruined,  and  deserted  of  in- 
habitants. Out  of  nine  baronies,  comprising  1,300  plough- 
lands,  not  above  40  ploughlands  at  the  most,  lying  in  the 
barony  of  Bunratty,  were  inhabited  in  the  month  of  June, 
1653,  except  some  few  persons  living  for  safety  in  garrisons.^ 
Scarce  a  place  to  shelter  in.  The  castles  either  sleigh  ted  by 
gimpowder,  as  dangerous  to  be  left  in  the  hands  of  the  Irish  ;2 
or  occupied  by  the  English  soldiery,  or  by  the  ancient  Irish 
proprietors,  who  looked  upon  the  transplanters  as  enemies 
liable  to  supplant  them,  and  therefore,  encouraged  their  fol- 
lowers to  give  them  rough  reception. ^  Besides  this,  the 
Loughrea  Commissioners  gave  some  of  the  earliest  trans- 
planters assignments  in  the  barony  of  Burren,  in  the  county 
of  Clare,  one  of  the  barrenest,  where  it  was  commonly  said* 
there  was  not  wood  enough  to  hang  a  man,  water  enough  to 

1  A  (84),  p.  205. 

2  "  Upon  reading  the  petition  of  Edmund  Dogherty,  mason, 
and  the  certificates  of  the  Commissioners  at  Loughrea,  setting 
forth  that  the  said  Ednuind  Dogherty  is  to  receive  tlie  sum  of 
£82  10s.  Od.,  for  demolishing  thirteene  castles  in  ye  county  of 
Clare,  at  £2  10s.   Od.  each  castle  :    ordered,   etc. 

"  Charles    Fleetwood.     Robert    Couuwin. 
"  Ihthlin,    Ist   January,    1655." 
Late  Auditor-Ceneral's  Records,  vol.  x.,  p.  188. 

3  "  Whereas  information  hath  been  given  unto  this  Board,  that 
many  of  the  Irish  nation  of  the  province  of  Connaught  have 
offered  several  affronts  and  abuses  to  divers  of  the  transplanted 
persons  ...  it  is  hereby  ordered  that  Sir  C.  Coote,  Knt.  and 
Bart.,  Lord  President  of  Connaught,  Colonel  Ingoldsby,  &c., 
or  any  two  or  more  of  tliem,  be  empowered  upon  proof  made 
before  them  .  .  .  forthwith  to  transplant  such  Irish  proprietors 
or  others  from  their  present  habitations  into  some  remote  part 
of  Connaught,  that  shall  so  menace  or  assault,  &c.,  there  to  live. 

"  Dated  at  Athlone,  18th  June,  1655."     A  (6),  p.  346. 

*  "  Whitelock's  Memorials,"   at   the  year   1651,   p.   521. 


122  THE    CHOMWELLIAN.  SETTLEMENT 

drow7i  him,  or  earth  enough  to  bury  him.*  They  were  there- 
fore scared,  hke  the  first  beasts  too  suddenly  driven  at  a 
slaughter  yard,  communicating  their  terrors  to  the  herd  be- 
hind. The  English  officers,  too,  were  not  assisting  to  put 
them  in  possession  of  their  assignments. ^  Ferrymen  and  toll- 
keepers  were  exacting  tolls,  contrary  to  the  orders  of  govern- 
ment.* 


THE  FIRST  YEAR  OF   TRANSPLANTATION. 

The  Commissioners  for  the  Affairs  of  Ireland,  from  a  fore- 
sight of  the  ruin  to  fall  upon  the  English  by  executing  literally 

1  "  Council   of  Ireland   to   Lougltrea   Coinmifisinners. 

"  Dublin   Castle,    ISth    July,    1655. 

"  Being  informed  that  you  beginn  to  sett  down  persons  in 
the  baronies  of  Burren  and  Inchiqueen,  which  places  being 
generally  reputed  and  known  to  be  sterill,  wee  fear  it  may  much 
hinder  the  business  of  the  transplantation,  by  disheartening 
those  wliich  shall  come  after,  when  they  shall  see  such  assigna- 
tions  made   in  the   entrance   of  this   work,    &c."     A    (30),   p.   82. 

(ri'ievances    of    the    Transplanted    in   Clare. 

"  2ndly,  In  regard  it  was  the  misfortime  of  your  suppliants 
to  be  assigned  to  that  part  of  ye  county  of  Clare  that  is  most 
barren,  unfertill,  and  waste,  whicli  j'ields  no  corn  but  oats  (and 
that  itself  with  much  labour  and  husbandry),  your  suppliants 
pray  that  no  sheaf  or  tax  ])e  exacted  from  tliem  whence  they 
remove. 

"  3rdly.  Whereas  the  several  transplanted  persons  thither 
have  withdrawne  themselves  with  their  cattle,  as  well  back 
[across  the  Shannon]  as  into  Connaught,  and  that  have  re- 
turned of  late  their  substance  in  the  book  of  the  fourth  part 
of  the  said  county,  may  be  forthwith  forced  to  return  back  to 
the  said  county  with  their  stocks,  otherwise  the  remaining 
transplanted  to  be  eased  of  their  proportion  of  the  charge  for 
the  future."  5th  September,  1654.  "  Grievances  of  the  trans- 
planted inhabitants  now  in  the  county  of  Clare." 

Order  Book  of  the  Council,  late  Auditor-General's  Office^ 
Custom  House  Buildings,   vol.  vii. 

2  A  (90).  p.  745.  3  A  (5),  p.  144. 


OF  IRELAND.  123 

the  law  of  transplantation,  obtained  authority  from  the  Coun- 
cil of  State  to  confine  it  to  proprietors  of  lands  and  their 
families,  and  Persons  that  had  contrived  or  abetted  the  rebel- 
lion, or  had  been  actually  in  arms.  But  to  force  even  these  to 
cross  the  Shannon  by  the  1st  of  May,  1654,  would  (if  possible) 
have  been  death  to  the  sick  and  aged,  to  the  blind  and  im- 
jjotent.  It  would,  besides,  leave  the  country  a  waste.  They 
were  therefore  empowered  to  grant  dispensations  to  be  limited 
to  the  1st  of  June  following.  But  such  a  multiplicity  of 
petitions  now  poured  in  for  extension  of  time,  that  on  the 
17th  of  May,  1654,  the  Council  appointed  Major-General  Sir 
Hardress  Waller,  Major  Anthony  Morgan,  and  Major  Brian 
Smith  to  hear  applications,  and  to  grant  dispensations  for  the 
Precinct  of  Cork,  Kerry,  and  Limerick;  Dr.  Henry  Jones  and 
others  for  Athlone,  Trim,  and  Belturbet  Precinct;  and  others 
for  the  remaining  Precincts. 

They  were  to  dispense  those  whose  lives  would  be  en- 
dangered— the  sick,  the  aged,  the  lame  and  impotent;  those 
that  aided  the  English  armies,  that  had  discovered  rebels, 
that  had  sheltered  English  and  Protestants  from  being 
murdered,  and  those  that  should  give  good  evidence  of 
renouncing  the  Popish  Superstition  and  the  Bishop  of  Rome, 
and  should  also  manifest  their  desire  to  hear  such  as  should 
instruct  them  in  the  true  and  saving  knowledge  of  Jesus 
Christ  and  His  Gospel  and  Truths.^ 

Thus,  those  were  allowed  within  the  rules  of  dispensation 
(says  Colonel  Lawrence)  who  had  aught  to  offer  of  particular 
acts  of  kindness  shown  to  the  English,  or  any  other  testimony 
of  the  heart  through  affection  to  the  English  interest;  and, 
that  not  a  cup  of  cold  water  might  go  unrequited  (given  by 
the  worst  of  enemies  to  the  meanest  of  friends),  those  obtained 
a  suspension,  with  a  special  recommendation  to  the  Commis- 

1  "  Printed  Declaration  uf  27tli  Murth.   IBM."      A  (85).  p.  26;{. 


124  THE   CKOMWELLIAK   SETTLEMENT 

sioners  at  Loughrea  for  their  convenient  accommodation 
when  they  arrived  in  Connaught.^ 

Besides  the  instances  of  apphcations  from  individuals 
already  given,  there  came  petitions  from  the  old  native  in- 
habitants of  Limerick,  traders,  of  Danish  or  English  blood  -^ 
from  the  fishermen  of  the  same  city,  being  Irish  ;3  the  former 
alleging  they  had  laboured  for  the  English  interest  to  induce 
the  citizens  to  surrender  to  Ireton,  whereby  they  became 
odious  to  the  Irish,  and  therefore  desired  some  place  on  the 
River  Shannon  to  be  assigned  them  for  their  residence. 
From  the  inhabitants  of  Dublin;*  from  the  artificers  of 
Clonmel  ;5  from  the  inhabitants  of  Dingle  ;^  from  the  in- 
habitants of  Tipperary ;''  and  from  almost  every  town  and 
county  in  the  kingdom. 

The  inhabitants  of  Cashel,  on  their  application  already 
mentioned,  were  dispensed  from  transplantation  till  1st  May, 
1655.  They  had  hastened  to  Cronawell  at  Fethard,  and  were 
the  first  that  threw  themselves  on  the  Protector's  mercy,  in- 
duced by  their  close  neighbourhood,  arid  the  good  conditions 
that  town  received.  Cromwell  had  arrived  before  its  ancient 
walls  in  a  storm  of  wind  and  sleet,  long  after  dark  on  the  night 
of  the  Brd  of  February,  1650.  Pressed  by  the  pelting  storm, 
and  anxious  to  house  his  men,  he  granted  that  the  inhabitants, 
on  giving  him  immediate  admission,  should  enjoy  their  pro- 
perties and  liberties;  and  that  the  priests  there  should  be 
spared.*  By  this  happy  accident  they  not  only  escaped  being 


1  "  Interest  of  England  in  the  Irish  Transplantation  Stated," 
&c.,  p.  7. 

2  A  (85),  p.  244.  3  1b.,  p.  363.  Mb.,  p.  430. 
5  1b.,  p.  479.                   6  lb.,  p.  229.             7  ib.,  p.  314. 

8  "  Dismal  Effects  of  the  Irish  Rebellion,"  &c. ;  to  which  are 
added  Letters  to  and  from  Oliver  Cromwell,  Ireton,  Preston, 
and  many  others,  relating  to  the  Sieges,  &c..  never  before 
printed ; — from  the  original  MSS.  of  Mr.  Cliff,  an  intimate  of 
Cromwell,  and  Secretary  to  General  Ireton."  Appendix,  p.  16. 
Folio.     Dublin  :    1743. 


OF  IliELAND.  125 

transplanted,  but  were  reported  by  the  Committee  of  Refer- 
ences for  Articles  to  be  a  people  to  be  differenced  from  the 
rest  of  the  whole  nation. ^  And  when  the  Royalist  officers, 
after  the  Restoration,  who  were  to  divide  between  them  all 
the  houses  of  the  Irish  in  the  towns,  as  not  set  out  to  the 
Adventurers  or  soldiers,  sent  their  surveyors  there,  as  to  all 
other  towns,  to  measure  and  value  the  houses,  the  Sovereign 
and  Commons  opposed  them,  and  by  force  withheld  them 
from  so  doing. 2 

They  maintained  that  their  properties  had  not  been  con- 
fiscated by  the  usurpers,  and  that  nothing  came  under  the 
new  Settlement  at  the  Restoration  but  what  had  been  "  set 
out  "  in  some  way  by  those  powers. 

But  the  progress  of  the  transplantation  during  the  first 
year,  in  consequence  of  these  dispensations,  was  not  rapid 
enough  for  the  officers  possessed  by  that  land  hunger  charac- 
teristic of  the  Anglo-Saxon  race.  They  complained  of  any 
delay  being  granted  to  the  Irish  as  displeasing  to  God  :  — 

"Letter  from  Dublin,  May  31,  1654. 

"We  are  somewhat  in  a  confused  posture  yet  with  our 
transplantation:  many  are  gone,  but  many  others  play  '  loth 

1  Report,  dated  2  November,  1652,  attached  to  the  copy  of  the 
Petition,  signed  "  in  the  name  and  by  the  appointment  of  the 
Committee,  Charles  Coote."  Late  Auditor-General's  Records. 
"  Articles  of  Capitulation,"   &c.,   pp.   35,   36. 

2  "  The  Booke  of  the  Valuation  of  Fethard  in  the  county  of 
Tipperary  "  [A.D.  1663].  Late  Auditor-General's  Records.  At 
the  foot  of  their  unfinished   survey  is  this  note:  — 

"  The  Residue  and  Remainder  of  the  Houses  and  Lands  within 
this  Corporation,  and  the  Libbertyes  thereof  wee  found  in  the 
possession  of  several!  Irish  Papists  Proprietors,  and  when  wee 
weare  proceedinge  to  a  Valuation  thereof  according  to  the 
directions  of  our  Commission  and  Instructions  which  we  Read 
unto  them,  the  Sovereign  and  Commons  of  the  said  Towne 
opposed  us,  and  by  force  withheld  us  from  soe  doeing. 

"  Thos.   Evatt,     Henry   Pyne." 


126  THE   CliOiVIWELLlAN    SETTLEMENT' 

to  depart.'  And  many  are  dispensed  with:  as  particularly 
one  whole  town,  Cashel,  towards  which  we  had  no  great 
obligation  upon  us.  But  the  Lord,  who  is  a  jealous  God,  and 
more  knowing  of,  as  well  as  jealous  against  their  iniquity 
than  we  are,  by  a  fire  on  the  23rd  instant  hath  burnt  down 
the  whole  town  in  little  more  than  a  quarter  of  an  hour,  ex- 
cept some  few  houses  that  a  few  English  lived  in  [having 
probably  taken  the  best  stone  and  slated  ones],  which  were 
wonderfully  preserved,  being  in  the  midst  of  the  town,  and 
the  houses  round  each  burnt  to  the  ground,  yet  thcij 
preserved. 

"  The  persons  that  got  their  dispensations  from  the  trans- 
plantation died  the  day  before  the  fire,  of  the  plague,  and 
none  else  long  before  or  since  dead  of  the  disease  there. "^ 

Six  weeks  later  comes  the  following  intelligence  to  Lon- 
don :  — 

"From  Dublin,  12th  July,  1654. 

The  transplanting  work  moves  on  but  slowly  ;  not  above 
six  score  [families?]  from  all  provinces  are  yet  removed  into 
Connaught.  The  flood-gates  being  shut  from  transporting  [to 
Spain],  and  one  vent  stopped  for  sending  away  the  souldiery, 
part  of  them  Irish,  they  begin  to  break  out  into  Torying,  and 
the  waters  begin  to  rise  again  upon  us."^ 

"  Fro)u  Dublin,  August  24:th,  1654. 
"  The  work  of  transplanting  is  at  a  stand.     The  Tories  flie 
out  and  increase.     It  is  the  nature  of  this  people  to  be  rebel- 
lious; and  they  have  been  so  much  the  more  disposed  to  it, 

1  P.  3538,  "  Mercurius  Politiciis,  comprising  the  summe  of  all 
Intelligence,  with  the  Affairs  and  Designs  now  on  foot  in  the 
three  Nations  of  England,  Ireland  and  Scotland;  in  Defence 
of  the  Commonwealth  and  the  Information  of  the  people." 
[Published   weekly.]     Licensed   to   be   printed." 

2  P.  3636,    "Mercurius  Politicus,"   &c. 


OF    IRELAND.  127 

having  been  highly  exasperated  by  the  transpLanting  work.^ 
This  makes  many  turn  Tories  who  give  no  quarter,  none 
being  given  to  them."^ 

The  year  closes,  however,  more  satisfactorily:  — 

"From    Dublin,   Dccc))tbcr  21st,    16o4. 

"  The  transplantation  is  now  far  advanced,  the  men  being 
gone  for  to  prepare  their  new  habitations  in  Connaught. 
Their  wives  and  children  and  dependents  have  been  and  are 
packing  away  after  them  apace,  and  all  are  to  be  gone  by  the 
1st  of  March  next."^ 


THE   SECOND   YEAR   OF   TKANSPLAXTATIOX. 

The  year  1655  was  one  of  the  most  trying  to  the  Commis- 
sioners for  the  Affairs  of  Ireland.  By  the  1st  of  March  the 
last  of  the  Irish,  not  dispensed,  were  to  be  withdrawn  behind 
the  line  of  the  Shannon.  Many  reginaent  of  horse  and  foot 
were  to  be  disbanded,  and  to  have  lands  assigned  them  for 
their  arrears.  The  news  from  Dublin  of  the  21st  of  March 
describes  the  Council  as  very  diligent,  sitting  every  day,  and 
most  days  twice.  The  enforcing  of  the  Rule  for  Transplanta- 
tion at  this  juncture  of  time  (it  was  said),  puts  them  in  much 
trouble.*  There  had  been,  it  seems,  an  immoderate  and  uni- 
versal fall  of  rain  that  season.  The  ways  were  deep,  the  cattle 
weak ;  the  journeys  to  Connaught  were  rendered  more  hazar- 
dous, especially  for  transplanters'  wives  and  children,  and 
their  breeding  and  young  cattle.  To  let  all  persons,  therefore, 
know,  that  as  had  hitherto  been  in  the  hearts  of  those  in 

1  "  Mercur.  Politicus/'  p.  3732.         2  Ibid.,  p.  5241. 
3  P.  5048,  ibid,  4  Ibid,  p.  5251. 


128  THE    CKOMWELLIAN    SETTLEMENT 

authority  over  thein  to  exercise  all  tenderness  consistent  with 
the  work  of  transplantation  (as  already  expressed  in  their 
proceedings  towards  them  in  this  matter),  and  to  leave  such 
as  should  prove  refractory  without  excuse,  the  Lord  Deputy 
and  Council  issued  their  printed  declaration  of  27th  February, 
1655. 

They  thereby  declared  that  on  condition  the  husbands  and 
heads  of  families  went  off  to  Connaught  by  the  1st  of  March 
following,  their  wives  and  children,  and  necessary  servants, 
with  their  cattle,  might  obtain  licences  to  continue  in  their 
present  dwellings  until  the  1st  of  May.  But  only  on  produc- 
ing to  the  Commander  in  Chief  and  Justices  of  the  Peace  of 
the  district  the  certificate  of  the  Loughrea  Commissioners, 
that  their  husbands  had  appeared  before  the  Commissioners 
there,  and  W'ere  preparing  for  their  families.  Otherwise 
they  were  to  be  put  out  of  protection — that  is  to  say,  to  be 
treated  as  enemies  in  a  state  of  war.^  The  true  reason  of 
this  relaxation,  however,  w^as  no  weakness  of  the  Lord 
Deputy  and  Council,  nor  of  the  transplanters'  wives  and 
young  cattle.  But  how  could  they  hang  such  multitudes 
(though  only  Irish)  as  neglected  to  stir,  or  where  find  prisons 
to  hold  them  ? 

The  temper  of  the  officers  and  soldiers  and  other  expect- 
ant planters  at  these  delays  may  be  judged  by  the  following 
intelligence,  written  for  publication  in  London:  — 

"  Athy,  March  4,  1654-5. 

"  I  have  only  to  acquaint  you,  that  the  time  prescribed  for 
the  transplantation  of  the  Irish  proprietors,  and  those  that 
have  been  in  arms  and  abettors  of  the  rebellion ;  being  near  at 
hand,  the  officers  are  resolved  to  fill  the  gaols  and  to  seize 

1  "  Printed  Declaration  of  27th  February,  1654."  British 
Museum,  806.1  (1.4). 


OF    IRELAND.  129 

them :  by  which  this  bloody  people  will  know  that  they  [the 
officers]  are  not  degenerated  from  English  principles;  though 
I  presume  we  shall  be  very  tender  of  hanging  any  except  lead- 
ing men;  yet  we  shall  make  no  scruple  of  sending  them  to 
the  West  Indies,  where  they  will  serve  for  planters,  and  help 
to  plant  the  plantation  [of  Jamaica]  that  General  Venables, 
it  is  hoped,  hath  reduced."^ 

The  government,  accordingly,  pressed  on  the  great  work. 
They  proceeded  to  seize  and  sell  the  crops  of  those  families 
that  delayed  to  transplant,  and  to  apply  the  moneys  arising 
from  the  sale  for  buying  stores  to  relieve  those  that  trans- 
planted according  to  the  law.^ 

They  issued  the  most  threatening  orders.  They  then  or- 
dered the  general  arrest  of  all  transplantable  persons  untrans- 
planted  by  a  certain  day.*  This  was  put  in  execution,  said 
the  ancient  peers  and  proprietors  of  Ireland  at  the  Eestora- 
tion  (who  protested  against  the  proposal  of  the  Cromwellians 
that  their  acceptance  of  pittances  of  laud  in  Connaught,  to 
save  their  perishing  families,  should  be  held  to  bar  them  of 
their  hereditary  estates),  at  one  and  the  same  time  through- 
out the  kingdom,  by  troopers  and  soldiers  dragging  the 
poor  people  out  of  their  beds  in  the  dead  of  night,  and  bring- 
ing them  in  such  troops  as  there  was  not  gaol  room  enough 

1  4530,  "  Mercurius  Politic-us,"  &c. 

2  Ibid.,   p.   4569. 

"  Monday,   April  2nd,   1655. 

"  The  Lord  Deputy  and  Council  in  Ireland  have  published  a 
Declaration  for  making  sale  of  the  corn  of  such  Irish  proprie- 
tors and  others  that  did  not  transplant  themselves  into  Con- 
naught,  according  to  the  Declaration  of  30  November  last,  for 
buying  stores  to  relieve  those  that  do  transplant  themselves 
according  to  the  said  Declaration." 

"  Perfect  Proceedings  of  State  Affairs,  &c.  (during  the  week 
between  29th  March  and  3rd  April,  1655)." 

3  19th  March,  1654-5.  General  search  for  and  arrest  of  all 
transplantable  persons  untransplanted,  ordered,  and  courts 
niiirtial  appointed  to  try  them.     A  (26),  p.  75. 


i30  THE    CROMWELLIAN    SETTLEMENT 

to  contain  them.  Therefore  (they  continue),  some  were  put 
to  death ;  others  sold  as  slaves  into  America  ;  others  detained 
in  prison  till  they  were  not  able  to  put  bread  into  their 
mouths ;  others,  as  partakers  of  the  greatest  favour  that  could 
be  expected,  only  released  on  condition  of  transplanting  into 
C  onn  aught.  ^ 

Instructions  were  now  issued  to  the  officers  in  the  dif- 
ferent Precincts  for  getting  rid  of  some  of  the  wretched  mass 
that  overthronged  the  gaols.  Queries  came  from  Colonel 
Sadleir  from  Wexford,  from  Colonel  Phayre  from  Cork,  and 
from  other  officers  in  command,  to  know  who  should  be  held 
to  be  "  Swordmen"  and  who  "  Proprietors,"  the  two  classes 
that  were  to  transplant.  The  Lord  Deputy  and  Council 
answered  that  among  "Swordmen"  were  to  be  included  Irish 
who  kept  watch  and  ward — that  were  pressed  or  forced — 
Peders  and  Garsons — Militiamen — Trained  bandmen — Auxi- 
liaries— and  those  meeting  at  Rendezvous.  Also  men  who 
by  command  of  Governors  of  towns  or  forts  l)ore  arms  in  any 
town  or  garrison. 2 

They  were  directed  to  consider  as  Proprietors  "  and  trans- 
plantable," mortgagors  and  mortgagees,  and  their  eldest  sons 
(though  never  in  arms);  the  brothers,  sons,  and  next  heirs  of 
such  (if  there  be  no  sons)  who  may  be  in  a  possibility  to  in- 
herit; copyholders  (with  not  above  twenty  acres)  were  also 
transplantable ;  lessees  for  seven  years  and  their  children ; 
widows  entitled  to  jointure  were  to  be  also  deemed  proprie- 
tors and  transplantable  ;3  also  the  wives  and  children  of  sword- 
men gone  to  Spain,  and  the  orphans  of  transplantable  persons. 

1  "  The  Roman  Catholics  of  Ireland,  their  Answer  to  Proposals 
offered  [to  the  King  in  Council]  in  order  to  the  Settlement  of 
Ireland  by  the  Commissioners  from  the  Convention  of  Ireland,  in 
1660."  "  Carte  Papers,"  "  Ireland,"  vol.  vii.,  p.  6.  Bodleian 
Library. 

2  A  (5),  p.  196.  3  A  (6),  349. 


OF    IRELAND.  131 

Men  marrying  transplantable  persons  became  themselves 
transplantable.  But  sick  and  aged  widows  (among  other 
ancient  and  feeble  men  and  women,  and  blind  and  impotent 
persons)  might  be  dispensed,  but  all  others  must  transplant. 
And  all  transplanters,  who  had  been  previously  licensed,  but 
had  outstayed  their  licences  and  been  arrested,  might  be  let 
at  liberty,  engaging  hrst  to  transplant  before  1st  March  fol- 
lowing. They  might  also  set  at  liberty  and  dispense  for  six 
months  those  who,  though  not  able  to  prove  Constant  Good 
Affection,  could  be  held  Good  Affection  Men,  not,  however, 
above  forty  in  number  from  each  district  prison.  And  all 
such  "  Swordmen  and  Proprietors  "  as  by  two  Justices  of  the 
Peace  were  certified  to  have  really  renounced  Popery,  and 
for  six  months  past  had  constantly  resorted  to  Protestant 
worship,  were,  on  giving  security  to  transplant  by  12th  of 
Api'il  following,  to  be  set  at  liberty.^  Protestantism  now 
appeared  so  amiable  that  conversions  spread.  At  Athy  be- 
nighted numbers  received  a  new  light;  and  Colonel  Henry 
Pretty,  Captain  John  Bennett,  with  Mr.  John  Murcot,  a 
preacher  to  the  Lord  Deputy  and  Council,  were  ordered  to 
repair  thither.  The  latter  was  one  who,  by  his  severe  car- 
riage at  Chester,  had  become,  according  to  his  own  account, 
ridiculous  to  the  wicked ;  so  that,  being  in  a  manner  weary 
of  that  place,  he  settled  himself  in  Dublin,  and  by  his  often 
preaching  and  praying  obtained  a  great  Hock  of  people  to  be 
his  admirers,  especially  women  and  children,  adds  Anthony 
Wood. 2  They  were  to  satisfy  themselves  upon  conference 
with  these  converts,  whether  they  could  discover  any  work 
of  conversion,  and  evidence  of  a  real  reform  in  them,  and 
whether  upon  any  conscientious  grounds  they  have  deserted 


1  A  (5),  p.  36. 

2  1st   Vol.    "  Atlieiia'     Oxonienses,"     p.     184.     2     vols.     Folio. 
London  :     1721. 


132  THE   CEOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

Popery,  or  that  for  any  feigned  consideration  or  by-ends  they 
pretend  the  embracing  of  Protestantism. ^ 

Similar  Commissions  were  issued  into  most  parts  of  the 
kingdom. 

The  Irish  of  Wexford  now  set  forth  their  resolution  to 
hear  the  Word  read  and  preached  unto  them,  and  desired 
that  Mr.  Good  might  be  their  minister.  And,  on  the  certificate 
•of  Colonel  Sadleir  of  his  competency,  he  was  appointed  to 
exercise  his  gifts  at  Wexford  and  the  neighbourhood. ^ 

Mr.  Edward  Spring,  of  Killeagh,  in  the  county  of  Kerry, 
was  dispensed,  because  it  appeared  by  the  report  of  Colonel 
Nelson  and  Lieutenant  Sands,  that  he  and  his  children  were 
renouncing  the  Eomish  religion,  and  frequenting  the  Protes- 
tant public  Meeting  places. ^ 

Upon  the  report  of  Major  Thomas  Stanley,  that  in  the 
Liberties  of  Clonmel  there  hath  been  of  late  great  resort  of 
the  Irish  to  church,  and  that  Mr.  Galatius  Hickey  was  a  per- 
son well  qualified  to  instruct  the  Irish  in  Protestant  principles, 
Mr.  Galatius  Hickey 's  yearly  salary  was  increased  from  £20 
to  £40.*  Mr.  Carey,  however,  ministerof  Bride's  Church  in 
Dublin,  complained  that  his  flock  was  careless ;  and  the  Mayor 
of  the  City,  with  Alderman  Hutchinson  and  Mr.  Price,  were 
to  inquire  after  such  as  were  remiss  in  coming  to  hear  the 
Word,  when  the  Petitioner  preached  in  the  Irish  language  or 
otherwise ;  and  that,  under  pretext  of  repairing  to  the  meeting 
places,  frequented  ale  houses,  or  mis-spent  the  time  set  apart 
for  "  publique  Duty"  in  unwarrantable  exercises,  to  the 
scandal  of  their  profession.  And  the  Irish  so  offending  were 
to  be  made  an  example  of,  by  requiring  them  to  transplant 
forthwith  into  Connaught.^ 

1  A  (85),  p.  472.  2  A  (1),  p.  41. 

8  A  (4),  p.  37.  4  A  (91),  p.  89. 

3  A  (12),  p.  181. 


OF  IRELAND.  .  133 


SENTENCES  OF  DEATH  FOR  NOT  TRANSPLANTING. 

These  general  arrests  had  to  be  repeated  from  time  to 
time,  and  the  government  had  to  devise  excuses  after  each  to 
reheve  the  gaols  of  part  of  the  crowds.  But  the  aspect  cf 
Connaught  was  so  terrible,  that  the  wretched  hunted  ancient 
nobility  and  gentry  of  Ireland  still  lingered.  They  would  not 
obey  the  law. 

Letter  fro))i  Dublin,  21th  Juhj,  1655. 

"  The  business  of  transplanting  is  not  yet  finished.  The 
Irish  chuse  death  rather  than  remove  from  their  wonted 
habitations.     But  the  State  is  resolved  to  see  it  done." 

The  following  was  probably  the  first  case  where  death  was 
inflicted. 

"March  25th,  1655. 

"  Daniel  Fitzpatrick  and  another  in  Ireland  [this  was  pub- 
lished in  London  for  the  satisfaction  of  the  Adventurers  and 
other  capitalists  and  speculators  there]  are  condemned  by  the 
Commissioners  in  Kilkenny  for  refusing  to  transport  them- 
selves into  Connaught,  which  makes  the  rest  to  hasten." 

In  the  same  month,  with  a  view  of  quickening  the 
movements  of  transplanters,  a  court  martial,  sitting  in  St. 
Patrick's  Cathedral,  Dublin,  sentenced  Mr.  Edward  Hcthcr- 
ington,  of  Ivilnemanagh,  to  death. 

The  Commissioners  for  the  Affairs  of  Ireland,  on  2nd 
April,  1655,  considered  the  finding  of  the  court  martial,  and 
seem  to  have  sought  excuses  for  their  uneasy  consciences  for 
confirming  the  sentence.  For  they  introduced  statements  that 
Mr.  Hetherington  had  disobeyed  several  declarations  for 
transplanting ;  that  he  had  borne  arms  against  the  Common- 
wealth ;  that  it  appeared  by  the  oath  of  two  Englishmen  that 
he  was  a  Tory  in   1043,    and  with  others  had  taken  them 


134  THE   CROMWELLIAX   SETTLEMENT 

prisoners  near  the  Naass ;  and  had  confessed  to  them,  more 
probably  boasted,  as  a  feat  of  war,  that  he  had  that  day  killed 
seven  Englishmen.  With  these  statements  put  on  the  face 
of  their  order  to  palliate  the  deed  to  posterity,  they  left  it  to 
the  court  martial  either  to  put  the  sentence  into  execution,  or 
to  reprieve  him,  as  the  court  should  judge  most  agreeable  to 
justice. 1  The  officers  ordered  him  for  execution  the  next  day, 
and  he  was  duly  hanged  on  3rd  of  April,  1655;  and  to  make 
the  spectacle  more  exemplary,  he  was  hanged  with  placards 
on  his  breast  and  back,  "for  not  transplanting. "^  And  for 
not  transplanting  he  died ;  because  he  was  never  tried  on  the 
introduced  charges,  unless  behind  his  back,  unheard. 


AX  ENGLISHMAN   S   PKOTEST  AGAINST  THE  TRANSPLANTATION 
OP'    THE    IRISH. 

But  the  spectacle  of  universal  misery  of  the  Irish  nation, 
and  the  evil  consequences  to  the  English  planters  themselves, 
now  called  forth  the  book  called  "  The  Great  Case  of  Trans- 
plantation in  Ireland  Discussed. "^  It  was  anonymous.  But 
the  author  was  Vincent  Gookin,  son  of  a  planter  of  King 
James  I.'s  reign,  then  and  long  before  resident  in  the  covmty 
of  Cork.  He  was  one  of  the  six  members  for  Ireland  returned 
to  the  first  Commonwealth  Parliament  in   1G53,    called  the 


1  A  (5),  p.  114. 

2  "  The  Roman  Catholics  of  Ireland,  their  Answer,"  &c. 
"  Carte  Papers,"  Ireland,  vol.  vii.,  p.  6. 

3  "  The  Great  Case  of  Transplantation  in  Ireland  Discu.ssed  ; 
or,  certain  Considerations,  wherein  the  many  great  Inconveni- 
ences in  Transplanting  the  Natives  of  Ireland  generally  out  of 
the  three  Provinces  of  Leinster,  Ulster  and  Munster,  into 
the  Province  of  Connanght  are  shown,  humbly  tendered  to  every 
individual  Member  of  Parliament,  bj'  a  Wellwisher  to  the  good 
of  the  Commonwealth  of  England."  4to.  London:  for  J.  C, 
1655. 


OF  IRELAND.  135 

Little  Parliament.!  He  was  elected  by  the  people  of  Kinsale, 
and  represented  a  large  district  in  Munster. 

Living  among  the  Irish  he  had  as  usual  learned  to  love 
them.  He  had  appreciated  that  hearty,  affectionately  loyal 
race  of  men,  who  seem  to  be  fresh  from  nature's  hand,  and  to 
belong  to  an  earlier  and  uncorrupted  world.  His  land  hunger' 
had  been  appeased.  He  was  possessed  of  considerable  estates. 
He  had  tasted  of  the  social  freedom,  the  easy  and  animated 
life  of  an  unsubdued  people. 

Over  the  rest  of  Europe  a  thousand  years  of  Roman  and 
feudal  slavery  had  divided  society  into  conquerors  and  con- 
quered, into  gentlemen  and  serfs  ;  so  that  the  lower  classes  are 
in  many  countries  but  emancipated  villeins,  exhibiting  traces 
of  their  former  serfish  condition,  in  their  brutal  manners,  as 
those  of  the  nobility  and  gentry  do  of  conquerors  in  their 
haughty  carriage  to  inferiors.  Ireland  escaped  the  feudal  con- 
quest, and  hence,  perhaps,  it  is  that  the  English  find  in  the 
commonest  Irish  blackguard  something  of  the  gentleman  ;  but 
on  the  other  hand,  that  every  Irish  gentleman  seems  to  them 
to  have  something  in  him  of  the  blackguard.  For  such  they 
consider  the  freedoms  used  on  both  sides  in  Ireland.^     Tlie 


1  He  also  sat  as  one  of  the  twenty-nine  members  for  Ireland  in 
the   Parliament   of   1654. 

2  "  The  land  hnnger  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  race." — "  The  Times  " 
newspaper.  In  another  article  of  29th  November,  1861,  on  the 
Governor-General's  throwing  open  the  soil  of  India  to  English 
settlers,  it  says  "  that  the  resolution  of  17th  October,  1861, 
appeals  to  one  of  the  strongest  passions  in  the  human  breast, 
tlie  love  of  land.  In  most  nations  this  feeling  is  strong,  but  in 
the  British  population  the  love  of  land  [of  other  i>eoiile\^  land] 
is  powerful  in  tlie  extreme.  Our  colonial  wars  are  simply  wars 
for  land.  We  fight  for  land  in  New  Zealand,  at  the  Cape,  and 
wherever  we  settle."  Denied  it  at  home,  they  are  led  or  driven 
like  buccaneers  to  make  prey  of  it  abroad. 

3  "  Res  Gestae  Anglorum  in  Hibernia,  or  a  Supplement  to  the 
History  of  England."  By  Rowley  Lascelles.  Preface  to  "  Liber 
Munerorum  Publicorum."     In   2   yolg.     Folio.     London:    1826, 


136  THE   CllOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

Scots  at  this  very  period  observed  upon  what  they  called  "  this 
Inglish  divill  of  keeping  state."  In  England,  they  said,  it 
might  be  tolerable;  for  that  nation,  being  often  conquered, 
was  become  slavish,  and  took  it  not  ill  to  be  slaves  to  their 
superiors.  But  the  Scots,  having  never  been  conquered,  but 
always  a  free-born  people,  were  only  won  with  courtesies  and 
the  cheerful  and  affable  behaviour  of  their  nobles  and  gentry. 
No  leaders  of  this  reserved  carriage  could  ever,  at  home  or 
abroad,  perform  with  the  Scots  any  great  enterprise.  They 
were,  therefore,  warned 

"  To  learn  to  shun,  to  hate, 

The  Inglish  divill  of  keeping  state. "l 

Gookin  is  an  instance  of  the  power  possessed  by  Ireland, 
as  observed  by  Giraldus,  of  enchanting  strangers,  who  are 
scarce  arrived,  he  says,  before  they  are  contaminated  by 
the  vices  of  the  Irish.  For  such  are  the  only  terms  each 
Englishman  employs,  from  the  first  that  set  foot  on  the  soil 
to  the  latest,  to  describe  the  customs  of  the  Irish,  because 
he  finds  they  will  never  become  their  serfs  like  Saxons. 
"  These,"  writes  Sir  John  Davis,  another  Englishman,  em- 
ployed 400  years  later  to  enslave  the  Irish  by  forcing  on 
them  the  feudal  land  code  in  place  of  the  free  and  equal 
Brehon  law  of  Ireland  (and  he  uses  all  the  graces  of  lan- 
guage to  hide  the  foulness  of  the  fraud) — "these  were 
the  Irish  customs,  which  the  English  colonies  did  embrace 
and  use,  whereby  they  became  degenerate  like  those  who 
drank  of  Circe's  cup,  and  were  turned  into  very  beasts,  and 
yet  took  such  pleasure  in  their  beastly  manner  of  life  as  they 
would  not   return  to   their  shape   of  men   again.  "2      These 

1  "  Passages  from  the  Diary  of  General  Patrick  Gordon,  of 
Auchleuchries.  A.D.  1635-1699  4to.  Aberdeen.  Printed  for 
the  Spalding  Club,   1859. 

2  Sir  John  Davis,  "  Discovery  why  Ireland  was  never  thor- 
oughly subdued  until  the  reign  of  King  James  I.,"  page  672, 


OF  IRELAND.  137 

Circe  an  charms  being  nothing  else  than  the  easy  life  and 
manners  of  the  Irish.  Charming  indeed  is  the  contrast  they 
present  to  that  dulness,  the  characteristic,  as  observed  by 
this  same  Giraldus,  whether  innate  or  the  result  of  feudal 
serfdom  he  knew  not,  of  men  of  Saxon  and  German  stock. ^ 

His  father,  Sir  Vincent  Gookin,  in  1634,  published  a  pam- 
phlet in  Ireland,  in  the  form  of  a  letter  to  the  Lord  Deputy, 
being  a  bitter  invective  against  the  whole  nation,  Natives,  Old 
English,  New  English,  Papists,  Protestants,  and  all,  which  so 
enraged  all  people  against  him,  as  they  would  have  hanged 
him  if  they  could. ^  In  his  "  Great  Case  of  Transplantation 
Discussed,"  he  objected  that  the  soldiers  lately  disbanded 

1  "  Description  of  Wales,"  by  Giraldus,  chap,  xv.,  "  Their 
freeclom  and  confidence  in  speaking." 

2  Pp.   348,   349,    "Earl  of   Strafford's  Letters,"   vol.    i.     Folio. 
Strange  to  find  even  Henry  Cromwell,  who  liad  warred  here  as 

Colonel,  and  became  afterwards  Lieutenant-General  and  Lord 
Lieutenant,   enchanted  with  the   coiuitry  :  — 

"  Henry  C'romiceJl  to  the  Duhe  of  Ormond , 

"March    Sth,    1661-2. 

"  May  it  ple.^se  vorR  Grace, — The  time  of  my  protection 
expires  apace.  Nor  is  tlie  expense  of  this  toAvne  [London]  very 
suitable  to  my  condition.  It  would  be  of  great  concernment  to 
mee  to  knowe  my  doome  [he  was  seeking  to  hold  his  Irish  land], 
before  I  return  into  ye  country,  and  I  suppose  my  businesse  is 
now  as  ripe  as  ever  it  can  be  for  a  determination.  Wherefore 
I  humbly  beg  leave  of  your  Grace  to  bee  importunatt,  that  a 
period  may  bee  putt  to  my  languishings,  and  the  great  unsettle- 
nient  of  my  relations.  I  neither  expect  nor  desire  to  hold  a 
foot  of  any  restorable  land,  nor  a  foote  more  than  wliat  by  the 
mercy  of  his  Majesty's  declaration  is  afforded  me.  I  onely 
entreat  you/  Grace  to  save  mee  tlie  vexation  and  hazard  of 
soliciting  and  attendaunces  in  Ireland,  and  of  contests  with  any 
person  whatsoever  there,  where  I  wish  above  all  other  places  to 
live  though  never  so  obscurely  under  your  Grace's  protection, 
to  show  how  much  your  Grace's  patfence  about  my  business  hatli 
obleiged,  May  it  please  your  Grace,  your  Grace's  most  humble, 
most  faithfull,   and   most  obedient  servant, 

"  Henry    Cromwell," 
Carte  MSS.  FF.,  p.  265,  Bodleian  Library, 


138  THE   CKOMWP^LLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

(especially  the  private  soldiers)  had  need  of  the  Irisli.  They 
had  neither  stock,  nor  money  to  buy  stock,  nor,  for  the  most 
part,  skill  in  husbandry.  But  by  the  labours  of  the  Irish  on 
their  land,  together  with  their  own  industry,  they  might 
maintain  themselves,  improve  their  lands,  and  by  degrees 
inure  themselves  suitably  to  their  new  course  of  life.*  More- 
over, there  were  few  of  the  Irish  peasantry  but  were  skilful 
in  husbandry,  and  more  exact  than  any  English  in  the  hus- 
bandry proper  to  the  country ;  few  of  the  women  but  \\  ere 
skilful  in  dressing  hemp  and  flax,  and  making  woollen  cloth. 
In  every  hundred  men  there  were  five  or  six  masons  and  car- 
penters at  least,  and  those  more  handy  and  ready  in  building 
ordinary  houses,  and  much  more  skilful  in  supplying  the 
defects  of  instruments  and  materials  than  English  artificers. ^ 
They  have  always  been  known  as  uncommon  masters  of  the 
art  of  overcoming  difficulties  by  contrivances.' 

The  transplantation  would  injure  the  revenue.  It  \\"as  paid 
out  of  corn  which  the  Irish  raised,  living  themselves  on  the 
roots  and  fruits  of  their  gardens,  and  on  the  milk  of  their 
cows,  goats,  and  sheep,  and  by  selling  their  corn  to  the 
English  they  provided  money  for  the  "  contribution.  "^ 

A  considerable  number  of  English  had  by  this  time  already 
come  over  and  scattered  themselves  over  the  country,  pur- 
chasing farms,  and  buying  stock.  This  early  hope  must  be 
nipped  in  the  bud.  For,  if  the  transplanting  went  forward,  it 
would  so  multiply  Tories,  they  could  not  live  in  the  country, — 
and  their  stock  could  not  live  in  towns, — and  their  improve- 
ments and  buildings  must  be  utterly  lost,  and  themselves, 
M^hen  they  least  expected  it,  undone.*  For  many  of  the  in'- 
habitants  of  Ireland,  who  were  then  able  to  subsist  on  their 
gardens,  unable  to  find  subsistence  in  travelling  to  Connaught, 

*  P.    16,    "  Great   Case   of   Transplantation    Discussed." 
2P,  17,  ibid,  3P,   15,  ibid,  4  P.   17,  ibid, 


OF  IKEl.AXD.  139 

or  any  immediato  support  when  they  reached  that  wasted 
province,  would  rather  choose  the  hazard  of  Torying,  than  the 
danger  of  starving.^  "The  chiefest  and  eminentest  of  the 
nobility,  and  many  of  the  gentry,  had  taken  conditions  from 
the  King  of  Spain,  and  had  transported  forty  thousand  of  the 
most  active  spirited  men,  most  acquainted  with  the  dangers 
and  discipline  of  war.^  The  priests  were  all  banished.  The 
remaining  part  of  the  whole  nation  was  scarce  one-sixth  part 
of  what  they  were  at  the  beginning  of  the  war,  so  great  a 
devastation  had  God  and  man  brought  upon  that  land ;  and 
that  handful  of  natives  left  were  poor  labourers,  simple 
creatures,  whose  sole  design  was  to  live  and  maintain  their 
families,  the  manner  of  which  was  so  low  that  their  design 
was  rather  to  be  pitied,  than  by  anybody  feared  or  hindered.* 
Then  there  was  the  danger  that  in  Connaught  they  would  bo 
under  their  chiefs,  seated  in  a  country  furthest  distant  from 
England,  with  its  coast  most  remote  from  the  course  of  the 
English  fleet,  ready  to  receive  aid  from  any  foreign  country. 
It  was  by  these  advantages  the  English  in  the  late  rebellion 
first  lost  Connaught,  and  last  regained  it.* 

The  taxation  to  support  the  arms  was  so  insupportable 
upon  the  people  under  protection,  as  to  amount  to  a  monthly 
diminution  of  their  capital  substance,  and  drove  many  hus- 
bandmen to  such  poverty  that  they  had  only  the  hard  choice 
left  of  starving  or  turning  Tories.'  Their  bands  had  been  thus 
lately  much  increased ;  and  the  rigour  of  the  Parliament  in 
excepting  them  from  mercy  made  them  resist  to  the  utter- 
most.® To  all  these  objections  was  to  be  added  the  difficulty 
of  enforcing  the  transphuitation.  "  The  Irish  would  say  they 
could  but  find  want  and  ruin  at  the  \\'orst  if  they  stay,  and 

1  P.  20,   "  Great  Case  of  Transplantation  Discussed." 

2  Id.  Ibid.  3  P.  22,  ibid.  *  P.  26,  ibid. 
9  P.   13,  ibid.            6  p.  25,  ibid, 


140  THE   CROi\IWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

why  should  they  travel  so  far  for  that  which  will  come  home 
to  them ?  Against  transplantation  the  Irish  have  ('tis  strange) 
as  great  a  resentment  as  against  loss  of  estate,  yea,  even  death 
itself.  But,  supposing  they  should  have  a  dram  of  rebellious 
blood  in  them,  or  be  sullen  and  not  go  ?  can  it  be  imagined  that 
n  whole  nation  will  drive  like  geese  at  the  wagging  of  a  hat 
upon  a  stick  ?"^  And  in  conclusion  it  was  asked,  "  When  will 
this  wild  war  be  finished ;  Ireland  planted ;  inhabitants  dis- 
burthened ;  souldiers  settled?  The  unsettling  of  a  nation  is 
easy  work;  the  settling  is  not.  The  opportunity  for  it  will 
not  last  always  :  it  is  now.  The  souldiers,  exhausted  with 
indefatigable  labours,  hope  now  for  rest.  It  had  been  better 
if  Ireland  had  been  thrown  into  the  sea  before  the  first 
engagement  on  it,  if  it  is  never  to  be  settled.  "^ 


FURY  OF  THE  CROMWELLIAN  OFFICERS  AGAINST  THE  AUTHOR 

OF  "the  case  of  transplantation  discussed." 

The  publication  of  this  work  roused  all  the  fury  of  the 
officers  of  the  English  army.  It  was  just  at  the  moment  when 
one  of  the  three  great  disbandings  was  about  to  take  place, 
and  lots  to  be  cast,  and  possession  of  their  lands  to  be  taken 
by  the  soldiery.  They  sent  in  petitions  from  various  quarters. 
"  The  Council  of  War  at  head  quarters  in  Ireland  "  addressed 
His  Highness  the  Lord  Protector,  stating  that  the  Parliament 
had  provided  for  their  satisfaction  in  land  and  for  the  trans- 
plantation of  the  Irish,  and  that  without  such  transplantation 
"your  petitioners'  lands  cannot  long  be  safely  enjoyed  by  them 
and  their  posterity."  And  they  fell  upon  the  author  of  the 
book,  including  him  amongst  "some  persons  belonging  to 
Ireland,"  who  endeavoured  to  obstruct  them  in  their  settle- 

1  P.    26,    '•  Great    Case    of    Transplantation    Discussed," 
3  Ibid. 


OF  lEELAND.  141 

ment  upon  the  lands  provided  for  them  by  Parhament,  and 
with  plainly  injuring  the  army,  and  unsettling  the  work  of 
English  plantation  in  Ireland.^  But,  besides  the  odious  charge 
of  being  an  Irishman,  or  of  having  "  degendred  "  as  Spenser 
calls  it,  from  being  a  "right  Englishman,"  hating  and  de- 
spising the  Irish  and  everything  belonging  to  them  but  their 
lands,  they  insinuated  that  he  was  bribed  by  them:  — 

"Dublin,  Fchntarij  IQtJi,  1654-5. 

"  The  Irish  are  troubled  to  hear  of  the  dissolution  of  the 
late  parliament,  in  whom  they  had  great  hopes ;  but,  blessed 
be  God!  their  hopes  are  prevented.  There  is  a  letter  carry- 
ing on  for  maintaining  of  agents,  of  which  I  presume  the 
gentleman  that  lately  wrote  the  Case  of  Transplantation 
(thereby  abusing  rulers)  is  to  have  a  considerable  share.  The 
Irish  are  much  given  that  way,  the  sweetness  of  which  makes 
some  of  those  that  have  lived  long  among  them  so  much 
desire  their  company ;  but  assure  yourself,  that  if  they  were 
in  Connaught,  Ireland  would  be  a  very  good  land,  and  soon 
all  planted.  "2 

The  Council  of  War  sitting  at  Dublin  plainly  stated  the 
real  purpose  of  the  transplantation. 

From  the  officers  in  the  country  (as  provincials  are  natu- 
rally more  stupidly  religious  than  people  at  head-quarters), 
came  the  following  petition,  in  which  is  strangely  mixed  the 
Bible  stuff  they  had  crammed  their  heads  and  hardened  their 
hearts  with,  and  the  true  end  in  view, — the  possession  undis- 

1  Numb.  26. 
P.   4530,    "  Perfect   Proceedings   of   State   Affairs  in  England, 

Scotland,  and  Ireland,  with  the  Transactions  of  other  Nations, 
from  Thursday,  March  15th,  to  Thursday,  March  22nd,  1654-5. 
Entered  into  the  Register's  Book  according  to  the  Act  for  Print- 
ing. 4to.  Printed  at  London  for  Robert  Ibbetson,  dwelling  in 
Bmithfield,  near  Hosier-lane:    1654." 

2  P.  5136,  "  Mercurius  Politicus,"  &c. 


142  THE   CI^OMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

turbed   of   the    lands   they   had   seized   from   the    gentry   of 
Ireland  :  — 

"  The  humhlc  Petition  of  the  Officers  ivithin  the  Precincts  of 
Dublin,  CatherJoiigh,  Wexford,  and  KiJhemiy,  in  the  behalf 
of  themselves,  their  Souldiers,  and  other  faithful  English 
Protestants,  to  the  Lord  Deputy  and  Council  of  Ireland." 

They  pray  that  the  original  order  of  the  Council  of  State 
in  England,  confirmed  by  Parliament  September  27th,  1653, 
requiring  the  removal  of  all  the  Irish  nation  into  Connaught, 
except  boys  of  14  and  girls  of  12,  might  be  enforced  :  "  For 
we  humbly  conceive  [say  they],  that  the  proclamation  for 
transplanting  only  the  proprietors  and  such  as  have  bin  in 
arms  will  neither  answer  the  end  of  safety  nor  what  else  is 
aimed  at  thereby.  For  the  first  purpose  of  the  transplantation 
is  to  prevent  those  of  natural  principles  [i.e.,  of  natural  affec- 
tions] becoming  one  with  these  Irish,  as  well  in  affinity  as 
idolatry,  as  many  thousands  did,  who  came  over  in  Queen 
Elizabeth's  time,  many  of  which  have  had  a  deep  hand  in  all 
the  late  murthers  and  massacres.  And  shall  we  join  in  affinity 
[they  ask]  with  the  people  of  these  abominations?  Would 
not  the  Lord  be  angry  with  us  till  ho  consumes  us,  having 
said,  '  The  land  which  ye  go  to  possess  is  an  unclean  land, 
because  of  the  filthiness  of  the  people  that  dwell  therein.  Ye 
shall  not  therefore  give  your  sons  to  their  daughters,  nor  take 
their  daughters  to  your  sons,'  as  it  is  in  Ezra  ix.,  11,  12,  14. 
'  Nay,  ye  shall  surely  root  them  out  before  you,  lest  they 
cause  you  to  forsake  the  Lord  your  God,'  Deut.  vii.,  2,  3,  4, 
10,  18."  .   .  . 

"3rd.  Thereby  honest  men  will  be  encouraged  to  come 
and  live  ainongst  us,  in  reguard  the  other  three  provinces 
will  be  free  of  Tories  \\'hen  there  is  none  left  to  harbour  or 
relieve  them.   .   .   . 


OF  IRELAND.  143 

''4th.  That  mahce  or  exasperation  of  spirit  may  be  pre- 
vented that  will  arise  in  them  against  us  when  they  see  us 
enjoy  their  estates. 

"  6th.  You  may  thereby  free  many  from  being  murthered 
by  those  whose  relations  were  killed  by  their  means  [i.e.,  by 
the  English]  as  instruments  in  the  hand  of  the  Lord,  they 
being  a  people  of  such  inveterate  malice  as  to  continue  and 
labour  to  revenge  themselves  twenty  or  thirty  years  after  an 
injury  received  which  they  cannot  do  when  separated. 

"  10th.  You  will  thereby  enlarge  the  liberties  of  the  poor 
English  who  are  confined  within  walls  and  garrisons,  to  their 
great  impoverishment,  in  reguard  that  they  are  fain  to  house 
or  barn  their  cattle,  and  to  make  use  of  barren  land,  whilst  the 
Irish  enjoy  the  bt'uefit  of  the  best  land,  orchards,  and  gardens 
in  the  country,  and  keep  their  cattle  abroad  both  day  and 
night,  where  they  can  and  do  conceal  their  cattle,  which  the 
English  cannot  do,  who  by  that  means  will  be  liable  to  bear  a 
greater  proportion  of  contribution  than  the  Irish;  all  which 
arguments  and  reasons  we  humbly  submit  to  your  honours' 
most  serious  consideration,  desiring  the  Lord  to  direct  and 
guide  you  therein,  and  what  else  may  tend  to  the  honour  of 
(iod  and  comfort  of  this  poor  nation."^ 

"  TIIK  GItBAT  INTEREST  OF  ENGLAND  IN  THE  IRISH  TRANS- 
PLANTATION  STATED,"  IN  ANSWER  TO  GOOKIN. 

Colonel  Richard  Lawrence,  who  seems  to  have  been  the 
leading  member-  of  the  Committee  of  Transplantation  formed 
on  the  2 1st  of  November,  1653,  published  an  answer.2     He 

1  P.  .52.%,  "  Mercurius  Politicus,"  &c. 

2  "  The  Interest  of  P]ngland  in  the  Irish  Transplantation 
Stated  :  chiefly  intended  as  an  Answer  to  a  scandalous,  seditious 
laniphlet,  entitled.     'The  Great  Case  , of  Transplantation   in  Tre- 

and   Discussed.'      By  a   faithful   Servant   of   tlie  Commonwealth, 
Kh  hard   Lawrence."     4to.     London:    165.5. 


144  THE   CEOMWELLlAN   SETTLEMENT 

said  the  true  reason  of  the  disHke  of  the  Irish  to  transplant 
was  that  they  looked  to  their  national  interest,  and  discerned 
that  the  transplantation  laid  the  axe  at  the  root  of  the  tree  of 
their  future  hopes  of  their  recovering  their  lost  ground  ;^  and 
besides  their  unwillingness  to  quit  the  possession  of  their 
ancient  inheritances,  and  to  be  settled  upon  other  men's 
inheritances  in  Connaught,  they  foresaw,  perhaps,  that  the 
Connaught  proprietor  might  bid  them  such  welcome  as  they 
would  bid  the  soldier  and  adventurer  upon  their  lands. 2  It 
was  very  necessary,  besides,  to  transplant  the  Irish  owners  for 
the  making  way  and  giving  encouragement  to  the  soldiers, 
adventurers,  and  other  Protestant  planters  to  plant  their  lands 
with  English,  and  settle  themselves  upon  them;  which  not 
one  out  of  many  would  be  encouraged  to  do,  if  every  time 
when  he  comes  to  see  his  lands  the  ancient  Irish  proprietor 
shall  salute  him  upon  it  with  a  sad  story  of  his  sufferings  and 
hard  usage  to  have  his  inheritance  taken  from  him  and  given 
to  other  men.  Nay,  the  posterity  of  that  Irishman  shall 
hardly  ever  pass  by  the  Englishman's  dwelling  without  curs- 
ing him  and  his  successors  (in  their  hearts),  and  wishing  for 
the  time  to  recover  their  own  again. ^ 

Not  only  had  Protestant  statesmen  of  Ireland  who  were 
advised  with  on  the  matter,  both  at  Westminster  and  in  Ire- 
land, recommended  it,  and  several  solemn  meetings  been  held 
upon  the  business,  but  several  godly  ministers  and  other  pious 
Christians  had  been  desired  to  attend  to  seek  the  Lord 
together  with  them  for  direction  in  this  work;  and  Colonel 
Lawrence  did  not  remember  that  any  of  them  had  manifested 
dissatisfaction,  or  offered  reasons  against  the  work,  though 
very  many  godly  and  judicious  persons  complained  of  its 

1  P.  19,  "  The  Interest  of  England  in  the  Irish  Transplanta- 
tion," &c. 

2  Ibid.  3  p.  24,  ibid. 


OF  IKELAND.  145 

limitations  and  slow  pace;^  and  he  added,  in  conclusion,  "  If 
any  rebellious  consequences  follow  from  the  meeting  of  these 
objections  by  any  Protestant  friends  of  the  Irish  in  such  a 
nick  of  settlement,  I  doubt  not  but  God  would  enable  that 
authority  yet  in  being  to  let  out  that  dram  of  rebellious 
bloud,  and  cure  that  fit  of  sullenness  their  advocate  speaks 
of.  "2 

Accordingly,  the  state  pressed  on  the  great  work.  "  They 
were  resolved  to  see  it  done."  Again  and  again  they  filled 
the  gaols,  threatening  to  execute  the  criminals. 

Wholesale  executions,  however,  for  this  crime,  seem  to 
have  been  thought  inexpedient;  but  the  government  had  no 
ecruple,  we  see,  to  sending  them  to  the  West  Indies. 

PENALTY  FOR  THE  CRIME  OF  NOT  TRANSPLANTING,  CHANGED 
FROM  DEATH  TO  TRANSPORTATION. 

After  the  summer  assizes  of  1658  there  were  a  great  num- 
ber of  convicts  in  the  gaols  of  the  several  counties, ^  some 
under  sentence  of  death  passed  before  1656,  when  the  penalty 
was  changed  to  transportation ;  others  condemned  at  the  late 
assizes  to  be  transported.  On  26th  October,  1658,  His  Ex- 
cellency and  the  Council  wrote  to  Sir  Charles  Coote,  Knight 
and  Baronet,  President  of  Connaught,  and  Colonel  Thomas 
Sadleir,  Governor  of  Gal  way,  and  directed  them  to  have  a 
ship  properly  victualled  to  carry  from  80  to  100  of  these 
criminals,  to  be  ready  to  sail  with  the  first  fair  wind  direct  for 

1  "  The  Interest  of  England  in  the  Irish  Transplantation,"  &c., 
p.  9. 

2  P.  25,  ibid. 

3  "  26th  January,  1658-9. 
Nathaniel    Marks,    High    Sheriff    of    the    Queen's    County,    is 

answered,    "  that  the  convicts  at  the  late  assizes  for  not  trans- 
planting be  secured  in  Mariboro'   Castle  until  the  gaol  be  made 
capable,  pending  the  general  returns  of  late  convictions  from  all 
the  judges  of  assize."     A  (30),  p.  355, 
N 


146  THE   CEOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

the  Indian  Bridges  in  Barbadoes.  They  were  to  deal  with 
the  merchant,  the  owner  of  the  ship,  for  the  cost  of  removing 
them  under  guards  from  the  several  prisons  to  Galway,  and 
for  clothing  them  when  needed.  The  merchant  was  to  have 
the  disposal  of  them  at  Barbadoes,  and  was  to  set  them  down 
in  two  days  after  arriving,  except  ten  intended  for  a  particular 
person  in  Barbadoes.^ 

The  following  explains  the  concluding  passage  in  the  letter 
of  his  Excellency  and  the  Council :  — 

"  Council  Chamber,  Dublin  Castle,  29th  Nov.,  1658. 
"  To  Mr.  Edward  Smyth. 

"  Sir, — I  have,  by  means  of  a  friend  of  yours,  the  tenne 
men  and  two  women  hereunder  named,  ordered  to  be  de- 
livered to  yourself  or  your  assigns  at  the  Indian  Bridges  or 
other  port  in  the  Barbadoes. 

"  These  are  only  to  signify  to  you  the  same,  and  that  it  is 
agreed  with  the  merchant  that  you  make  discharge  and  pay- 
ment for  their  passage,  your  friend  here  having  taken  care  to 
defray  their  charge  out  of  prison  and  conveyance  on  ship- 
board. 

"  Thomas  Herbert,  Clerk  of  the  Council.  "^ 

By  these  means  they  continued  to  clear  out  the  ancient 
gentry  and  farmers,  and  fix  them  in  Connaught,  where  their 
condition  is  now  to  be  considered. 


THE  TRANSPLANTERS  AND  THEIR  CONNAUGHT  ASSIGNMENTS. 

The  first  orders  to  the  Irish  nation,  which  were  dated  the 
14th  of  October,  1653,  directed  the  strongest  and  ablest  of 

1  A  (30),  p.  338.  2  Ibid.,  p.  343. 


OF  IKELAND.  147 

them  to  proceed  immediately  after  Christmas,  1653,  to 
Galway,  and  to  present  to  the  Commissioners  of  Ee  venue 
there  inventories  setting  forth  the  names  and  number  of  per- 
sons in  their  families,  the  quantity  of  tillage  on  the  lands  they 
were  leaving,  and  stating  whether  they  were  freeholders  or 
leaseholders,  in  order  that  the  Commissioners  of  Eevenue 
might  set  them  out  lands  competent  to  the  stock  that  they 
had  to  bring  into  Connaught,  and  set  them  down  on  them  as 
proprietors  or  tenants.^ 

Their  families  were  to  follow  before  the  1st  of  May ;  mean- 
time they  were  to  prepare  housing  for  their  reception.  But 
before  the  time  for  moving  arrived.  Special  Commissioners 
were  appointed  to  perform  this  duty,  as  being  too  much  for 
the  Commissioners  of  Eevenue.  They  were  directed  to  sit 
at  Loughrea  instead  of  Galway,  and  thenceforth  were  known 
always  as  the  Loughrea  Commissioners. 

On  the  6th  of  January,  1654,  they  received  their  first 
instructions, 2  which  seem  to  have  been  prepared  by  a  stand- 
ing Committee,  consisting  of  Eoger  Lord  Broghill,  Colonel 
Hierome  Sankey,  Colonel  Eichard  Lawrence,  and  ten  others, 
who  were  appointed  to  sit  in  the  long  gallery  at  Cork  House, 
which  then  adjoined  the  Castle  of  Dublin,  every  Monday, 
Wednesday,  and  Friday,  to  consider  all  matters  referred  to 
them,  and  amongst  others.  How  the  Great  Worke  of  Trans- 
plantation might  be  managed  and  carried  on  with  most 
advantage  to  the  Commonwealth. ^ 


1  Order  of  Commissioners  for  the  Affairs  of  Ireland,  14th  Octo- 
ber, 1653,  in  Kilkenny  Castle. 

2  "  Instructions  for  AVm.  Edwards,  Edw.  Do.yly,  Chs.  Holcroft, 
and  Hy.  Greenoway,  Esqrs.,  Commissioners  appointed  for  the 
.Setting  out  Lands  in  Connaught  to  A\e  Transplanted  Irisli,  who 
are  to  remove  thither  before  1st  of  May  next."     A  (85),  p.  47. 

3  Order  appointing  the  Committ*fi^  1st  Aug.,  1,653-  A  (84\ 
p.  364.  '        '  " 


148  THE   CROMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

These  instructions  directed  that  none  of  the  inhabitants 
of  Kerry,  Cork,  or  Limerick  were  to  be  placed  in  Clare  (as 
they  might  thence  perhaps  behold  their  native  hills  and  plains, 
and  be  tempted  to  return,  though  the  width  of  the  Shannon 
would  seem  to  have  been  enough  to  secure  the  Cork  and 
Kerry  inhabitants  in  their  new  abodes). 

None  of  the  inhabitants  of  Cavan,  Fermanagh,  Tyrone,  or 
Donegal,  were  to  be  placed  in  Leitrim,  as  being  too  near 
Ulster,  besides  being  a  country  full  of  fastnesses ;  and,  as  a 
general  rule,  none  of  those  inhabiting  within  ten  miles  of  the 
Shannon  on  this  side  should  be  settled  near,  or  have  lands 
assigned  to  them  within  ten  miles  of  the  other  side. 

Care  was  also  to  be  taken  that  the  whole  inhabitants  of  no 
one  county,  when  transplanted,  should  have  lands  assigned  to 
them  in  any  one  county  in  part  of  Connaught,  but  should  be 
dispersed;  and  that  the  several  septs,  clans,  or  families  of  one 
name  removing  should  be,  as  far  as  possible,  dispersed  into 
several  places. 

Some  thoughtful  persons,  indeed,  went  so  far  as  to  propose 
to  keep  the  transplanted  Irish  of  English  descent  separate 
from  the  Irish.  It  was  observed  that  the  transplanted  in  Con- 
naught  were  a  disjointed  people,  both  as  to  their  principles 
and  interest.  "  For  though  all  of  them,"  said  Colonel  Law- 
rence, "  be  equally  Papist,  they  are  not  all  equally  Irish,  but 
a  considerable  part  of  them  (if  not  the  most  considerable)  are 
of  ancient  English  extract  (alluding  to  the  Butlers,  Talbots, 
Barnewalls,  Plunkets,  &c.),  who  had  been  of  old,  and  until 
the  late  plantation  of  new  English,  determined  enemies  of  the 
Irish.  "^  And  he  proposed  that  the  Irish  should  be  kept  still 
divided  by  being  settled  entirely,  one  of  them  at  one  end, 
and  the  other  at  the  other  end  of  the  province  of  Connaught. 


1  "  Interest  of  England  in  the  Well  Planting  of  Ireland  with 
English  People  Discussed,"  p.  40.     4to.     Dublin:    1656. 


OF  lllELAKD.  149 

He  proposed,  also,  that  favours  might  be  extended  to  the  one, 
viz.,  the  Enghsh-descended  Irish  (as  by  being  planted  near 
towns,  &c.),  that  should  not  be  to  the  other,  by  which  means 
their  joint  agreement  against  the  Enghsh  interest  would  be 
much  obstructed. 1  But  plans  of  this  nicety  could  scarce  be 
carried  out,  considering  the  numbers  passing  into  Connaught, 
and  the  constant  taking  away  of  lands  by  the  Government 
for  one  cause  or  the  other,  so  that  in  the  end  not  a  twentieth 
freeholder  had  any  land  assigned  to  him. 2 

By  the  Act  of  Parliament  which  assigned  Connaught  for 
the  habitation  of  the  Irish  nation,  the  only  parts  reserved  from 
them  were  the  towns,  and  a  belt  of  ground  four  miles  wide 
beginning  at  one  statute  mile  round  the  town  of  Sligo,  and  so 
winging  along  the  sea  coast,  to  be  planted  with  soldiers,  in 
order  to  shut  out  relief  by  sea  from  abroad. ^  This  belt,  how- 
ever, was  afterwards  carried  along  the  Shannon  side,  to 
prevent  escape  back  to  the  other  provinces.*  Its  breadth,  as 
land  became  scarce,  was  reduced  first  to  three  miles,  and 
finally  contracted  to  one  mile;  and  the  circle  of  three  miles 
round  Portumna,  Athlone,  Jamestown,  Limerick,  and  the 
Pass  of  Killaloe,  on  the  Connaught  side,  and  of  100  acres 
round  Shrule,  Gort,  and  other  garrisons  given  up,  the  five 
miles  round  the  town  of  Galway  alone  being  still  reserved. 

The  baronies  of  Tirrera,  and  Carbury  in  Sligo,  then  Tir- 
rerril,  Corran,  and  Loynoy  were  first  taken  away,  and  set  out 


1  ••  interest  of  hJuglnnd  in  the  Well  Planting  of  Ireland  with 
English  People  Discussed,"  p.  41.     4to.     Dublin:    1656. 

2  "  A  Continuation  of  the  Brief  Narrative  and  the  Sufferings  of 
the  Irish  under  Cromwell,"  p.  9.     4to.     London:   1660. 

3  Act  for  vSatisfaction  of  the  Adventurers  for  Lands  in  Ireland, 
and  of  Arrears  due  to  the  Souldiery,  26th  Sept.,  1653.  Scobell's 
"  Acts  and  Ordinances,"  chap.  xii. 

*  Additional  Instructions  to  Commissioners  at  Loughrea,  16th 
June,  1655.  A  (26),  p.  132.  Colonel  Ingoldsby  and  others  to 
make  the  line,  8th  April,  1656.     A  (10),  p.  58. 


150  THE   CROMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

to  satisfy  the  disbanded. ^  And  the  transplanters  who  had 
received  assignments  there  had  to  gather  up  their  flocks  and 
herds,  and  with  their  weary  and  heart-broken  wives  and 
children  to  begin  their  wanderings  again. 2  The  ancient  pro- 
prietors, too,  who  had  probably  been  comparing  their  happier 
lot  with  the  poor  transplanted,  to  lose  only  part  of  their  lands 
to  afford  the  exiles  a  maintenance,  while  they  still  kept  their 
old  mansions,  had  now  to  transplant  to  make  way  for  the 
English  soldiery. 3 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  barony  of  Tirrera  is  bounded 
on  the  west  by  the  fine  estuary  which  leads  up  to  Ballina,  in 
Mayo.  Opposite  is  the  barony  of  Tyrawley,  with  a  belt  of 
fine,  rich  feeding  and  grazing  land  along  the  estuary,  com- 
mencing about  Killala,  near  the  mouth,  and  extending  to 
Ballina.  The  rest,  westwards  to  Erris,  partakes  of  the  nature 
of  that  barony,  and  is  a  waste  of  heath  and  bog.  The  officers 
now  took  the  good  part  of  Tyrawley,  on  the  ground  that  by 
such  an  English  plantation  the  sea  coast  would  be  greatly 
secured;  they  left  the  bad  half  for  the  transplanters.*  The 
barony  of  Burren,  and  the  district  of  Connemara,  were  for  a 
time  reserved  from  the  Irish,  as  being  near  the  sea^  and  great 
fastnesses,  but  were  finally  set  out  to  be  transplanted. 

Leitrim,  which  had  before  been  suspended  from  being  set 
out  on  account  of  its  being  such  a  strong  country,  became 
filled  in  spite  of  the  order  with  the  Ulster  Creaghts.^  It  was 
the  first  land  they  met  with  on  entering  Connaught,  and  they 
drove  their  herds  of  multitudinous  small  cows  into  its  moun- 


1  A  (90),  p.  701.  2  A  (90),  p.  704.  3  a  (5),  p.  60. 

4  A  (90),  p.  51. 

5  "  Proposition  of  Loiighrea  Commissioners  Answered."  A  (85), 
p.  544. 

6  Id.,  ib. 


OF  IHELAND.  151 

tains  and  valleys  and  depastured  them,  suffering  less,  pro- 
bably, from  the  transplantation  than  others,  being  accus- 
tomed to  a  wandering  life,  and  to  pitch  their  frail  booths, 
erected  of  boughs,  covered  with  long  strips  of  green  turf, 
where  the  pasture  suited  their  herds.  They  received  various 
summonses  to  retire.  The  county  was  at  length  taken  for 
the  soldiery,  to  answer  arrears  before  5th  June,  1649;  and  the 
ancient  proprietors  were  ordered  to  remove  to  the  baronies  of 
Murrisk  and  Borrishool,  in  Mayo,  most  resembling  Lei  trim, 
in  the  opinion  of  the  Loughrea  Commissioners  ;i  but  in  the 
opinion  of  the  proprietors  it  probably  only  resembled  it  in  its 
wildest  and  worst  parts. 

But  the  transplanter's  trials  had  only  begun  when  he 
reached  Connaught.  The  officers  employed  had  to  be  bribed 
by  money — if  the  poor  transplanter  had  any  money  left — if 
not,  by  a  secret  agreement  to  give  the  officer  part  of  the  land 
for  layiiig  out  the  rest,  as  some  relief  to  him  and  his  starving 
family. 2  The  Cootes,  the  Kings,  the  Binghams,  the  Coles, 
the  St.  Georges,  the  Ormsbys,  the  Gores,  the  Lloyds,  having 
thus  defrauded  transplanters  of  part  of  their  lots,  bought  up 
the  remnant  at  two  shillings  and  six  pence,  and  three  shillings 
per  acre,  and  at  the  utmost,  five  shilUngs.^  Major  Byrne, 
having  a  decree  from  Athlone  for  2,000  acres,  gave  Sir  James 
Cuffe,  one  of  the  officers  of  transplantation  at  Loughrea,  200 
for  obtaining  his  assistance  in  procuring  the  remainder. 
Byrne  never  got  any  more,  and  opposed  Sir  James  Cuffe 's 
claim,    in    the    Court    of    Claims,    to    these    200    acres,    in 

1  A  (30),  p.  161. 

2  "  Petition  of  Lord  Athenry  and  Sir  Niclil  Plunket,  agents  for 
the  Irish  before  the  King  and  Council,  against  the  Connauglit 
Purchasers  being  secured  in  their  fraudulent  purchases  from 
Transplanters  by  Proviso  proposed  in  the  Bill  of  Explanation." 
[A.D.  1664,]  Lib.  D.,  p.  100.     Record  Tower,  Dublin  Castle, 

3  rhid. 


152  THE  CEOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

1666.1  Sir  Charles  Coote  purchased  Tyrellan,  the  Marquis  of 
Clanricard's  great  house  near  Galway,  and  4,000  acres  of  that 
estate,  from  transplanters;  but  gave  them  up  at  the  Restora- 
tion to  Clanricard's  widow,  at  the  King's  request,  and  on  the 
King's  promise  that  he  should  be  given  as  good  in  the  county 
of  Dublin. 2  Or  the  officer  purchased  the  Athlone  decree  for 
a  song,  and  then  got  his  brother  officers  to  set  him  out  larger 
scopes  than  the  transplanter  was  entitled  to.^ 

But  the  transplanter,  even  after  getting  a  few  acres,  was 
not  secure.  Philip  Purcell,  of  Kilcorish,  in  the  barony  of 
Athlone,  county  of  Galway,  on  behalf  of  himself  and  other 
transplanted  persons,  removed  into  the  barony  of  Athlone, 
complained  (18  June,  1655),  that  they  had  been  deprived  of 
their  assignments  by  the  Connaught  proprietors,  and  turned 
out  into  the  most  unprofitable  parts  of  the  country  ;*  and 
when  reinstated,  his  cows  were  seized  by  Major  Ormsby  for 
arrears  of  assessment,  due  five  years  before  his  transplanta- 
tion. ^  For  it  is  easy  to  conceive  the  sore  feelings  of  the  Con- 
naught  proprietor,  to  find  himself  and  his  family  turned  out 
of  his  ancient  home  to  make  way  for  a  transplanter  from 
Leinster,  armed  with  an  assignment  from  the  Commissioners 
at  Loughrea.  Thus,  Patrick  French  was  forced  from  his 
ancestral  castle  of  Monivea,  in  the  county  of  Galway,  to  an 
assignment  on  part  of  the  Clanricard  estate,  in  order  to  make 
way  for  Lord   Trimleston,   banished   from  his  manor    near 


1  "  Minute  Book  of  Commissioners  of  Claims,"  p.  2.     Office  of 
the  Crown  and  Hanaper. 

2  Earl  of  Mountrath  [Sir  C.  Coote]  to  Ormonde.    Oct.  10,  1660. 
'    Carte  Papers,"  vol.  xxxi.,  p.  27. 

3  Commission   of   Enquiry  into   the   Frauds   in   Connaught   De- 
crees.    Art.    8.     August,    1663."       "  Carte    Papers,"    vol     xliv 
p.  204. 


A  (6),  p.  346.  s  A  (12),  p.  53. 


OF  lEELANl).  153 

Trim.  In  1660,  Patrick  French  lost  his  hmds  on  the  Clanri- 
card  estate  by  the  Marchioness's  restoration,  yet  he  could 
not  regain  Monivea  ;i  for  though  Lord  Trimleston  got  a  decree, 
and  passed  a  patent  to  be  reinstated  in  his  castle  of  Trimles- 
ton, the  Adventurer  in  possession  could  not  be  compelled  to 
resign  till  he  was  given  a  reprise  of  lands  as  good  as  he  had 
got.  And  Patrick  French,  and  his  wife  and  daughters, 
wandered  about  houseless  until  Lord  Trimleston  died,  at 
Monivea,  on  17th  September,  1667. 

Edmund  and  Meyler  Burke,  of  Moyode,  and  other  lands 
in  the  county  of  Galway,  within  four  miles  of  Loughrea,  gave 
way  to  Philip  Fitzgerald,  a  transplanter  from  Munster,  and 
became  tenants  to  him  for  part  of  their  inheritance.  Philip 
Fitzgerald  being  restored,  on  the  Eang's  return,  as  an  Inno- 
cent, to  his  ancient  estate,  they  petitioned  (November  10th, 
1662),  for  liberty  for  themselves  and  their  families  to  re- 
occupy  their  own,  pending  their  claim  to  innocence  entered 
before  the  Commissioners  of  Claims.^ 

Besides  the  sufferings  of  the  transplanters  from  the  corrupt 
dealings  of  the  officers  of  transplantation,  and  the  hostility 
of  the  Connaught  proprietors,  they  had  to  endure  also  the 
vengeance  of  the  transplanted  Irish  wherever  any  were  known 
to  have  favoured  the  English  during  the  war.  On  4th 
Novenaber,  1653,  the  Commissioners  for  the  Affairs  of  Ireland 
required  the  members  of  the  High  Court  of  Justice,  lately 
held  in  the  respective  provinces  in  Ireland,  to  certify  the 
names  of  those  who  had  given  evidence  against  persons  con- 
victed of  murder,  and  had  thereby  incurred  the  hatred  and 
malice  of  the  kindred  and  alliance  of  the  persons  condemned, 


1  King's  Letter  in  favour  of  Patrick  French,   December   lOth, 
1661.     "  Carte  Papers,"  vol.  xlii.,  p.  250. 

2  "  Petition  of  Edmund  and  Mevler  Burke."     "  Carte  Papers," 
vol.  Ix.,  p.  219. 


154  THE  CKOMWELLIAN  SETTLEMENT 

as   they   could   not,    probably,    without   much   danger,    live 
amongst  them  in  case  they  transplanted.^ 

Edmond  Magrath,  transplanted  from  Bally  more,  in  the 
barony  of  Kilnemanagh,  in  the  county  of  Tipperary,  had  his 
woods  daily  cut,  on  his  assignment  in  the  county  of  Clare,  by 
the  Irish,  who  bore  him  no  good  will  (he  said),  for  his  services 
to  the  Enghsh.2  They  had  discovered,  no  doubt,  his  acting 
the  spy  for  Sir  WilHam  St.  Leger,  President  of  Munster,  dur- 
ing the  war, — a  fact  that  appears  in  a  letter  under  the  Lord 
Protector's  hand,  dated  March  the  11th,  1657-8,  restoring  him 
to  his  ancient  estate  of  800  Irish  acres,  in  consideration  of  his 
having  given  intelhgence  to  Sir  William  St.  Leger,  deceased, 
as  certified  to  the  Protector  when  he  was  in  Ireland,  and 
by  those  put  in  principal  authority  there  by  him  since. ^ 

Then  the  accommodation  was  so  bad,  from  the  waste  of  all 
houses,  that  many  transplanted  families  had  to -build  sheds  to 
lie  under;  and  the  Commissioners  of  Parliament  empowered 
Sir  Charles  Coote,  and  the  Court  of  Qualifications  at  Athlone 
(22nd  July,  1655),  to  give  them  timber  for  this  purpose,  and 
for  ploughs.*  Lady  Fitzgerald,  wife  of  Sir  Luke  Fitzgerald, 
transplanted  from  Ticroghan  Castle,  in  the  county  of  Meath 
(which,  as  guarding  the  passage  by  the  head  waters  of  the 
Eiver  Boyne,  was  called  one  of  the  pillars  of  Leinster),^  wrote 
(June  13th,  1655),  that  all  the  gentry  were  transplanted,  and 
fain  to  live  under  the  air,  or  in  such  barracks  as  her  corre- 
spondent had  at  Ballinakill  in  the  siege  time.^    "Many  opulent 

1  A  (84),  p.  711.  2  A  (12),  p.  64. 

3  "  Letters  from  the  Lord  Protector,  1654-1658,"  p.  121. 
Record   Tower,    Dublin   Castle. 

4  A  (5),  p.  203. 

s  "  Ticroghan  and  Carlow  lost,  those  pillars  of  Leinster!" 
"  Excommunication  of  Jamestown."  Sir  Richard  Cox. 
"  Hibernia  Anglicana."     Appendix,  xlviii. 

6  "  Intercepted  Letter  of  James  Darcy  to  John  Smith,  at  Dun- 
kirk."    "  3rd  Thurloe's  State  Papers,"  p.  548. 


OF    lEELAKD.  155 

persons  of  good  quality;  yea,  and  many  of  them  Peers  and 
Lords  of  the  reahii,"  says  French,  Koman  Cathohc  Bishop  of 
Ferns,  "  were  lodged  in  smoky  cabins,  and,  as  might  well  be 
said,  buried  there,  and  starved  to  death  with  their  wives  and 
children."^ 


COURT   FOR  THE   CLAIMS   AND   QUALIFICATIONS   OF   THE   IRISH 
AT      ATHLONE. 

These,  however,  were  only  the  first  rude  essays  in  the 
great  work  of  transplantation  during  the  first  year.  They  were 
of  less  consequence,  as  the  assignments  of  land  were  De  Bene 
Esse,  or  conditional,  and  were  only  preliminary  to  the  final 
settlements,  which  were  to  be  made  by  the  court  to  sit  at 
Athlone  for  discriminating  the  qualifications  of  the  Irish. 

These  Commissioners,  commonly  called  the  Athlone  Com- 
missioners, or  Court  of  Claims  and  Qualifications  of  the  Irish, 
were  appointed  (as  appears  by  their  commission  and  instruc- 
tions) on  28th  December,  1654.2 

Their  business  was  twofold;  first,  to  discriminate  the  guilt 
of  every  proprietor — that  is  to  say,  his  "qualification;"  and, 
second,  to  ascertain  the  size  and  value  of  the  lands  he  lately 
held  on  the  English  side  of  the  Shannon,  and  the  nature  of 
his  estate — that  is  to  say,  his  "  claim." 

In  the  Act  for  Settling  Ireland,  passed  12th  August, 
1652,3  there  were  eight  different  qualifications.  By  the  first 
six,  death  or  banishment  and  forfeiture  were  declared  against 
all  the  chief  nobility  (some  of  them  Protestant  Eoyalists,  as 
the  Earl  of  Ormond,  Primate  Bramhal,  and  others),  and  all 
the   gentlemen   of  Ireland    who   had   held   commissions   of 

1  "  The  Uiikinde  Deserter  of  Loyall  Men  and  true  Frinds. 
A.D.  1676."  By  the  Most  Rev.  Nicholas  French,  Bishop  of 
Ferns.     P.  192.     2  vols.     12mo.     Duffy.     Dublin :    1846. 

2  A  (26),  p.  5.*^.  3  Scobell's  "  Acts  and  Ordinances." 


.•i    1 


150  THE   CllOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

Colonels,  or  any  higher  rank  in  the  army,  led  by  Ormond  as 
Lord  Lieutenant  of  Ireland  for  King  Charles  II.,  in  1649  and 
1650,  against  Cromwell  and  the  Parliamentary  forces  in 
Ireland.  Swordmen  under  that  rank  fell  under  the  7th  quali- 
fication, and  forfeited  two-thirds,  and  were  to  transplant. 
Noblemen  and  gentlemen  of  Ireland,  being  Catholics,  who 
had  borne  no  part  in  the  war,  but  remained  quiet,  fell  under 
the  8th  quahfication,  as  not  having  manifested  a  constant 
good  affection  by  some  outward  acts  in  favour  of  the  Parlia- 
ment and  against  the  King,  and  were  to  transplant  for  their 
religion.  They  forfeited  one-third;  Protestants  in  like  condi- 
tion forfeited  one-fifth.  By  the  Act  for  Settling  Ireland,  all 
within  these  qualifications  were  to  receive  their  proportions 
of  land  in  Connaught;  but  by  an  ordinance  of  the  Protector 
and  Council,  Protestants  were  allowed  to  compound^  for  a 
fine  equal  to  one-fifth,  and  were  dispensed  with  from  trans- 
plantation. This  was  equal  to  two  years'  annual  value, 
lands  being  then  valued  at  ten  years  their  annual  profits. ^ 

As  the  whole  nation  was  declared  guilty  of  rebellion,  it 
lay  on  each  claimant  to  prove  both  the  quantity  of  his  lands, 
and  "the  series  of  his  carriages,"  or  his  course  of  conduct 
during  the  ten  years'  war.  To  check  the  claimants,  the  Com- 
missioners were  furnished  with  the  Civil  Survey,  which  set 
forth  the  names  and  estates  of  all  the  proprietors  in  1641, — • 
with  the  Depositions,  taken  in  1042,  of  Protestants  com- 
plaining of  goods  taken  from  them  in  the  first  year  of  the  war, 
in  which  were  entered  every  idle  hearsay^  they  chose  to  offer, 
the  more  monstrous  the  better.  These  were  duly  alphabeted 
and  indexed.     They  were  also  supplied  with  books  of  the  late 

1  Dated  2iid  September,  16-54.  Scobell's  '"'  Acts  and  Ordi- 
nances." 

2  Order  of  Council  made  on  report  of  the  Commissioners  of 
Revenue  on  Lord  Viscount  Moore  of  Drogheda's  Case.  Records 
of  late  Aiiditoi'-General,  Custom  House,  Dublin,  vol.  xviii.,  p.  9; 
on  Teig  O'Hara's  case,   ib.,  p.   19. 


OF  IRELAND.  157 

Government  of  Confederate  Catholics.  Some  of  these  books 
were  discovered  and  seized  at  Waterford ;  others  by  Colonel 
Solomon  Richards,  at  Kilkenny,  in  January,  1654. ^  On  the 
25th  of  April,  1654,  the  Commissioners  sent  Sergeant  Morti- 
mer, the  Sergeant-at-Arms  attending  the  Council,  to  Kil- 
kenny, to  receive  them  by  inventory  from  the  Commissioners 
of  the  Revenue  of  that  Precinct,  with  orders  to  bring  them 
up,  and  guards  were  to  attend  upon  him  from  garrison  to 
garrison,  to  Dublin  Castle. 2  They  comprised  the  Roll  of 
Association,  with  the  names  of  all  who  had  become  members 
of  the  General  Assembly  by  taking  the  oath,  the  books  of  the 
Supreme  Council,  and  Books  of  Entries.  They  were  cata- 
logued and  indexed  by  order  of  the  Commissioners  for  the 
Affairs  of  Ireland.  On  24th  May,  1654,  John  Smith,  for  his 
pains  in  making  catalogues  of  the  books  taken  at  Waterford 
and  Kilkenny,  was  paid  six  pounds. ^  On  the  15th  May,  1654, 
£107  was  ordered  to  be  divided  between  Ralph  Wallis  (who 
declared  he  had  been  up  late  and  early  at  the  work),  and  seven 
other  clerks,  for  making  indexes  to  these  books  in  preparation 
to  the  sitting  of  the  Court  at  Athlone.*  These  books,  as  used 
in  evidence  against  the  Irish,  were  called  the  Books  of  Dis- 
crimination, and  the  office  where  they  were  lodged,  the  Dis- 
crimination Office,  but  more  popularly  "the  Black  Books," 
or  Black  Books   of   Athlono.^      ^Yhen   the   Court  ended    at 

1  A  (90),  p.  620.  2  A  (85),  p.  309. 

3  "  Council  Book,"  among  Anditor-General's  Records,  vol.  x. 

*  A   (1),   p.   95. 

5    "To  His  Excellency  the  Lord  Lieuten.\nt  of  Ireland, 

"  r/ie  liumhle  Fetition  of  WiUidm  Cooper,  Gentleman, 
"  Sheweth, 

"  That  your  Petitioner  had  the  charge  and  custody  of  the 
Books  of  Discrimination  (commonly  called  The  Black  Books),  with 
all  the  Kilkenny  Books,  Rolls  of  Association,  and  other  proceed- 
ings of  the  Supreme  Council,  and  all  the  Claims  and  Decrees  of 
Athlone,   and  several  other  books   relating  to  the   Transplanted 


158  'J'HE   CEOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

Athlone,  on  24  June,  1656,  and  proceeded  to  Mallow  to  hear 
the  claims  of  the  ancient  inhabitants  of  Cork,  Youghal,  and 
Kinsale,  these  books  were  conveyed  thither  with  guards ;  and 
when  the  Mallow  proceedings  were  over,  Captain  Edward 
Tomlin,  Comptroller  of  the  Train,  was  ordered  on  24  Septem- 
ber, 1656,  to  furnish  a  close  waggon  to  convey  them  to 
Dublin,  and  four  horse  soldiers  were  furnished  to  attend  the 
waggons  from  garrison  to  garrison,  to  Dublin. 

According  to  the  evidence  thus  afforded,  and  the  testimony 
of  witnesses,  the  Commissioners  decreed  that  the  claimant 
either  had  no  claim,  or  fell  under  the  7th  or  8th  qualification, 
and  so  forfeited  two-thirds  or  one-third ;  or  the  claimant  got  a 
decree  of  Constant  Good  Affection,  entitling  him  to  be 
restored  to  his  estate. 


THE    LOUGHREA    COMMISSIONERS. 

It  now  became  the  duty  of  the  Loughrea  Commissioners 
to  set  out  lands  to  the  transplanted  in  quantity  according  to 
the  Athlone  Decrees.  The  assignments  thus  made  were  called 
Final  Settlements,  to  distinguish  them  from  those  which  the 
transplanters  first  received  for  the  support  of  the  stock  of 

Interest  in  Connauglit  and  Clare,  for  seven  years  last  past,  with- 
out making  any  charge  for  same,  and  hath  constantly  paid  a 
yearly  rent  of  £15  to  Richard  Reynell,  Esq.,  for  an  office  to  keep 
the  said  books  and  papers  from  loss  and  embezzlement,  suppos- 
ing the  same  might  at  some  time  or  other  be  of  use  to  H.M.'s 
service,  and  be  of  advantage  to  your  petitioner.  That  in  obedi- 
ence to  your  Excellency's  order  of  the  7th  November,  instant, 
your  petitioner  hath  prepared  perfect  inventories  of  all  the  said 
Books,  Rolls,  Papers,  and  writings,  and  hath  delivered  to  the 
Clerk  of  the  Council,  all  the  said  Books,  &c.,  with  the  said  In- 
ventories, &c.,  as  by  the  said  Order  he  is  required,  &c." 

"  Wth  day  of  June,  1670. 

"  Concordatum  Orders,"  unbound,  among  the  Auditor-General's 
Records,  Custom  House  Buildings. 


OF  IKELAND.  159 

cattle.  The  business  having  become  more  important,  Sir 
Charles  Coote,  President  of  Connaught,  and  others,  were 
joined  to  the  other  Commissioners  at  Loughrea.^ 

In  consideration,  however,  of  the  inconveniency  that  hap- 
pened to  the  transplanted  Irish,  that  to  their  insupportable 
charges  (as  they  suggested)  they  were  necessitated  to  travel 
with  their  decrees  obtained  in  the  Court  at  Athlone,  to  the 
Commissioners  at  Loughrea,  to  have  lands  set  out  to  them 
pursuant  to  their  decree.  The  Commissioners  were,  on  23 
June,  1655,  directed  to  remove  to  Athlone  by  1  July  follow- 
ing, that  the  public  work  of  transplantation  might  be  carried 
on  with  the  most  expedition  and  ease  to  the  said  Irish 
people. 2  Transcripts  of  the  Down  Survey,  with  the  original 
of  the  Civil  Survey,  were  sent  for  the  use  of  the  Commis- 
sioners of  the  Court  of  Qualifications,  and  transcripts  of  the 
old  surveys  of  Connaught  and  Clare  [Strafford's  Survey]  for 
the  Loughrea  Commissioners. ^ 

The  Government  early  in  this  year  directed  the  Loughrea 
Commissioners  to  give  the  first  comers  assignments,  with 
houses  and  other  accommodation,  to  encourage  the  nation 
to  come  on.*  Instead  of  which  (strange  to  say),  they  began 
with  the  baronies  of  Burren  and  Inchiquin,  in  the  county  of 
Clare,  "generally  known  and  reputed  to  be  sterile,"  to  the 
hindrance  of  the  transplantation.  Transplanters  were  also 
set  down  in  counties  totally  different  in  character  from 
those  which  they  and  their  families  had  been  accustomed 
to.s 

The  cruelty  ought  to  have  been  apparent  of  transplanting 
a  nobleman  like  Lord  Trimleston,  for  instance,  with  his  stock 
of  heavy  cattle,  from  his  rich  grazing  and  fattening  grounds 
in  Meath,  to  a  sheepwalk  in  Galway;  or  John  Talbot,   of 

1  16th  June,  1655.     A  (26),  p.  99.  2  A  (5),  p.  177 

3  A  (5),  p.  175.  4  A  (30),  p.  42.  s  lb.,  p.  82. 


160  THE   CROMWELLIAN    SETTLEMENT 

Mai  abide,  from  his  castle  and  ancient  demesne,  in  the  best 
part  of  the  county  of  Dublin,  to  the  wilds  of  Erris,  in  Mayo, 
fit  only  for  goats. 

To  remedy  these  inconveniences,  a  committee  was  appointed 
on  the  1st  of  February,  1656,  in  Dublin,  consisting  of  Sir 
Hardress  Waller,  Sir  Robert  King,  Major-General  Jephson, 
and  Colonel  Hewson,  and  Colonel  Sankey,  to  consider  of  the 
nature  and  quality  of  the  soil  of  the  respective  baronies  in  the 
three  provinces  of  Leinster,  Munster,  and  Ulster,  and  what 
counties  and  baronies  there  were  beyond  the  Shannon  to 
which  the  transplanted  Irish  were  to  remove,  that  might  bear 
a  resemblance  in  proportion  and  quality  of  the  lands  they  left 
in  the  other  provinces,  that  they  might  be  set  down  in  lands 
of  like  quality  and  quantity  in  Connaught.^  And  Sir  Charles 
Coote,  one  of  the  Loughrea  Commissioners,  was  joined  to 
the  committee  on  account  of  his  experience  acquired  in  Con- 
naught  in  the  business  of  setting  down  the  transplanted. 

On  the  12th  of  February,  1656,  this  committee  submitted 
their  scheme.  Besides  resemblance,  they  took  into  con- 
sideration the  distance  from  whence  the  proprietors  were  to 
remove,  so  that  the  inhabitants  of  one  county  should  not  be 
removed  to  a  greater  distance  from  their  former  estates  than 
others. 

According  to  this  scheme,  all  the  inhabitants  of  Ulster, 
except  the  Down  and  Antrim  Irish,  were  to  be  set  down  in 
various  baronies  in  Mayo  and  Galway.  They  lay  west  of  a 
line  drawn  due  north  from  the  town  of  Galway,  in  which 
were  comprised  Erris  and  Connemara,  two  of  the  wildest 
and  barrenest  districts  in  Ireland.  The  committee  probably 
thought  it  best  suited  the  wild  and  fierce  nature  of  the  Ulster- 
men,  not  reflecting  nor  caring,  probably,  that  in  the  counties 
of  Armagh,  Tyrone,  Monaghan,  and  Cavan,  there  are  some 

1  A  (5),  p.  351. 


OF  IKELANt).  161 

fine  lands,  the  owners  of  which  must  suffer  great  hardship  in 
being  set  down  amongst  the  heath  and  rocks  of  Erris.  But 
these  niceties  could  not,  of  course,  be  attended  to.  The 
Down  and  Antrim  men,  being  of  ancient  Scottish  descent, 
originally  from  the  Hebrides  and  adjacent  coast  of  Scotland, 
with  some  antagonism  to  the  rest  of  Ulster,  were  to  be  set 
down  in  the  baronies  of  Clanmorris,  Carra,  and  Kilmaine, 
keeping  them  still  divided  from  the  other  Ulstermen. 

To  the  Kildare,  Meath,  Queen's  County,  and  Dublin  Irish, 
coming  from  the  finest  feeding  and  fattening  lands  in  Ire- 
land, were  assigned  the  barony  of  Boyle,  comprising  the 
famous  plains  of  Boyle,  that  fatten  a  bullock  and  a  sheep  to 
the  acre;  and  the  baronies  of  Eoscommon  and  Balhntubber, 
and  the  half  barony  of  Bellamo,  in  the  county  of  Eos- 
common;  and  so  of  the  rest.^ 

Their  proposals  follow:  — 

"  Proposals  in  order  to  assigning  certain  Baronies  in  Con- 
naught  and  Clare  to  certain  Counties  in  the  other  Provinces. 

' '  The  inhabitants  of  the  Province  of  Ulster  (except  the 
counties  of  Down  and  Antrim)  to  be  transplanted  into  the 
Baronies  of  Muckullen,  Eosse,  and  Ballinihinsey,  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  Ere  Connaught,  and  County  of  Galway  (except  what 
is  reserved  by  the  Lyne  on  the  Sea),  and  into  the  Baronies  of 
Moyrisk,  Burryshoule,  and  the  half  barony  of  Irish  [Erris], 
parte  of  Tyrawley  Barony  (parte  of  it  being  given  to  the 
soldiers),  and  Costello  Barony  (except  what  is  on  the  line 
aforesaid),  and  into  T'yaquin  Barony,  in  the  Co.  of,  Galway. 

"  The  inhabitants  of  the  Counties  of  Corke  and  Wexford 
to    be    transplanted    into    the    Baronies    of    Dunkellyn    and 

1  12th  Feb.,  1G55-6,  "  Proposals  for  effecting  the  better  setting 
down  of  the  Irisli  transplanted  into  Connauglit."     A  (24),  p.  189. 
O 


162  THE   CROMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

Kiltartan,  in  the  County  of  Galway  (except  what  is  on  the 
lyne  on  the  sea),  and  into  Athlone  Barony  and  the  half 
Barony  of  Moycarnane  (except  what  is  on  the  lyne  of  the 
Shannon),  in  the  County  of  Eoscommon. 

"The  inhabitants  of  the  County  of  Kerry  to  be  trans- 
planted into  Inchiquin  and  Burren  Baronies,  in  the  County 
of  Clare,  and  into  the  territories  of  Artagh,  in  the  Barony  of 
Boyle,  in  the  County  of  Roscommon. 

"  The  inhabitants  of  the  Counties  of  Down  and  Antrim  to 
be  transplanted  into  the  Baronies  of  Clanmorris,  Carra,  and 
Kilmaine,  in  the  County  of  Mayo. 

"  The  inhabitants  of  the  Counties  of  Kilkenny,  Westmeath, 
Longford,  King's  County,  and  Tipperary,  to  be  transplanted 
into  the  Baronies  of  Tullagh,  Bunratty,  Islands,  Corcomroe, 
Clonderlau,  Moyfartagh,  andlbracan,  in  the  County  of  Clare, 
and  into  the  half  Barony  of  Bellamo,  in  the  County  of  Galway. 

"  The  inhabitants  of  the  Counties  of  Catherlagh,  Water- 
ford,  and  Limerick,  into  the  half  Baronies  of  Loughrea  and 
Leitrim,  and  the  Baronies  of  Dunmore  and  Kilconnell,  and 
the  half  Barony  of  Longford  (except  what  is  in  the  lyne),  in 
the  County  of  Galway. 

"And  the  inhabitants  of  East  Meath,  Ivildare,  Queen's 
County,  and  Dublin,  into  the  Baronies  of  Eoscommon  and 
Ballintobber,  in  the  half  Barony  of  Bellamo  and  the  Barony 
of  Boyle  (except  the  territory  of  Artagh),  in  the  County  of 
Eoscommon. 

"  Memorandum. — That  Louth  is  reputed  much  better  land 
than  Wicklow,  and  to  be  accordingly  estimated. 

"Dated  at  Dublin,  12th  Februanj,  1656-6. 
"  Hardress  Waller.     Charles  Coote.    Egbert  King. 
JohnHewson.  W^m.  Jephson.       Hierome  Sankey."i 

1  A  (26),  p.  189. 


OF  IRELAND.  163 

The  plan  of  consigning  to  the  four  baronies  of  BaUintober 
in  Roscommon,  and  Athlone  in  Galvvay,  and  TuHa  and  Bun- 
ratty  in  Clare,  "Irish  widows  of  English  extraction"  (by 
which  are  to  be  understood  the  widows  of  the  nobility  and 
ancient  English  gentry — ladies  such  as  Viscountess  Mayo, 
Lady  Louth,  Lady  Grace  Talbot,  Lady  Dunboyne,  Sec),  was 
the  suggestion  of  the  Committee  of  Transplantation,  as  early 
as  5th  May,  1654.1  In  the  following  year  it  was 
conceived  that  three  would  be  enough,  and  BaUintober 
was  cut  off. 2 

Notwithstanding  the  vast  amount  of  Connaught  already 
withdrawn  from  Transplanters,  the  Commissioners  had 
orders  to  reserve  one  choice  barony  in  Clare,  and  one  in 
Galway,  for  the  disposal  of  the  Government.' 

For  the  Lord  Henry  Cromwell,  also,  was  reserved  Por- 
tumna  Castle,  park,  and  gardens,  the  ancient  seat  of  the 
Earls  of  Clanrickard,  with  6,000  acres  next  adjoining.* 

Sir  Charles  Coote,  Colonel  Sadleir,  Major  Ormsby,  and 
others  did  not  think  it  beneath  them  to  still  further  diminish 
the  fund  of  land,^  for  the  support  of  the  exiled  Irish  nation, 
and  got  grants  in  Connaught.  Two-thirds  of  Mayo  was  taken 
to  answer  soldiers'  arrears  of  Cromwell's  army  of  Ireland, 
incurred  in  England  before  the  5th  of  June,  1649;  and  as  the 
remaining  third  was  mountainous  and  maritime,  the  Commis- 
sioners of  Parliament  thought  they  might  as  well  make  a  clean 
sweep  of  Mayo;  the  Loughrea  Commissioners  were  therefore 
ordered  to  take  care  that  no  Irish  should  set  down  within  that 
county  either  as  proprietors  or  tenants,  to  the  end  it  should  be 
planted  with  English, — that  importing  most  of  public  safety 


*  Order  Book  of  Council,  Custom  House  Buildings,  vol.  vii. 

2  A  (5),  p.  111.  3  A  (10),  p.  55. 

*A   (10),    p.   277;    and    see   Letter   of   Henry    Cromwell,    supra, 
p.  137,  n.  ih. 

3  A  (10),  p.  266. 


1G4  THE   CEOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

and  advantage^  This,  however,  would  seem  to  have  been 
given  back  when  they  found  that  all  disposable  lands  had  been 
set  out,  except  the  two  reserved  baronies,  and  except  what 
was  waste  and  remote ;  and  that  many  Irish  proprietors  and 
their  families,  who  had  left  fine  estates,  were  still  unaccom- 
modated, and  reduced  to  little  better  than  a  starving  condi- 
tion.^ 

The  rule  of  Settlement  now  became  impracticable.  Mr. 
Thomas  ShortaP  and  Mr.  Eichard  Nugent,*  and  others,  com- 
plained that  their  Athlone  decrees  were  not  satisfied  in  the 
baronies  appointed  for  those  in  their  capacity.  Maurice  Lord 
Viscount  Eoche,  of  Fermoy,  was  sent  off  on  his  wearisome 
and  fruitless  journey  on  foot  to  the  Owles,  in  the  wildest  and 
remotest  part  of  Connaught^  (and  had  nothing  but  his  labour 
for  his  pains),  instead  of  being  set  down  with  the  inhabitants 
of  the  county  of  Cork,  in  the  baronies  of  Kiltartan  and  Dun- 
kellin  in  the  county  of  Galway,  or  of  Athlone,  or  Moycarnon, 
in  Eoscommon. 

COURT  AT   MALLOW   FOR  THE   CLAIMS   AND   QUALIFICATIONS   OP 
THE  IRISH  OF  CORK,  YOUGHAL,   AND  KINSALE. 

It  was  before  a  court  at  Athlone  that  the  Irish  nation  had 
to  appear,  to  receive  each  man  his  doom.  An  exception, 
however,  was  made  in  favour  of  "  the  Ancient  inhabitants  of 
Cork,  Kinsale,  and  Youghal,"^  for  whose  trial  a  court  was 
held  at  Mallow  by  the  same  judges  as  sat  at  Athlone,  and 
these  Ancient  inhabitants  were  granted  the  peculiar  privi- 
lege, that  they  were  not  in  the  meantime  forced  to  transplant 

1  A  (10),  p.  123.  2  A  (26),  p.  233.  3  a  (12),  p.  230. 

*  lb.,  ib.  5  See  at  close  of  this  chapter. 

6  The  case  of  the  ancient  natives  of  Youghal  is  not  given  in  the 
Mallow  Commissioners'  Report;  but  they  were  turned  out  of  that 
town  at  the  same  time  as  the  natives  of  Cork. 


OF  IRELAND.  165 

like  the  rest  of  the  nation,  but  were  permitted  to  reside  in  the 
county  of  Cork  until  the  sitting  of  the  court. 

The  conduct  which  entitled  them  to  this  signal  distinction 
was  their  loyalty  to  the  English  interest,  as  it  was  called ;  for 
though  they  were  all  Roman  Catholics,  they  united  them- 
selves to  the  English  and  Protestant  forces,  shut  the  gates, 
manned  the  walls,  and  kept  watch  and  ward  with  them 
against  their  own  countrymen  and  co-religionists. 

One  would  expect  that  the  judgment  of  the  Commis- 
sioners, if  it  did  not  mark  them  out  for  further  favour,  would 
at  least  have  declared  that  they  were  not  to  be  included  in 
the  dreadful  doom  pronounced  on  the  rest  of  the  nation. 

But  by  the  proceedings  of  the  court,  of  which  there  re- 
mains a  full  account  under  the  hands  of  the  Commissioners 
themselves,  it  will  be  seen  that  it  was  easier  for  a  camel  to 
go  through  the  eye  of  a  needle  than  for  an  Irish  adversary  of 
the  English  rebels,  dwelling  in  Ireland,  to  escape  transplan- 
tation to  Connaught. 

When  the  rebels  of  England,  at  the  end  of  the  year  1643, 
induced  the  rebels  of  Scotland  by  a  gift  of  £100,000  to  in- 
vade England  a  second  time  to  help  them  against  the  King, 
the  King  turned  to  Ireland  to  obtain  forces,  and  Lord 
Ormond,  at  his  command,  sent  him  over  considerable  bodies 
of  troops. 

But  the  King  placed  his  chief  hopes  in  the  aid  he  expected 
to  derive  from  the  Confederate  Catholics  upon  the  conclusion 
of  a  treaty  for  a  peace;  preliminary  to  which  he  directed 
Lord  Ormond  to  enter  into  a  Cessation  of  arms  with  them. 
The  new  English  of  Ireland,  composed  chiefly  of  Planters 
since  Queen  Ehzabeth's  time,  whose  hatred  and  fear  of  the 
Irish,  on  account  of  the  injuries  they  had  inflicted  on  them, 
far  exceeded  their  loyalty  to  the  King,  could  not  endure  the 
idea  of  the  King's  vanquishing  the  rebels  of  England  by  such 


166  THE   CKOMWELLIAN   SETTLE^IENT 

aid.  "  Where  would  the  Protestant  religion  be,"  they  asked, 
"  if  the  King  conquered  by  the  aid  of  the  Irish  ?"i  Or,  rather 
(for  this  was  the  rehgion  they  thirsted  after),  where  would  the 
lands  of  the  ancient  nobility,  gentry,  and  people  of  Ireland 
be  in  that  case,  which,  to  the  extent  of  2,500,000  acres,  the 
Parliament  had  already  confiscated  by  anticipation,  while  the 
Puritan  rebels  and  their  followers  had  in  imagination  swal- 
lowed up  the  rest?  The  Earl  of  Inchiquin,  who  commanded 
large  forces  in  Munster  for  the  King,  and  had  his  head-quar- 
ters at  Cork,  now  turned  over  for  this  cause  to  the  Parliament 
side.  He  wrote  to  his  brother  Henry,  who  held  Wareham  with 
his  (Inchiquin 's)  regiment,  for  the  King,  to  deliver  that  town 
to  the  Parliament,  and  bring  the  regiment  to  Ireland;  and 
wrote  letters  to  Colonel  Mynn,  Colonel  Poulet,  and  Colonel 
St.  Leger,  urging  them  also  to  bring  back  their  forces  to 
Munster. 2  These  were  regiments  that  had  been  sent  over  to 
aid  the  King  against  the  Parliament,  in  the  year  1643,  on  the 
Cessation  made  with  the  Irish.  He  impressed  upon  them  his 
conviction  that  ' '  deserving  men  would  have  the  estates  of 
their  enemies  conferred  upon  them  by  the  Parliament  at  the 
end  of  this  war,  as  it  was  at  the  end  of  the  last  war,  i.e., 
Tyrone's  wars. '  '^  This  could  not  be  expected  if  the  King  were 
to  put  down  the  rebellion  of  England  by  the  aid  of  the  Irish. 
Meantime  he  drove  out  all  the  Old  English  inhabitants  of  Irish 
birth,  pretending  he  could  not  be  safe  with  them  because  they 
were  "  Irish  "  and  Catholic,  though  they  had  shut  the  gates 


1  "  A  Letter  from  the  Right  Hon.  the  Lord  Inchiquin  and  the 
other  Commanders  in  Munster  to  His  Majestie,  expressing  the 
Reasons  for  not  holding  tlie  Cessation  any  longer  with  the 
Rehells,  &c. ;  with  several  other  Letters  to  Friends  here  in  Eng- 
land, advising  them  to  return  to  their  former  Charges  in  Ireland, 
c^'c.     Published  hy  authority,"     4to.     London:    1644. 

2  lb. 

3  lb. 


I 


OF  lEELAND.  167 

against  the  Irish  in  1641,  and  had  ever  since  joined  with  the 
King's  forces,  defending  the  town  against  them.  Sending  for 
the  mayor  and  corporation  at  6  in  the  morning,  on  26  July, 
under  pretence  that  he  had  to  make  a  journey  to  Doneraile, 
and  would  speak  with  them  before  his  departure,  he  got  them 
into  his  garden,  and  there  kept  them  surrounded  by  soldiers, 
horse  and  foot,  with  lighted  matches.  Then,  attended  only 
by  the  sheriffs,  he  proceeded  through  the  streets  ordering  all 
the  Irish  inhabitants  (as  they  were  called),  both  old  men  and 
young  men,  to  withdraw  out  of  the  city;  which  done,  he 
ordered  out  the  clergy,  and  also  the  women  of  what  quality 
soever,  but  to  carry  nothing  with  them,  his  lordship  observ- 
ing, in  answer  to  the  remonstrance  of  the  mayor,  "  that  if 
they  w^ere  all  lords,  they  must  all  begone."  While  thus  de- 
tained, the  troops  with  their  petronels  ready  spanned  in  their 
hands,  were  driving  the  rest  of  the  inhabitants  out  of  the  city, 
locking  up  their  houses  and  taking  their  keys  into  their  keep- 
ing; so  that  in  less  than  two  or  three  hours'  time  the  city  was 
depopulated,  and  not  an  Irish  inhabitant  left  therein,  and  they 
and  their  wives  and  children  left  with  no  other  lodging  but 
under  hedges  and  ditches,  being  not  able  to  put  one  bit  into 
their  mouths. i  When  Inchiquin  returned  again  to  the  King's 
interest  in  1648,  the  Irish  inhabitants,  or  such  of  them  as  sur- 
vived, were  let  back,  but  only  to  be  again  driven  out  on  the 
revolt  of  the  English  garrison  to  Cromwell,  23rd  October, 
1649,  "  when  they  were  plundered  of  all  that  ever  they  had, 
insomuch  as  for  the  space  of  twenty-four  hours  one  did  not 
know  the  miseries  of  the  other,  by  which  means  (says  Phihp 
Martel,  in  his  petition  of  22nd  December,   1649),  the  poor 

^  "  A  Relation  of  the  passadges  between  the  Lord  Inchiquin 
and  the  Mayor  and  Aldermen  of  Corke,  upon  his  LoPP's  expelling 
the  Irish  inhabitants  of  the  citty,  subscribed  bv  Robert  Coppin- 
ger,  Mayor,  and  John  Gahvaye,  Sheriffe,  July",  1644."  "  Carte 
Papers,"  vol.  xi.,  402, 


168  THE   CKOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

inhabitants  have  a  greater  sense  of  the  last  than  of  the  former 
plundering."^  At  the  same  time  that  Inchiquin  turned  out 
the  Irish  in  1644,  he  wrote  over  to  England,  suggesting  that 
the  Parliament  should  give  the  houses  and  lands  of  the  ex- 
pulsed  inhabitants  to  the  English  remaining  in  the  city  of 
Cork.  2 

As  Irish  evidence  is  not  to  be  beUeved  unless  it  be  to  the 
prejudice  of  the  nation  (according  to  the  maxim  that  an 
Irishman's  oath  is  of  no  value  except  to  hang  another),  the 
loyalty  of  the  Ancient  natives  of  Cork  would  probably  not  be 
credited  unless  upon  English  testimony.  Against  the  calum- 
nious and  interested  charges  of  Lord  Inchiquin,  therefore, 
there  is  to  be  set  the  solemn  report  of  the  Duke  of  Ormond, 
the  Earl  of  Anglesey,  and  Sir  George  Hamilton  (no  friends  of 
the  Irish),  made  at  the  order  of  the  King,  on  the  petition  of 
these  expelled  inhabitants,  who  prayed  at  the  Restoration  to 
be  restored  to  their  lands  and  former  habitations. 

By  this  report  it  was  certified  that  the  ancient  natives  of 
Cork  had  at  all  times  from  the  breaking  out  of  the  troubles 
and  disturbances  acted  with  and  for  the  English  interest 
equally  with  the  English  Protestants ;  that  when  they  were 
put  out  of  their  houses  and  from  their  habitations,  they,  to 
hold  still  firm  to  their  loyalty,  had  immediate  recourse,  and 
only  refuge  by  their  mayor,  Eobert  Coppinger,  to  the  Lord 
Marquis  of  Ormond,  as  the  proper  centre,  in  whose  hands 
they  deposited  the  badges  of  their  privileges — namely,  the 
sword,  mace,  and  cap  of  maintenance;  and  his  Lordship,  in 
acknowledgment  of  such  faithful  and  loyal  deportment, 
knighted  the  said  Robert  Coppinger;  and  then  promised,  in 
the  behalf  of  his  late  Majesty,  to  render  unto  them  in  season- 
able time  the  said  sword,  and  mace,  and  cap  of  maintenance, 

1  "  Carte   Papers,"    vol.    clvi.,    499. 
?  "  A  letter,"  &c.,  p.  166,  suprii, 


OF  IKELAND.  169 

and  to  testify   to  their   advantage   how   properly   they   had 
deposited  the  same  in  due  tinie.^ 

They  further  reported  that  it  appeared  by  two  several 
letters  from  his  late  Majesty  of  ever  blessed  memory,  in  the 
years  1643  and  1644,  directed  to  the  mayor,  aldermen,  and 
commons  of  that  city,  that  they  had,  towards  the  mainten- 
ance of  His  Majesty's  army,  issued  in  loans  and  otherwise 
the  sum  of  £30,000,  besides  their  other  sufferings  mentioned 
in  their  former  petition,  amounting  to  £60,000;  and  when 
their  stock  in  corn  was  totally  exhausted,  they  willingly  gave 
up  their  plate,  household  stuff,  and  moveables,  to  advance 
his  late  Majesty's  service,  which  the  said  late  King  declared 
himself  so  sensible  of,  that  he  said  the  same  should  be  in  due 
time  remeinbered  to  their  great  advantage,  and  returned  to 
their  loyal  bosoms. ^  The  inhabitants  further  alleged,  that  in 
the  beginning  of  the  Kebellion  they  invited  the  English  into 
the    city.      And   when    the    ancient   natives   were   expelled, 

some  of  them  had  their  throats  cut  by  the  Tories  (the 
rascal  Irish),  for  their  joining  with  the  English."* 

The  case  of  the  Ancient  inhabitants  of  Kinsale  is  to  be 
found  in  the  report  of  Cromwell's  Commissioners.  The  Court 
was  opened  on  the  22nd  of  July,  1656.  On  the  29th,  the  case 
of  Thomas  Toomey  (otherwise  Thomas)  was  heard.  Most  of 
the  claims  depended  upon  it.  The  judges  heard  it  at  great 
length.  They  adjourned  to  the  following  morning,  to  allow 
the  counsel  at  the  bar  to  speak  to  it.  The  claimant  owned  a 
house  in  Kinsale,  under  a  lease  made  in  1635.  He  was  a  ship- 
wright, and  worked  in  the  King's  dockyard  there.  It  was 
proved  that  he  shut  the  gates  against  the  Irish  in  1641 ;  that 
he  served  as  a  corporal  under  Captain  John  Farlo;  that  he 

1  Report,  dated  13th  February,  1661,  Liber  D.,  of  a  series  of 
volumes,  folio,  relating  to  "the  Act  of  Settlement,  in  the  Record 
Tower,  Dublin  Castle. 

2  lb. 

3  "  Concerning  Innocency."     "  Carte  Papers,"  xliv.,  132, 


170  THE   CKOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

kept  watch  and  ward  when  the  rebels  besieged  the  town.     It 
came  out,  however,  that  after  Inchiquin  revolted  from  the 
ParUament,  in  1649,  and  returned  to  the  King's  side,  contri- 
bution was  collected  by  the  magistrates,  and  paidby  Toomey^ 
(as  by  all  the  other  inhabitants)  to  his  receivers;  that  dis- 
tresses were  taken  on  everybody ;  none  durst  refuse  payment 
of    contribution    to    Inchiquin.       This,    however,    was    the 
claimant's  ruin.      It  deprived  him  of  the  plea  of  Constant 
Good  Affection,  which  but  for  this  he  might  have  maintained. 
He  had  ' '  contributed  money  or  victuals  not  levied  by  actual 
force,"  and  this  brought  him  within  the  Eighth  qualification. 
The  consequences  appear  from  the  following  special  report 
of  these   proceedings   made   by   the   Commissioners   to   the 
Government :  — 

"  COURT  AT  MALLOW  FOR  THE  QUALIFICATIONS  OF  THE  IRISH 
THAT  FORMERLY  INHABITED  THE  TOWNS  OF  CORKE,  YOUGHAL 
AND  KINSALE. 

"29th  of  August,  1656. 

"  This  day  the  claimants'  counsel  demanded  the  judgment 
of  the  Court  upon  the  point  of  Constant  good  affection;  and 
first  in  the  case  of  Thomas  Toomey  of  Kinsale,  whether  upon 
proof  he  hath  manifested  Constant  good  affection. 

"Mr.  Justice  Cooke. — Negative. 

"Mr.  Justice  Halsey. — Negative. 

"  It  is  adjudged  that  Thomas  Toomey  hath  not  manifested 
Constant  good  affection ;  but  falls  within  the  eighth  qualifica- 
tion, to  have  two  parts  of  his  estate  in  Connaught. 

"  Court. — The  counsel  for  Thomas  Toomey  is  to  proceed 
upon  his  title. 2 

1  It  would  seem  from  this  that  the  ancient  inhabitants  of  Kin- 
sale  continued  to  dwell  there  during  the  whole  war. 

2  That  is,  to  prove  what  lands  he  was  formerly  possessed  of,  in 
order  to  regulate  the  quantity  to  be  now  set  out  to  him  in  Con- 
naught, 


OF  lEELAND.  ITl 

^'  Mr.  Silver.— He  is  resolved  not  to  go  into  Connaught. 
"Mr.  Hoare. — And  so  they  are  all. 

"Mr.  Silver.— My  clients  do  further  demand  the  judg- 
ment of  the  Court,  whether  they,  and  how  many  of  them, 
have  proved  their  Constant  good  affections? 

"Court. — We  have  seriously  considered  of  the  several 
cases  and  several  claimants  named,  as  George  Gold  Fitz- 
William,  Dominick  Sarsfield,  David  Terry,  Patrick  Galway, 
James  Gough,  Patrick  Meagh,  Stephen  Coppinger,  Patrick 
Eoth,  John  Coppinger,  James  Murrow,  John  Levallyn,  James 
Levallyn(and  so  all  the  claimants  were  named  particularly). 
"Justice  Halsey. — ^If  you  demand  of  us  any  further 
judgment  in  any  particular  client's  case,  you  shall  have  it; 
though  you  see  we  have  run  over  them  all. 

"  Claimants'    Counsel. — We   humbly   demand  the   judg- 
ment of  the  Court  upon  the  whole,  whether  any  Claimant 
hath  proved  Constant  good  affection  ? 
"Justice  Cooke. — Negative. 
"Justice  Halsey. — Negative. 

"  Kesolved  by  the  Court,  that  not  any  one  of  a  Popish 
claimant  hath  proved  Constant  good  affection. 

"Justice  Cooke. — Now  proceed  upon  the  title  distinctly. 
"Claimants'  Counsel. — Not  one  of  our  clients  will  pro- 
ceed. 

"Court. — You  had  best  to  advise  your  clients  what  to 
do.  We  shall  stay  your  leisure.  Therefore  adjourn  till  the 
afternoon. 

"  Saturday  Afternoon. 

"Justice  Cooke,  present;  Justice  Halsey,  present. 

"Court. — Will  the  counsel,  or  any  of  the  attorneys  for 
any  of  the  claimants,  proceed  to  their  titles? 

"Mr.  Silver. — James  Gough,  Patrick  Meagh,  Stephen 
Coppinger,    Patrick   Eoth,    John   Coppinger,    James  Murro, 


172  THE   CROIMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

John  Levallyn  (and  so  all  the  claimants  were  named  particu- 
larly). 

"  Court. — We  have  considered  of  the  several  causes  of 
every  claimant  in  Court,  and  have  singled  out  about  thirty 
which  may  come  nearest  to  Constant  good  affection.  And 
we  cannot  find  that  any  of  them  hath  manifested  Constant 
good  affection  according  to  the  strict  rule  of  law,  but  all  fall 
short  in  some  point  or  other. 

"  Claimants'  Counsel. — We  hope  in  equity  our  clients 
shall  not  be  sent  into  Connaught  amongst  their  enemies. 

"  Court. — We  must  proceed,  as  our  Commission  requires, 
according  to  law ;  and  we  cannot  find  how  the  Irish  can  be  in 
a  better  condition  than  the  English  (who  are  to  forfeit  a 
fifth  for  their  delinquency)  had  it  not  been  for  His  Highness' 
Ordinance  of  Indemnity.^ 

"  Claimants'  Counsel. — Our  clients  would  willingly  lose 
a  great  deal  more. 

"  Court. — Wo  cannot  alter  the  law,  but  must  judge  ac- 
cording to  law. 

Mr.  Silver — Our  clients  will  not  take  any  lands  in  Con- 
naught.  We  have  demanded  the  judgment  of  the  Court  con- 
cerning the  several  estates  of  our  clients  that  are  Protestants, 
as,  namely,  Mr.  Robert  Southwell,  William  Chidley,  William 
Howell,  Christopher  Sugar,  and  others,  who  were  Protes- 
tants and  proprietors  at  the  time  of  the  Act  of  Settlement. 

"  Court. — We  shall  consider  of  the  several  cases  of  the 
Protestant  claimants  who  had  bond  fide  purchased  from 
Papists  before  the  Act  of  Settlement,  as  to  that  point  only. 


1  Protestants  who  had  not  shown  a  constant  good  affection  to 
the  Parliament  were  liable  to  transplantation.  By  an  ordinance 
of  2nd  September,  1654,  they  were  allowed  to  compound  for  tAvo 
years'  annual  value  of  tlieir  real  and  personal  estates,  which  was 
equal  to  one-fifth  as  lands  were  then  rated,  viz.,  at  ten  years' 
purchase,  and  to  be  s^jared  from  transplantation. 


OF  IKELAND.  173 

whether  they  can  be  in  n  better  position  than  those  from 
whom  they  claim. 

"  Justice  Cooke. — Proceed,  therefore,  to  the  titles  of  your 
Irish  clients. 

"  Claimants' Counsel. — We  have  advised  with  our  clients, 
and  they  are  resolved  not  to  take  any  lands  in  Connaught. 

"  The  First  proclamation  was  made. 

"Court. — Crier,  make  proclamation  again,  that  all  per- 
sons who  have  any  business  here  to  do  may  come  in  and  be 
heard. 

"  Second  proclamation  was  made. 

"  Court.— Will  you  proceed  before  the  last  proclamation 
be  made,  or  else  it  will  be  too  late? 

"  Claimants'  Counsel. — W^e  humbly  pray  the  Court  to  ad- 
journ tillMunday,  that  we  may  better  advise  with  our  clients. 

"  Court. — Adjourn  till  Munday,  at  8  of  the  clock. 

"  Munclay,  Sept.  1,  1656. 

"Cooke,  present;  Halsey,  present. 

"  Court. — Will  any  of  the  claimants  proceed  upon  their 
titles,  that  they  may  have  their  proportions  in  Connaught? 

"Claimants'  Counsel. — There  being  only  present  Mr. 
Hoare  and  Mr.  Silver,  Attorneys  (Mr.  Fisher,  Mr.  Jones, 
Mr.  Barber,  and  all  the  other  Protestant  practizers  having 
left  the  Court), 

"Mr.  Silver. — The  claimants  will  not  a  man  of  them 
proceed  unless  they  may  enjoy  their  own  estates ;  they  will 
not  go  into  Connaught. 

"  Court. — They  must  transplant  according  to  law. 

"  The  Court  urged  them  several  times  to  proceed,  but  they 
would  not, 

"  Court. — Make  proclamation,  requiring  all  that  have  any 
business  at  this  Court  to  come  in  and  proceed. 

"  Third  proclamation  made. 


174  THE   CKOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

"  Nothing  moved. 

"  The  chiimants  made  a  noise,  some  of  them  saying  they 
had  rather  go  to  the  Barbadoes  than  into  Connaught  amongst 
the  rebels. 

"  Court.' — We  shall  consider  of  the  claims  of  the  Protes- 
tants, and  they  shall  know  our  jvidgment  thereon. 

"The  Court  arose,   and  day  to" ^ 

They  append  the  following  letter :  — 

"  May  it  please  your  Lordships, 

"  Upon  mature  consideration  (so  far  as  the  Lord  hath 
enabled  us)  we  have  proceeded  to  judgment  in  the  causes 
depending  before  us,  and  have  not  adjudged  Constant  good 
affection  to  any  one  of  the  claimants ;  but  the  law  will  be  clear 
for  most  of  them  to  have  two  parts  in  Connaught.  We  have  en- 
deavoured to  the  utmost  of  our  apprehensions  to  convince  and 
satisfy  the  claimants  and  standers  by  of  the  legality  and  jus- 
tice of  our  proceedings;  and  because  in  so  great  an  expecta- 
tion we  feared  that,  if  all  should  be  transplanted,  it  might 
seem  to  carry  some  face  of  rigour,  we  spared  no  pains  to  dis- 
tinguish the  merits  of  each  case ;  and  as  we  were  selecting  ten 
or  twenty  that  might  best  pretend  to  be  legally  restored  to 
their  own  estates,  the  next  claimants  had  instantly  as  much 
to  say  for  themselves ;  and  when  he  had  named  and  weighed 
about  eighty-six  cases,  which  possibly  might  come  nearest  to 
the  mark  of  Constant  good  affection,  presently  the  claimants' 
counsel  named  others  to  us,  which  we  in  our  reason  could  not 
deny  but  that  they  did  equally  merit  with  the  rest ;  so  as  we 
found  an  absolute  necessity  to  deny  Constant  good  affection 
to  all  or  none  (some  very  few  exceptions  that  will  fall  within 
1st  or  7th  qualification) ;  and  that  which  turned  the  scale 
was  their  residence  with  Inchiquin  after  his  revolt. 

1  Blank   in   the   Report. 


OF  lEELAND.  175 

"  We  have  called  upon  them  to  proceed  to  their  titles,  and 
adjudged  the  8th  qualification  to  many  of  them,  which  for 
the  present  they  decline  and  refuse,  and  will  not  proceed 
upon  their  titles,  so  as  we  can  proceed  no  further  therein. 

"  They  make  great  asseverations  that  they  dare  not  go  into 
Connaught  for  fear  of  their  lives,  and  that  they  had  rather  be 
sent  to  the  Barbadoes,  which  we  tell  them  are  vain  and 
frivolous  allegations,  and  that  by  law  they  are  transplantable. 
So  most  of  them  have  left  us.  We  have  caused  several  pro- 
clamations to  be  made  that  if  any  person  have  anything  to 
do  he  may  come  in  and  be  heard;  and  shall  stay  so  long  as 
any  of  them  will  proceed.  Having  done  according  to  our 
Commission,  to  the  best  of  our  skill  and  knowledge,  and  so 
we  humbly  remain, 

"  Your  Lordships'  most  humble 

And  faithful  Servants, 

"John  Cooke,  Wm.  Halsey. 

"  P.S. — If  your  Lordships  shall  be  pleased  to  enlarge  our 
Commission  until  the  29th  inst.,  my  brother  Santhy  and 
myself  will  have  ended  the  circuit  (God  willing),  by  the 
16th  inst.,  and  be  at  Moyallo  by  the  18th  inst.,  where  we 
have  ordered  the  clerk  to  stay  for  us. 

"J.  CooKE. 

"  To  the  Honourable  the  Lord  Deputy  and  Council 
for  the  Affairs  of  Ireland.'"^ 

But  Cromwell,  by  special  Ordinance,  exempted  them  from 
transplantation  to  Connaught,  assigning  them  to  dwell  in 
the  baronies  of  Barry  more  and  Muskerry,  two  miles  distant, 

1  From  a  quarto  volume  in  the  Record  Tower,  Dublin  Castle, 
endorsed,    "  Mallow  Proceedings." 


176  THE   CROMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

at  least,  from  any  walled  town  or  seaport. i  And  there  they 
were  continued  by  the  Act  of  Settlement,  and  thence  might 
behold  the  ancient  dwellings  of  themselves  and  their  families 
shared  between  the  Cromwellian  soldiers  and  the  Forty-nine 
Protestant  Royalist  Officers. ^ 

CONCLUSION — WITH  INSTANCES  OF  SOME  TRANSPLANTERS' 
SUFFERINGS. 

Walter  Cheevers,  of  Monkstown,  descended  from  a  family 
that  came  in  with  the  Conquest^  of  Henry  II.,  was  possessed 
in  1641  of  a  largo  estate  between  Dublin  and  Kingstown. 
The  ruins  of  his  castle  are  still  to  be  seen  not  far  from  the 
Salthill  station  of  the  Dublin  and  Kingstown  railway.  The 
Marquis  of  Orinond  and  Sir  Maurice  Eustace,  by  their  report 
made  to  the  King  after  the  Restoration,  certified  that  of  their 
own  knowledge  he  was  very  innocent  of  the  rebellion,  and  had 
been  very  faithful  to  the  King  and  his  Royal  Father  of  Blessed 
Memory,  and  knew  no  reason  why  he  should  be  deprived  of 
his  estate  more  than  that  Colonel  Edinund  Ludlow  had  ob- 
tained a  grant  of  it  from  Oliver  Cromwell.*    But  he  was  a 

1  "Abstracts  of  the  Proceedings  concerning  the  Rebels,  or  For- 
feited Estates  in  Ireland,  from  the  23rd  of  October,  1641,  to  9th 
May,  1659."  Volume  B.  "  Collections  concerning  the  Act  of 
Settlement,"  p.  252.     Record  Tower,  Dublin  Castle. 

2  14th  and  15th  Chas.  11.  (A.D.  1662),  chap.  2,  xviiith  clause  of 
His  Majesty's  Declaration  of  Settlement  of  30  Nov.,  1660. 

3  John  Cheevers,  of  Mayston,  in  the  county  of  Meath,  in  his 
petition  to  the  Lords  Justices,  sets  forth  that  his  ancestors  have 
until  the  usurper's  time  enjoyed  the  lands  granted  unto  them 
by  King  Henry  II.  on  the  Conquest.  Vol.  M.,  p.  439,  papers 
relating  to  the  Act  of  Settlement;  Record  Tower,  Dublin  Castle. 

4  Recitals  in  the  King's  Letter,  dated  at  Whitehall,  22nd 
Nov.,  1660. 

Addressed  "  To  ike  Chief  Baron,  to  the  Sheriff  of  the  County  of 
Dublin,  and  all  other  our  loving  subjects  whom  it  may 
concerne." 
Book  of  King's  Letters,  Chief  Remembrancer's  Office,  Court  of 
Exchequer  of  Ireland. 


OF  lEELAND.  177 

Catholic  and  an  Irishman  (as  that  term  was  understood  in 
England),  and  had  not  shown  that  Constant  good  affection  to 
the  Parliament  of  England  that  alone  exempted  the  Irish  from 
transplantation.  He  was,  moreover,  guilty  of  another  crime 
(like  the  bear,  who  is  often  killed,  not  for  what  he  has  done, 
but  for  his  skin) — he  had  a  fine  house  and  estate.  This  was 
granted  by  Cromwell  to  General  Ludlow,  one  of  the  Commis- 
sioners of  Parliament  for  the  Affairs  of  Ireland;  and  Mr. 
Cheevers  was  ordered  to  transplant,  wdth  his  family,  to  Con- 
naught.  On  the  16th  December,  1653,  he  sent  in  to  the 
Commissioners  of  Revenue  of  the  precinct  of  Dublin  the  par- 
ticulars required  by  government  from  all  transplanters,  by 
which  may  be  seen  the  number  of  his  family,  and  the  extent 
of  his  stock  and  crop,  and  what  tenants  or  friends  proposed 
to  accompany  him  to  Connaught.  The  certificate  is  as  fol- 
lows— viz.: — "Walter  Cheevers,  of  sanguine  complexion, 
brown  hair,  and  indifferent  stature;  his  wife,  Alson  Netter- 
ville,  otherwise  Cheevers,  with  five  children,  the  eldest  not 
above  seven  years  old;  four  women  servants,  and  seven  men 
servants,  viz.,  Daniel  Barry,  tall  stature,  red  beard,  bald 
pate;  Thady  Cullen,  of  small  stature,  browne  haire,  nohaire 
on  his  face;  Morgan  Cullen,  of  small  stature,  blind  of  one 
eye,  with  black  haire ;  Philip  Birne,  aged  about  forty  years, 
black  haire,  low  stature;  William  Birne,  tall  stature,  aged 
thirty-five  years;  Patrick  Corbally,  aged  forty  years,  red 
haire,  middle  stature.  The  said  Walter  doth  manure  twenty 
colpe  of  corn,  and  hath  twenty  cows,  sixty  sheep,  thirty  hoggs, 
two  ploughs  of  garrans.  The  tenants  willing  to  remove  with 
him  are  Arthur  Birne,  of  httle  stature,  brown  haire,  aged 
thirty  years;  Dudley  Birne,  middle  stature,  brown  haire, 
aged  twenty-five  years — which  tenants  have  a  plough  of  gar- 
rans, twelve  cows,  forty  sheep ;  Martin  M'Guire,  tall  of  sta- 
ture, and  redd  haire,  aged  thirty  years,  hath  six  cows,  four 
P 


178  THE   CEOMWELLIAN    t^ETTLEMENT 

garrans,  twenty  sheepe ;  Thos.  Eustace,  low  stature,  browne 
haire,  twenty-five  years,  hath  ten  cows,  forty  sheep,  a  plough 
of  garrans,  and  ten  hoggs.  The  substance  whereof  we  con- 
ceive to  be  true. 

"  In  witness  whereof,  we  have  hereunto  set  our  hands 
and  seals,  the  19th  day  of  December,  1653. 

"H.  Markham,  E.  Doyly, 

"Thos.  Hooker,         Isaac  Dobson.''^ 

When  proceeding  to  Connaught,  to  obtain  a  Einal  Settle- 
ment there  from  the  Commissioners  sitting  at  Athlone,  he  took 
a  letter  to  them  from  the  State,  directing  them  to  assign  him 
lands  with  a  good  house  upon  them,  so  as  to  enable  him  and 
his  family  to  subsist  and  render  his  being  there  comfortable, 
in  consideration  that  he  had  parted  with  a  fair  house  and  a  con- 
siderable estate  near  Dublin, ^  of  which  they  all  probably  had 
personal  knowledge,  as  it  is  only  natural  to  suppose  they  must 
have  often  dined  at  Monkstown  Castle  with  their  brother 
Commissioner,  General  Edmund  Ludlow.  But  the  Athlone 
Commissioners  were  either  unable  or  unwilling  to  comply 
with  the  order;  for  Mr.  Cheevers  had  recourse  again  to  go- 
vernment, complaining  that  he  had  not  obtained  the  favour 
the  government  intended  for  him.'  The  truth  was,  it  Was 
found  in  July,  1657,  that  the  lands  in  Connaught  had  fallen 
short  to  satisfy  the  decrees  of  the  Athlone  Commissioners, 
"  except  what  was  so  remote  and  waste  as  to  be  useless;  and 
many  Irish  who  (like  Cheevers)  had  parted  with  considerable 

1  Book  of  Transplanters'  Certificates,  returned  from  the  several 
precincts  in  the  Province  of  Leinster,  viz.,  Dublin,  Wexford,  Car- 
low,  Kilkenny,  Athy,  Athlone,  and  Drogheda.  Records  of  the 
late  Auditor-General's  Office,  Custom  House  Buildings. 

2  Letter  from  the  Council^  dated  27th  August,  1656.  A  (30), 
p.  179. 

3  Ib„  ib, 


OF    IKELAND.  179 

estates  and  convenient  habitations,  were  thereby  reduced  to 
little  better  than  a  starving  condition."  And,  notwithstand- 
ing the  Commissioners  had  contracted  the  three-mile  line 
along  the  sea  coast  to  one  mile,  and  had  given  up  to  trans- 
planters the  lands  about  different  garrisons,  reserving  only  500 
acres  around  Clare  Castle,  100  acres  round  Cahir  na  Mart 
(or  Westport),  700  acres  about  Athlone,  and  lands  of  a  mile 
compass  about  Carrigaholt,  the  government  were  informed 
there  would  still  not  be  sufficient  to  satisfy  the  decrees  given 
to  the  transplanted.^ 

Pierce  Butler,  Viscount  Ikerrin,  was  the  ancestor  of  the 
Earls  of  Carrick,  a  younger  branch  of  the  house  of  Ormond. 
He  dwelt  in  Lismalin  Park,  in  the  barony  of  Ikerrin,  in  the 
county  of  Tipperary,  contiguous  to  the  county  of  Kilkenny, 
where  the  ruins  of  his  ancient  castle  may  still  be  seen  on  a 
hill  side,  overlooking  a  pleasant  valley.  Like  the  rest  of  his 
house  (with  the  exception  of  the  Earl  of  Ormond,  who,  being 
a  king's  ward,  had  been  brought  up,  by  order  of  the  Court  of 
Wards,  a  branch  of  the  Court  of  Chancery,  a  Protestant),  he 
was  a  Roman  Catholic ;  and  having,  with  the  rest  of  his  coun- 
trymen of  that  persuasion,  taken  the  king's  side  against  the 
Parliament,  and  been  Lieutcnant-General  of  the  Leinster 
.army,  under  Lord  Mountgarret,  he  was  included  in  the  Decree 
of  Confiscation  pronounced  by  the  Parliament  of  England,  on 
the  12th  August,  1650,  against  all  who  had  not  manifested 
their  Constant  good  affection  to  their  interest.  After  the  sur- 
render of  the  Leinster  Irish  to  the  Parliament  forces  under  the 
articles  signed  at  Kilkenny  on  12th  May,  1650,  he  returned  to 
the  neighbourhood  of  Lismalin  Park,  and  was  there  employed 
as  tenant  at  will  to  the  state,  farming  those  lands  that  were  so 
soon  to  pass  to  the  conquerors,  when  the  order  of  14th  October, 
1653,  was  proclaimed,  directing  the  Irish  nation  to  transplant 

lA  (30),  Letter  of  27th  July,  1657. 


180  THE    CEOMWELLIAN    SETTLEMENT 

themselves  into  Connaught  before  the  1st  of  May  following. 
On  the  25th  of  January,  1654,  he  proceeded  to  Clonmel,  and 
presented  to  the  Commissioners  of  Revenue  there  the  parti- 
culars of  his  family  and  establishment,  their  names,  ages,  and 
descriptions,  the  extent  of  his  stock  and  tillage,  and  the  names 
of  those  of  his  tenants  and  friends  who  were  disposed  to  go 
down  with  him  into  captivity  in  Connaught.  By  an  abstract  of 
this  certificate  it  appears  that  between  his  family  and  tenants 
he  had  seventeen  persons  to  accompany  him.  He  had  already 
tilled  and  cropped  sixteen  acres  of  winter  corn ;  he  had  foior 
cows,  five  garrans  (or  cart  horses),  twenty -four  sheep,  and 
two  swine  ;^  which  he  was  to  leave  behind  him  in  charge  of 
Lady  Ikerrin,  while  he  was  to  go  forward  into  Connaught  to 
build  a  hut  to  shelter  her  and  his  daughters,  who  were  to  fol- 
low in  autumn  with  the  cows,  sheep,  swine,  and  household  fur- 
niture. For  on  a  general  complaint  that  transplanters  would 
be  great  sufferers  in  their  corn  in  ground,  and  other  substance, 
if  they  were  not  permitted  to  look  after  their,  harvest,  they 
obtained  licence  for  their  wives  and  families  to  continue  upon 
their  holdings  until  harvest  came  in  (with  a  general  provision 
for  all  aged,  decrepit,  and  sickly  persons,  that  they  might 
not  be  put  on  hard  things),  M'hich  gave  the  government, 
according  to  the  usual  practice  of  rulers,  cause  to  praise  them- 
selves for  their  great  mercy  a,nd  kindness,  because  of  this  mo- 
dification of  their  cruelty. 2  Lord  Ikerrin,  having  fallen  sick,  as 
the  1st  of  May,  the  ti.me  for  transplanting,  approached,  got 
licence  on  account  of  his  distemper. to  repair  to  the  Bath  in 
England  for  six  months,  necessary,  according  to  his  phy- 
sician's advice  for  the  recovery  of  his  health ;  and  Lady  Ikerrin 


1-  Book  of  Transplanters'  Certificates  of  the  precinct  of  Water- 
ford.  Records  of  the  late  Auditor-General's  Office,  Custom  House 
Buildings. 

2  Lawrence,  "  Interest  of  England  in  the  Irish  Transplanta- 
tion Stated,"  p.  7.     London-   1655. 


IN    IKELAND.  181 

was  dispensed  with  from  transplantation  for  two  months  from 
the  1st  of  May,  and  her  servants  till  the  harvest  was  gathered 
in.i  On  his  return  to  Ireland  some  judgment  may  be  formed  of 
his  poverty  by  an  order  of  the  Council  of  27th  November,  1654, 
by  which  Sergeant  Mortimer  (Sergeant-at-Arms  attending  the 
Council)  was  to  pay  the  Lord  Ikerrin  £20  in  consideration  of 
his  necessitous  condition;  after  which  the  said  Lord  Ikerrin 
was  to  acquiesce  in  the  late  order  of  this  board  for  prosecut- 
ing his  claim  at  Athlone,  and  not  to  expect  any  more  money 
by  order  of  this  Council. ^  Lord  Ikerrin,  however,  still  evaded 
transplantation ;  for  in  1656  he  went  over  to  London,  and  in 
liondon  found  means  to  approach  the  Lord  Protector,  who 
finding  him  in  an  extremely  poor  and  miserable  condition, 
without  means  to  subsist  in  London,  or  to  return  back  to  Ire- 
land, bestowed  upon  him  some  relief,  and  wrote  to  the  Lord 
Deputy  and  Council  of  Ireland  to  allow  him  some  proportion 
of  his  estate  without  transplanting  him,  or  to  provide  some 
relief  out  of  the  revenue  for  him  and  his  family  ;  "For  indeed;" 
adds  the  Lord  Protector,  "he  is  a  miserable  object  of  pity  ;  and 
we  desire  that  care  be  taken  of  him,  and  that  he  be  not  suffered 
to  perish  for  want  of  subsistence.  "^  How  this  poor  nobleman 
fared  after  Cromwell's  interference  does  not  appear.       But 

1  Order  of  24th  April,  1654.     A  (85),  p.  304. 

2  Volume  of  Treasurj-  Warrants  (No.  14).  Late  Auditor- 
General's  Office,  Custom  House  Buildings. 

3  "  To  the  Bight  Hon.  ye  Lord  Deputy  and  Conncell  in  Ireland. 

"  My  Lord  and  Gentlemen, — We  being  informed  by  several 
persons,  and  also  by  certificates  from  several  officers  under  our 
command  in  Ireland,  that  the  Lord  Viscount  Ikerrin  hath  been 
of  later  times  serviceable  to  suppress  the  Tories;  and  we  being 
very  sensible  of  tlie  extreame  poor  and  miserable  condition  in 
which  his  lordship  now  is,  even  to  the  want  of  sustenance  to  sup- 
port his  life;  we  could  not  but  commisserate  his  sad  and  dis- 
tressed condition  by  helping  him  to  a  little  reliefe,  without  which 
he  could   neither   subsist  here  nor  returne  back  to  Ireland  •   and 


182  THE   CROMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

Lismalin  had  passed  irrevocably  to  the  soldiery  ;  for  it  gave  Sir 
William  Petty  opportunity  of  retorting  upon  his  adversary, 
Colonel  Hierome  Sankey,  "  his  unhandsome  dealings  with  the 
soldiers  in  the  matter  of  Lismalin  Park."  No  further  pay- 
ments appear  inade  to  Lord  Ikerrin,  and  he  probably  soon 
sank  under  his  misfortunes,  for  at  the  Restoration  his  grand- 
son claimed  the  estate  before  the  Commissioners  of  Claims.* 
But  even  after  getting  an  assignment  the  poor  transplanter 
was  not  secure  ;  the  Commissioners  by  mistake  or  fraud  might 
haye  given  it  to  another;  such  was  the  case  of  Maurice 
Viscount  Eocheof  Fermoy.  Viscount  Eoche's  grandfather  had 
three  sons  slain  in  Tyrone's  wars,  fighting  for  Queen  Eliza- 
beth. His  father  was  of  such  constancies,  that  when  all  Mun- 
ster  in  general  combined  against  their  anointed  sovereign,  he 
continued  himself  within  the  lists  of  an  obedient  subject. ^ 
His  father  was  the  emblem,  as  it  were,  of  English  fidelity  ;  for 
when  one  of  the  Irish  chieftains  came  in  and  submitted,  and 
promised  to  be   loyal,    but  was   asked,    "  But   what   if   the 

therefore  do  earnestly  desire  you  to  take  him  into  speedy  con- 
sideration, by  allowing  him  some  reasonable  proportion  of  his 
estate  without  transplanting  him,  or  otherwise  to  make  some 
provision  for  him  and  his  family  elsewhere,  and  to  allow  him 
some  competent  pension  or  money  out  of  the  revenue.  Indeed  he 
is  a  miserable  object  of  pity,  and  therefore  we  desire  that  care 
be  taken  of  him,  and  that  he  be  not  suffered  to  perish  for  want 
of  a  subsistence : 

"  And  rest,  your  loving  friend, 

"  Oliver,  P. 
A  (28),  "  Whitehall,  27th  Fehritary,  1657." 

Book  of  Letters  from  the  Lord  Protector,  Record  Tower,  Dub- 
lin Castle. 

1  "  7th  June.  1666,  Viscount  Ikerrin  claims  as  an  innocent  Pro- 
testant; was  born  in  16.39;  was  a  student  at  Maudlin,  Oxford, 
where  he  went  to  church ;  at  Athlone  went  to  church  ;  Dean  Blood 
administered  the  sacrament  to  him  at  St.  Owen's  Church,  Dub- 
lin. Decree  adjourned."  Minute  Book  of  Court  of  Claims, 
Hanaper  Office,  p.  43. 

2  Sir  B.  Burke,  "  Extinct  Peerages." 


OF    lEELANi).  183 

Spaniard  should  come?"  "  Then,"  said  he,  "  trust  neither 
me,  nor  yet  Lord  Eoche,  nor  Lord  Barry  " — as  if  theirs  was 
the  utmost  loyalty  known  in  Munster.  The  Lords  Eoches' 
castle,  from  the  days  of  the  first  invasion,  crowned  a  rock  in  a 
gorge  opening  into  the  valley  of  the  Blackwater;  and  at  the 
base  of  the  rock  flowed  a  rapid  river,  running  southwards  into 
the  Blackwater.  From  this  rocky  seat  the  Lord  Eoches,  no 
doubt,  took  their  name. 

Viscountess  Eoche  defended  this  castle  in  1649 ;  and  Crom- 
well, in  his  march  to  Tipperary  and  Kilkenny,  passed  it  by 
without  caring  to  assault  it.  On  26th  July,  1650,  Lady 
Eoche  wrote  to  Ormond,  then  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Ireland, 
for  relief  from  taxation  for  herself  and  the  inhabitants  of  that 
poor  barony,  "  from  among  the  relics  of  those  places  she  held 
until  God  should  favour  her  lord  and  husband  with  the  re- 
possession of  them."  She  signs  herself  His  Excellency's 
kinswoman,  and  humble  servant.^  But  not  only  was  her  lord 
never  to  repossess  them,  but  he  was  to  lose  what  she  so 
loyally  defended  for  him.  And  dreadful  as  was  her  fate,  it 
was  almost  preferable  to  his.  She  was  brought  before  one  of 
those  High  Courts  of  Justice  (or  injustice)  set  up  immediately 
after  the  surrender  of  the  Irish  in  1652,  when  they  hanged 
women,  for  want  of  men,  as  victims  were  required  to  justify 
the  former  fury  of  the  English,  who  had  denounced  all  the 
Irish  as  murderers.  There  she  was  tried,  condemned,  and 
afterwards  hanged,  on  the  evidence  of  a  strumpet,  for  shooting 
a  man  with  a  pistol,  whose  name  even  was  unknown  to  the 
witness;  and  though  it  was  ready  to  be  proved  that  Lady 
Eoche  was  twenty  miles  distant  from  the  spot,  and  that  the 
sight  of  a  pistol  was  enough  to  fright  her  from  the  room. 2 

1  "  Carte  Papers,"  vol.  xxviii.,  p.  260. 

2  "  A  continuation  of  the  Brief  Narrative,  and  the  Sufferings 
of  the  Irisli  under  Cromwell,"  p.  7.  Small  4to.  London:  1(361). 
[By  Father  Peter  Walsh.] 


184  THE    CEOMWELLIAN    SETTLEMENT 

Lord  Eoche  was  in  1654  dispossessed  of  his  whole  estate, 
having  (as  his  petition  sets  forth)  the  charge  of  four  young 
daughters  unpreferred,  to  whose  misery  was  added  the  loss  of 
their  mother  by  an  unjust  and  illegal  proceeding,  for  whose 
innocence  he  appealed  to  the  best  Protestant  gentry  and 
nobility  of  the  county  of  Cork.  Thenceforth  Lord  Eoche  and 
his  children  lived  in  a  most  disconsolate  condition,  destitute  of 
all  kind  of  subsistence  (except  what  alms  some  good  Chris- 
tians in  charity  gave  them),  the  consequence  of  which  was, 
that  one  of  his  daughters  fell  sick  and  died  for  want  of  requisite 
accommodation  either  for  her  cure  or  diet.  After  ten  months' 
attendance  on  those  in  authority  at  Dublin,  all  the  succour  lie 
got  was  an  order  to  the  Loughrea  Commissioners  to  set  him. 
out  some  lands  there  De  Bene  Esse.^  With  this  order  he  was 
necessitated  to  travel  on  foot  to  Connaught,  where  he  spent 
six  months  in  attendance  on  the  Commissioners  at  Athlone  and 
Loughrea,  and  in  these  attendances  and  the  prosecution  ran 
himself  £100  in  debt.  Yet,  at  the  last  he  had  but  an  assign- 
ment of  2,500  acres  in  the  Owles  in  Connaught,  and  part  in  the 
remotest  parts  of  Thomond,  all  waste  and  unprofitable;  and 
from  these  he  was  evicted  before  he  could  receive  any  manner 
of  profit,  by  others  to  whom  the  Commissioners  had  disposed 
of  the  same  by  Final  Settlements,  both  before  and  after. 2 

With  such  spectacles  daily  and  hourly  before  their  eyes,  it 
is  no  wonder  that  the  transplanted  who  could  find  means  to  fly, 
or  were  not  tied  by  large  families  of  children,  sold  their  assign- 


1  That  is,  temporarily,  conditionally,  for  his  present  habitation 
and  support,  and  to  maintain  his  cows  and  other  cattle,  until  he 
could  prove  at  Athlone  the  extent  of  his  estate  confiscated,  and 
his  qualification,  i.e.,  the  class  of  his  demerit  or  delinquency,  or 
amount  of  want  of  affection  for  the  Parliament  of  England. 

2  "  The  humble  petition  of  Maurice  Lord  Viscount  Roche,  of 
Fermoy,  to  the  Right  Honourable  the  Lords  Justices,  March, 
1661."  Records  of  the  late  Auditor-General's  Office,  Custom 
House  Buildings,  vol.  xvii.,  p.   112. 


OF    lEELAND.  185 

ments  for  a  mere  trifle  to  the  officers  of  government,  and  fled 
in  horror  and  aversion  from  the  scene,  and  embarked  for 
Spain.  Some  went  mad;  as  Christopher  Eustace,  of  the 
county  of  Kildare,i  restored  to  his  estate  at  the  King's  Restora- 
tion, as  "mad  Eustace  "  (for  though  he  recovered  his  estate, 
he  never  recovered  his  wits)  -^  others  killed  themselves,  like 
Molly  Hore,  wife  of  Philip  Hore  of  Kilsallaghan  Castle,  seven 
miles  north  of  Dublin,  who,  on  getting  the  summons  to  trans- 
plant to  Connaught,  went  down  to  her  stable  and  hanged  her- 
self.*      Others  lived  on,  and  founded  families  there  in  their 


1  A  (91),  p.  32. 

2  14tli  and  15th  Clias.  II.  (A.D.  1662),  Art.  8  of  the  King's 
Declaration  of  30th  November,   1660,  embodied  in  the  Act. 

3  P.  19,  "  Threnodia  Hiberno-Catholica,  &c.,  &c.  The  Wail  of 
the  Irish  Catholics ;  or,  the  Groans  of  the  whole  Clergy  and 
People  of  the  Kingdom  of  Ireland,  in  vvliich  is  truly  set  forth  an 
Epitome  of  the  unheard  of  and  transcendental  Cruelties  by  which 
the  Catholics  of  the  Kingdom  of  Ireland  are  oppressed  by  the 
godless  English  vmder  the  Arch-tyrant,  Cromwell,  the  Usurper 
and  Destroyer  of  the  Three  Realms  of  England,  Ireland,  and 
Scotland.  By  Friar  Morison,  of  the  Minors  of  Strict  Observance; 
Lecturer  in  Theology;  an  Eye-witness  of  those  Cruelties."  Inns- 
bruck.    Printed  by  Michael  Wagner :    A.D.  1659.     12mo. 

In  the  month  of  January,  1852,  I  went  to  see  the  lands  of 
Kilsallaghan,  lying  near  Saint  Margaret's,  seven  miles  north  of 
Dublin,  preparatory  to  bringing  them  to  sale  in  the  Inciunbered 
Estates  Courts  for  the  arrears  of  jointure  of  a  kinswoman.  It 
was  church-time  when  I  got  there;  and  while  waiting  in  a 
farmer's  house  till  the  service  was  over,  as  the  church  was  on  the 
lands  attached  to  the  ruined  castle  of  Kilsallaghan,  I  asked  the 
farmer's  daughter  if  she  knew  who  dwelt  in  the  castle  in  old 
times,  knowing  very  well  that  it  had  belonged  to  the  Hores. 
She  was  quite  aware  of  it;  and  on  my  asking  if  there  was  any- 
thing bearing  the  name  of  the  family  in  the  neighbourhood,  she 
said  there  was  Molly  Hore's  Cross  up  the  road  a  bit.  I  was 
getting  ready  my  note  book  to  copy  the  inscription,  when  she 
informed  me  that  it  wasn't  a  stone  cross,  but  a  cross  of  the 
roads  so  named.  I  asked  how  it  got  the  name?  She  said, 
"  When  the  orders  came  from  Cromwell  to  put  the  people  out^ 
Molly  Hore  couldn't  stand  it,  and  she  went  into  a  stable  they 
had  down  there,  and  lianged  herself;"  and  they  buried  her,  o"f 
course  by  the  crowner's  'quest  law,  as  a  suicide,  at  the  cross 
roads. 


166         The    CiiOMWELLiAN    SETTLEMENT 

Final  Settlements  which  subsist  to  this  day,  like  some  of  the 
Talbots  and  the  Gheevers,  and  some  laid  their  bones  in  Con- 
naught,  whose  heirs  got  restored  after  the  Restoration  of  the 
monarchy, — as  Lord  Trimleston,  on  whose  gravestone,  with- 
in the  ruins  of  the  Abbey  of  Kilconnel,  hard  by  the  fatal  field 
of  Aughrim,  may  be  still  read  the  epitaph:  "Here  lies 
Matthew,  Twelfth  Lord  Baron  of  Trimleston,  one  of  the 
Transplanted." 


A  TRANSPLANTER'S  GRAVE. 


iMMS^E 


'^rn: 


-^ 


^LgagTiE^jCl^gT': 


rFrom  a  Photograph  taken  a.  d.  186-^,  by  the  Rev.  H.  E.  Mdrikl,  licctor  of  Kilconnell.] 


[MITRAL  TABLET  above  the  Grave  of  Mathyas  Barnewall, 
twelfth  Lord  Baron  Trinilestown,  hi  "  The  Strangers' 
Room  "  in  the  ruined  Abbey  of  Kilconnell,  in  the  County 
of  (jalway. 


OF    IRELAND. 


CHAPTER    IV. 

THE   OFFICERS   AND    SOLDIERS. 


THE  CIVIL  SURVEY. 

The  officers  of  the  army  (for  the  common  soldiers  had  no 
voice  in  the  matter)  had  now  obtained  their  desires.  The 
army,  consisting  of  about  35,000  men,  were  to  have  their 
arrears  satisfied  in  land  at  the  Act  rates — that  is,  to  have  1,000 
acres  plantation  measure  (equal  to  1,600  English  measure)  in 
Leinster  for  every  £600  of  arrears — a  like  quantity  in  Munster 
for  £450  of  arrears, — a  like  quantity  in  Ulster  for  £800 
arrears;  being  at  the  rate  of  twelve  shillings  for  the  acre, 
plantation  measure,  in  Leinster,  eight  shillings  in  Munster, 
and  four  shillings  in  Ulster. 

THE    DIFFERENT    KINDS    OF    ARREARS,     AND    THE    ORDER    OF 
THEIR    SATISFACTION. 

The  first  to  be  satisfied  were  the  arrears  of  the  present 
army  (26th  Sc^pt.  1653),  and  of  those  who  had  been  of  it,  for 
their  service  in  Ireland  since  5th  June,  1640. ^  For  it  was 
on  5th  June,  1649,  that  the  Coimcil  of  State  gave  orders  for 
Flemish  ships  to  transport  the  horse  into  Ireland,  and  for 
the  regiments  to  march  to  Chester  and  the  other  ports,  and 
not  to  be  above  one  night  in  a  place. ^    This  was,  accordingly, 

1  Act  for  vSutisf action  of  the  Adventurers  for  Lands  in  Ireland, 
and  of  tlie  Arrears  due  to  the  Soldiery  there,  and  of  other  pidj- 
lique  Debts,   sect.   21 ;  i)assed  26tli  September,   1653. 

2  "  Memorials  of  English  Affairs,  from  the  Reign  of  Charles  I. 
to  Charles  IF.  his  Restauration,"  p.  391.  Folio.  London:  1732. 
[By  Sir  J.  Bulstrode  Whitlock.] 


188  THE    CROAIWELLIAN    SETTLEMENT 

the  day  that  Cromwell's  army  began  its  march  for  the 
reduction  of  Ireland. 

The  22,000  English  soldiers  brought  over  by  Cromwell 
were  joined  on  their  landing  by  the  garrison  of  Dublin  under 
Colonel  Michael  Jones,  and  of  Derry,  under  Sir  Charles 
Coote  and  Colonel  Monk,  the  only  places  that  then  held  for 
the  Parliament.  Their  service  together  from  their  first  vic- 
tory at  Drogheda  to  the  fall  of  Galway,  in  1652,  with  their 
arrears  to  the  day  they  should  be  disbanded,  were  to  be  first 
paid.  They  were  to  share  the  ten  counties  with  the  Adven- 
turers, and  any  balance  remaining  was  a  charge  on  the  whole 
security  allotted  to  the  ariny. 

Arrears  for  service  before  5th  of  June,  1649,  in  England, 
were  next  to  be  satisfied,  shortly  called  "English  arrears;" 
then  any  arrears  of  men  who  had  served  in  Ireland  before  that 
date.i  The  services  of  the  English  part  of  this  army,  before 
coming  to  Ireland,  were  the  conquest  of  both  king  and  Par- 
liament. They  had  fought  the  king  froni  Edgehill  to  the 
fatal  field  of  Naseby — a  defeat  that  forced  the  King  to  fly 
(A.D.  1645),  from  Oxford,  to  take  refuge  with  his  countrymen, 
the  Scotch,  who  basely  sold  him  for  £200,000  to  the  Parlia- 
ment. The  Parliament  having  conquered  the  King,  wished 
to  get  rid  of  the  army.  They  were  afraid  of  its  "  Anti-Par- 
liament," with  the  Council  of  Ofiicers,  to  assist  the  general, 
like  a  House  of  Peers,  and  another  of  agitators,  mostly  cor- 
porals and  sergeants  elected  by  the  common  men,  as  it  were  a 
House  of  Commons.  The  Parliament,  therefore  (A.D.  1647), 
ordered  the  army  to  Ireland,  and  "  Eesolved  "  that  such  regi- 
ments as  should  refuse  to  engage  in  that  service  should  be 
disbanded.  Instead,  they  marched  against  the  Parliament, 
encamped  at  Blackheath,  made  the  House  of  Commons  erase 
their  resolution  from  the  journals,  purged  the  house  to  fit  it 

1  Act  of  Satisfaction  of  26th  Septenil)er,   1653. 


OF  lEELAND.  189 

to  condemn  the  King,  and,  by  his  execution,  made  Cromwell 
and  the  army  supreme. ^ 

This  class  received,  in  addition  to  their  other  security,  the 
county  of  Mayo,  which  was  taken  from  the  transplanted  Irish 
for  this  purpose,  and  given  up  altogether  to  English  arrears. 
Two-thirds  had  been  already  set  out  to  them,  and  was  tenanted 
for  the  most  part  with  Enghsh  inhabitants;  when,  on  24th 
of  June,  1656,  the  Loughrea  Commissioners  were  ordered  to 
allow  DO  Irish  to  sit  down  there  either  as  proprietors  or  tenants 
to  the  Commonwealth,  to  the  end  it  should  be  planted  with 
such  as  were  Protestants,  or  of  the  English  nation. 2 

Next  came  arrears  for  service  in  Ireland  before  the  5th  of 
June,  1649,  shortly  called  "  'Forty-nine  arrears.  "3  But  of 
'Forty-nine  arrears  there  were  two  very  different  classes, 
Colonel  Jones's,  Sir  Charles  Cootc's,  and  Colonel  Monk's 
men  already  mentioned  was  one  class.  They  had  seen  eight 
years'  warfare  in  Ireland  before  Cromwell  arrived.  Sir  Charles 
Coote  had  ravaged  Connaught  from  1645  to  1648,  with  fire 
and  sword,  regardless  of  the  Cessation  and  the  King's  com- 
mands. Colonel  Michael  Jones,  by  his  doings  at  Dun- 
gan's  Hill  (A.D.  1647),  had  almost  anticipated  the  term, 
"Drogheda  Quarter,"  and  revived  that  of  "the  Pardon  of 
IMinooth,"*  though  it  was  not  "  upon  second  thoughts  "  (after 


1  Clarendon's   "  History  of  the  Rebellion,"   book  x. 

2  A  (18),  p.  123. 

3  The  officers  and  men  were  also  called  the  "  Old  Protestants." 
"  Lord  Broghill,  coming  in  July  [A.D.  1650],  to  the  camp, 
whilst  Ireton  lay  before  Catherloagh,  was  welcomed  thither  by 
the  old  Protestants  (so  tliey  called  the  troops  that  had  served 
against  the  Irish  before  Cromwell  came  over)  with  three  huzzas." 
"  Life  of  Ormonde,"  p.  134.  By  T.  Carte.  2  vols.  Folio.  Lon- 
don. 

4  In  November,  1649,  the  Irish  under  Inchiquin  laid  siege  to 
Carrick-on-Suir,  then  held  by  Commissary-General  John  Rey- 
nolds,  and   used   to   cry  at  the  walls  to  the  besieged  that  they 


190  THE   CEOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

first  receiving  them  to  quarter  like  Cromwell  at  Drogheda),* 
that  he  cut  to  pieces  3,000  of  General  Preston's  men,  who, 
being  deserted  by  their  own  cavalry,  retreated  to  a  bog,  threw 
down  their  arms,  were  surrounded,  and  coolly  slaughtered  to 
a  man;2  nor  were  there  at  Dungan's  Hill  screaming  ladies, 
girls  and  boys,  women  and  children,  and  unarmed  and  unre- 
sisting citizens,  massacred  as  at  Drogheda,  to  the  glory  of 
God  and  the  interest  of  England.'    These  men,  it  was  con- 


would  soon  give  them  "  Tredagh  (i.e.  Drogheda)  Quarter."  Lord 
Leonard  Grey,  in  the  time  of  Henry  VIII.,  having  taken  May- 
nooth  Castle,  which  surrendered  in  hope  of  pardon,  he  hanged 
the  whole  garrison.  Hence,  the  Irish  saying,  '"  the  pardon  of 
Minooth."  "  Dismal  Effects  of  the  Irish  Insurrection,"  &c.,  to 
which  are  added  Letters  from  Oliver  Cromwell,  Ireton,  Preston, 
and  many  others,  relating  to  the  sieges,  battles,  and  remarkable 
passages  in  the  following  history,  never  before  printed,  taken 
from  the  original  MSS.  of  Mr.  Cliffe,  an  intimate  of  Cromwell's, 
and  Secretary  to  General  Ireton.  Appendix,  p.  9.  Folio.  Dub- 
lin :  Oliver  Nelson  and  Charles  Connor,  at  the  Pope's  Head,  near 
Essex-gate,  1743. 

1  9th  September,  1649,  Cromwell  storms  Drogheda  and  puts  all 
to  the  sword,  "  not  sparing  those  upon  second  thoughts  to  whom, 
in  the  heat  of  action,  some  of  his  under  officers  promised  and 
gave  quarter."  Ibid.,  p.  282.  "The  Dismal  Effects,"  &c.,  is 
only  an  Irish  Edition  of  Borlace's  "  Execrable  Irish  Rebellion," 
published  in  1680,  with  the  appendix  of  CUff's  MSS.  Dr.  Henry 
Jones,  Bishop  of  Meath,  aided  him  with  his  Collections  (Preface, 
p.  xvi.).  The  bishop  had  been  Scout  Master  General  to  Cromwell, 
and  was  employed  to  compile  a  narrative  of  the  rebellion. 
"  Ordered,  &c.,  to  Dr.  Henry  Jones,  the  sum  of  £85  for  a 
quarter's  salary,  due  unto  himself,  together  with  the  allowance 
for  a  clerk,  for  compiling  a  narrative  of  the  late  bloody  rebellion 
in  this  nation."  Dublin,  30  Sept.,  1656.  "  Treasury  Warrants," 
p.  9. 

2  An  exact  relation  of  the  great  victory  obtained  against  the 
rebels  at  Dungon's-hill,  August  8th,  1647,  by  H.M.'s  forces  under 
the  command  of  Michael  Jones.     4to.     London  :   1647. 

3  "  I  wish  that  all  honest  hearts  may  give  the  glory  of  this  to 
God  alone,  to  whom,  indeed,  the  praise  of  this  mercy  belongs." 
Cromwell  to  the  Honble.  John  Bradshaw,  President  of  the  Coun- 
cil of  State.  "  O.  Cromwell's  Letters  and  Speeches,"  by  Thos. 
Carlyle,  vol.  i.,  p.  457.     2  vols.     Svo.     London:    1845. 


OF  lEELAND.  lOl 

ceived,  were  fittest  to  be  first  disbanded  and  set  down  as  being 
longest  in  the  Parliament's  service,  having  most  interest  in 
Ireland,  and  most  considerable  arrears  due  before  5th  of  June, 
1649.1  Besides  it  would  be  a  succour  and  encouragement  to 
English  to  come  over  and  plant,  to  have  those  that  had  seen 
such  service  in  arms  to  plant  amongst  theni.^  They  were, 
accordingly,  to  receive  their  arrears  in  the  baronies  of 
Maghera  Stephana  and  Clanowly,  in  the  county  of  Fer- 
managh, lying  along  the  southern  shore  of  Lough  Erne,  as 
closing  the  pass  against  any  junction  of  the  Irish  of  Connaught 
and  Ulster;  in  the  barony  of  Ardee,  in  the  county  of  Louth, 
one  of  the  gates  into  the  English  Pale ;  and  in  the  baronies 
of  Condons,  Fermoy,  Duhallo  and  Orrery  in  Cork,  compris- 
ing the  range  of  mountain  that  stretches  in  a  right  line  from 
west  to  east  of  the  county,  from  Ferinoy  to  Kanturk, 
with  the  River  Blackwater  running  along  its  southern  base. 
This  was  a  position  intended  apparently  to  bar  all  junction 
between  the  Cork  and  Limerick  Irish,  as  the  assigning  them 
further  the  rugged  baronies  of  Kinalea,  Carberry,  and  Kil- 
more,  southward  and  westward  from  the  city  of  Cork,  was  to 
guard  the  coast.' 

This  body  of  'Forty-nine  men  had  just  sat  down  in  their  lots 
M'hen  the  army  was  called  upon  to  provide  lands  for  another 
class  of  those  that  had  also  served  in  Ireland  before  5th  June, 
1649,  viz.,  the  old  Protestant  army  of  Munster.  These  were 
the  garrisons  of  Cork,  Youghal,  Kinsale,  and  Bandon,  and 
their  dependencies,  that  held  for  the  King  at  Cromwell's  land- 
ing. They  had  been  under  Lord  Inchiquin's  command  since 
1642,  and  revolted  with  him  from  the  King's  service  to  the 
Parliament's  in  1644,  and  back  again  to  the  King's  in  1648. 

1  "  Letter  of  the  Council  Board,  22  July,  1653."    A  (90),  p.  517. 

2  Ibid. 

s  "  Act  of  Satisfaction,  26  September,  1653,"  c.  xii.,  sec.  5. 
"  Scobell's  Acts  and  Ordinances." 


192  THE   CEOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

For  Inchiquin  deemed  a  commonwealth  of  Saints,  which  he 
foresaw  to  be  now  impending,  unfit  for  a  gentleman  to  live  in. 
On  the  3rd  of  April,  1648,  he  was  at  Mallow,  and  having  pre- 
viously secured  the  adhesion  of  the  main  body  of  his  officers, 
he  sent  for  some  surly  Parliamentarians  into  the  presence 
chamber  of  the  castle  there,  and  told  them  that  the  Parlia- 
ment were  forced  by  the  Independents'  faction  to  break  the 
National    Covenant    and    their    oath;    which    required    His 
Majesty  to  be  secured  in  his  throne.    He  then  said  "  he  hoped 
to  see  this  pretended  Parliament  on  the  flat  of  their  backs 
before  Michaelmas  day."    He  would  join,  he  said,  with  Lord 
Taaffe  and  the  Irish  for  the  King,  and  asked  those  officers  he 
had  sent  for,  to  join  with  him ;  and  he  addressed  the  rest  next 
morning  on  parade. i    To  a  few,  all  followed  him;  and  when 
Ormond  returned  to  Ireland  as  Lord  Lieutenant  in  Septem- 
ber, 1648,  Inchiquin  received  him  into  Cork.    But  Cromwell's 
arrival  in  1649,  altered  all  things.     The  garrison  of  Cork,  on 
23rd  October,  1649,  revolted  to  Cromwell.     They  declared^ 
that  the  question  was  no  longer  between  King  and  Parlia- 
ment, but  a  national  quarrel,  meaning  that  the  English  had 
resolved  to  seize  for  themselves  and  their  families  the  homes 
and  lands  of  the  inhabitants  of  Ireland,  and  that  the  relics  of 
the  nation  should  thenceforth  for  ever  be  the  serfs  or  inferiors 
of  the  English  in  the  land  of  their  birth.     The  other  garrisons 
followed  the  dance  that  Cork  had  begun,   and  revolted  to 


1  Declaration  for  the  information  of  Parliament,  subscribed, 
''  Christopher  Elsynge,  J.  Grey,  Thomas  Chandler,  Alexander 
Barrington,  Thomas  Davis.  Dated  this  7th  April,  1647,  aboard 
the  Bonaventure,  in  Kinsale  harbour."  "  Carte  Papers,"  Ixvii. 
151. 

2  "  The  Remonstrance  and  Resolutions  of  the  Protestant  Army 
of  Munster  now  in  Corke.  Dated  23  October,  1649."  Signed, 
"  Richard  Townsende,  Colonel,  John  Hodder,  Colonel,  Jo. 
Broderick,  Captain,  and  35  other  Officers."  Broadside,  London. 
Printed,  1649. 


OF  IRELAND.  193 

Cromwell  before  1st  December,  1649.  But  this  alone  would 
not  have  availed  them.  Their  temporary  revolt  from  the 
Parliament  made  them  transplantable;  for  it  barred  their 
claim  to  Constant  Good  Affection.  On  27th  June,  1654,  how- 
ever, there  was  an  Act  passed,  at  the  instance  of  the  Lord 
Protector,  for  their  indemnity.  And  such  officers  and  soldiers 
as  could  show  themselves  active  in  the  rendition  of  these 
Munster  gai-risons  were  to  have  lands  for  their  arrears  since 
1644,  as  if  they  had  never  swerved  from  the  interest  of  the 
Parliameflt.* 

This  body  of  'Forty-nine  men  were  to  have  equal  satisfac- 
tion with  the  others, 2  and  the  army  sullenly  gave  up  to  them 
the  three  counties  of  Donegal,  Longford,  and  Wicklow,^  being 
the  worst  they  had;  and  the  Lord  Protector  added  Leitrim, 
in  Connaught,  taken  from  the  transplanted,  and  so  much  of 
the  mile  line,  or  belt  round  Connaught,  as  remained  undis- 
posed of.  It  was  each  of  these  men's  aim  now  to  prove  that 
he  and  liis  comrades  had  been  active  in  the  revolt.  Thus, 
Lieut. -Colonel  John  Widnam,  of  the  garrison  of  Youghal, 
proved  before  Commissioners  how  he  invited  a  party  of 
cavalry  under  Colonel  Giffard  and  Colonel  Warden,  from  the 
revolted  garrison  of  Cork,  to  secure  Youghal,  and  met 
them  and  escorted  them  to  the  gate  of  the  town ;  and  how  the 
Governor,  Sir  Piercy  Smith,  having  drawn  the  chain  of  the 
iron  gate  to  bar  their  entry.  Colonel  Widnam  called  to  Ensign 
Eichard  Dashwood,  and  Town-Major  John  Smith,  who  were 
within,  to  seize  the  Governor,  and  open  the  gate,  which  they 
did,  and  so  Youghal  was  rendered  up  to  the  Parliament.*    And 

1  "  Indemnity  of  the  English  Protestants  of  the  Province  of 
Munster."  Passed  June  27,  1G54.  Scobell's  "  Acts  and  Ordin- 
ances." 

2  "  Petty's  Down  Survey,"  by  Lacom,  p.  74. 

3  Ibid.,  p.  74,  p.  86. 

'  "  Examination   of   Ensigne   Michael    Munckton,    Englisli    Pro- 
testant, now  resident  of  Rallingarry,   in  the  county  of  Limerick, 
Q 


194  THE   CEOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

Colonel  Widnam,  who  received  Castletown  Eoche,  the  ancient 
seat  of  Lord  Eoche,  as  part  of  his  arrears,  kept  it  after  the 
Eestoration,  notwithstanding  his  treason. ^  Eor,  though  the 
Act  of  Settlement  pretended  to  exclude  the  betrayers  of  the 
Munster  garrisons,  yet  they  were  to  be  allowed  to  retain  their 
debenture  lands  if  they  should  prove  they  made  some  repair 
for  their  former  faults  by  their  timely  and  seasonable  appear- 
ance for  the  King's  restoration. 2  The  only  fault  that  could 
never  be  repaired  or  pardoned  was  to  be  an  Irishman  pre- 
tending to  some  portion  of  his  native  soil  or  birthright,  pos- 
sessed or  coveted  by  an  Englishman.  Consequently,  Colonel 
Widnam,  the  betrayer  of  Youghal,  could  scarcely  look  down 
from  the  towers  of  Castletown  Eoche,  where  Lord  Eoche 's 
ancestors  had  for  ages  fixed  themselves,  and  behold  the 
ancient  owner,  descended  of  a  long  line  of  loyal  forefathers, 
and  his  orphan  daughters,  wandering  in  beggary  and  slavery 
below.  This  section  of  the  'Forty-nine  men  had  not  received 
their  allotments  at  the  time  of  the  Eestoration,  owing  to  the 
late  period  of  taking  their  examinations,  and  the  delay  in 
stating  their  accounts.  On  the  King's  return,  the  Eoyalist 
oflficers  who  had  served  under  Ormond  before  the  5th  June, 
1649,  and  had  got  their  lives  but  no  lands  from  Cromwell, 
claimed  a  share  in  the    'Forty-nine    security,    and  had  the 

and  at  the  securing  of  Youghal  both  first  and  second  times  for 
the  Parliament  of  England,  and  for  the  then  Lord  Lieutenant 
of  Ireland,  in  October  and  November,  1649,  then  an  Ensigne  in 
the  said  towne.  February  19th,  1654."  Before  Commissioners 
appointed  by  virtue  of  the  Act  for  the  Indemnity  of  the  Pro- 
testants of  Munster.     "  Carte  Papers,"   vol.  Ixvi.,  239. 

1  "  Lieutt-Colonel  John  Widenham,  Castletown  [Roche]  alias 
Ballytona,  barony  of  Fermoy,  and  county  of  Cork;  1627  a. 
(2635  A.  1  E.  35  P.  Stat,  measure).  Patent  dated  31st  July,  1666. 
(Enrolled  20th  August,  166).  "  Abstracts  of  Grants  of  Lands, 
&c.,  under  the  Acts  of  Settlement  and  Explanation,"  p.  75. 
"  15th  Report  of  Irish  Record  Commissioners,"  1820  to  1825. 
Folio. 

2  14th  and  15th  Chas.  II.  (Irish),  chap,  ii.,  sect.  194. 


OF  lEELAND.  195 

benefit  of  it  confirmed  to  Commissioned  officers,  to  the  exclu- 
sion of  the  common  men."^ 

Great  jealousies  thence  ensued  between  these  disappointed 
private  soldiers  and  those  of  Coote's  and  Monk's  brigade, 
who  had  been  set  down  in  1653. 

"  This  caused  the  Forty-nine  for  to  suspect 

The  Fifty-three,  as  though  through  tlieir  neglect 
They  were  not  satisfied  with  them  ..." 

said  a  Cromwellian  rhymer  (himself  one  of  the  disappointed, 
as  appears  by  his  title  page).     He  adds, 

"  And  I  believe  nothing  liath  drawn  a  curse 
On   English   new   Int'rests,   or   proved   worse, 
Than  that  the  'Forty-nine  had  no  arrears 
Who  served  faithfully  in  want  Eight  years 
Against  the  Common  foe  : 

God  grant  it  prove  no  rot 
To  the  Estates  the  officers  have  got."  2 

1  "  The    Petitmn   of   Martha   Ilatt.    Widoio. 

"  4th  Becemher,   1663. 

"  That  your  petitioner's  husband,  .Simon  Hatt,  Esq.,  deceased, 
was  enlisted  in  H.  M.'s  standing  army  in  Ireland  many  years 
before  the  late  Rebellion  ;  that  her  said  husband  and  your  poor 
petitioner  were  constant  Protestants  and  loyal  subjects ;  that  her 
husband  served  his  late  Matie  under  the  command  of  Robert 
Lord  Dillon,  late  Earl  of  Roscommon,  from  the  23rd  October, 
1641,  until  27  August,  1643;  that  her  said  husband  during  his 
life  received  not  the  worth  of  one  farding  for  his  services,  al- 
though it  is  evidently  known  that  he  maintained  himself  and 
4  men  well  mounted  and  armed  towards  the  maintaining  of  his 
late  Majesty's  right  and  interest  in  this  Kingdom  against  the 
barbarous  Irish  I'ebels,  yet  notwithstanding  her  said  husband's 
good  service,  his  great  losses  sustained  by  the  late  war,  to  this 
hour  your  poor  aged  petitioner  hath  never  had  the  least  recom- 
pence  or  relief,"   &c. 

She  accordingly  prayed  compensation  for  her  husband's  ser- 
vices, "with  other  H.  M.'s.  Commissioned  Officers  who  served 
before  5th  June,  1649;"  but,  as  he  had  no  commission,  she 
could  get  no  relief.      "  Carte  Papers,"  vol.  clix.,  74. 

2  "  The  Moderate  Cavalier;  or  the  Soldier's  Description  ot 
Ireland,  and  of  the  Country  Disease,  with  Receipts  for  the  same. 


196  THE   CROMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 


Debentures.^ 

In  1652  and  1653  the  officers  and  soldiers  obtained  de- 
bentures for  their  arrears  from  a  Board  for  stating  soldiers' 
accounts,  and  giving  forth  debentures,  consisting  of  Mr. 
Nicholas  Domviie,  Robert  Je off ries,  Thomas  Dancer,  and  five 
others, 2  sitting  at  the  new  Custom  House. ^  With  the  Muster 
rolls  before  them,*  they  heard  the  claim  of  each  officer  and 
soldier  either  in  person  or  by  attorney,  the  officers  frequently 
acting  for  their  men,  having  probably  bargained  with  them 
in  private  for  their  debentures.  Captain  Peyton  Lehunte,  for 
Francis  Cheatley,  a  private  soldier  of  his  company,  in  Colonel 
Long's  regiment,  for  his  service  from  the  24th  of  June,  1647, 
to  5th  June,  1649,  obtained  a  debenture  from  this  board  for 
£8  16s.  5d.;  and  for  Erancis  Cheatley 's  services  in  Colonel 
Trimble's  regiment,  from  6th  June,  1649,  to  7th  August,  1653, 
being  fifty-one  months  and  fourteen  days,  another  debenture 
for  £16  14s.  Od.^     The  officers  i^roduced  their  commissions; 

"  From   Gloucester   siege   till   arms   laid   down 
In  Truro  fields,   I  for  the  Crowne 
Under  St.  George  march'd  up  and  down, 

And  then.  Sir, 
For  Ireland  came,  and  liad  my  share 
Of  blows,  not  lands,  gained  in  that  warre; 
But  God  defend  me  from  such  fare 

Again,   Sir." 

"  A  Book  fit  for  all  Protestants  houses  in  Ireland."  [8vo. 
Printed  at  Cork,   Anno  Dom.   MDCLXXV.] 

1  See  Frontispiece. 

2  "  How  Accounts  of  Officers  and  Sokliers  of  the  Army  of  Ire- 
land may  be  stated."  Passed  August  25th,  1652.  Seobell's  "Acts 
and  Ordinances." 

3  Order  dated  30  November,  1652.     A  (82),  p.  457. 

*  "  How  Accounts,   &c.,  may  be  stated."     As  above. 

5  "  Accounts  of  Soldiers  stated  singly.     Anno  1654."     A  (39). 


COPY  OF  THi:  DEBENTURE  FORMING  THE  FRONTISPIECE. 


By  the  Commissioners  af pointed  for  Siateing  ike 
Arreares  of  the  Souldiery ,  And  of  Publiqzte 
ffaith  Debts  in  Ireland. 

UPON  Composition  and  Agreement  made  with\ 
Mrs.  Ester  Idimt,  Administratrix  to  her  late 
Htisband,  Captain  Thomas  Hunt,  deceased,  in 
behalfe  of  herselff,  And  for  the  use  of  Henry, 
Thomas,  Benjamin,  Anne,  Hester,  aitd  Sarah 
Hunt,  Children  of  the  said  Defunct,  for  all  the  said 
Defiincfs  Arrears  for  Service  in  Ireland  from  the 
last  day  of  December,  1648,  to  the  '^th  day  of  June, 
1649,  as  Captain  in  a  Troop e  of  Horse  in  Coll. 
Chidley  Coote's  Regiment.  There  remains  due 
from  the  Common-wealth  to  the  said  Ester  Hunt 
and  children  of  the  said  Defunct,  their  Executors, 
Administrators,  or  Assign's,  the  Sum  of  Seaven 
Hitndred  and  ffourteene  Ponnds,  seaventeen  sJiil- 
lings,  and  sixpence,  which  is  to  be  satisfied  to  the 
said  Ester  Htint  and  ye  said  Children  of  ye  De- 
funct, their  Executors,  Administrators,  or  Assign's, 
out  of  the  Rebels  Lands,  Houses,  Tenements  and 
Hereditaments,  in  Ireland;  or  other  Lands, 
Houses,  Tenements,  and  Hereditaments  there,  in 
the  dispose  of  the  Contmon-wealth  of  England. 
Signed  and  Sealed  at  Dublin,  the  six  and  twentieth  . 
day  of  HI  ay,  1658.  / 

EDW.  ROBERTS,  {Seal). 

ROBERT  GORGES,  {Seal). 

ROBERT  JEOFFREYS,  {Seal). 
Examined  and  entered, 
THOS.    HERBERT, 
Genl.  Rcf^isler. 


)  714 


OF  IRELAND.  197 

and  if  any  had  received  a  debenture  in  England  to  be  satis- 
fied in  money,  he  might  exchange  it,  and  obtain  from  the 
Commissioners  one  to  be  satisfied  in  Irish  land.^  The  deben- 
tures were  made  in  duphcate,  one  part  kept  by  the  Register, 
the  other  part  given  to  the  soldier, 2  who  was  to  give  it  up 
when  satisfied,  to  be  returned  to  the  Register  to  see  that  it 
agreed  with  the  original,  to  be  then  cancelled. ^  The  deben- 
ture was  a  mere  acknowledgment  of  a  debt  to  be  satisfied  in 
land,*  but  it  conveyed  none,  though  the  land  set  out  for  it  was 
familiarly  called  "  a  debenture."  Thus,  in  a  list  of  Colonel 
William  Moore's  estate,  in  the  barony  of  Lower  Ormond,  and 
county  of  Tipperary,  the  lands  are  described  (A.D.  1669),  as 
"lately  the  debenter  of  Lieutenant-Colonel  William  Moore, 
who  had  a  deep  hand  in  the  plot  against  his  Majesty  and  his 
interest  in  Ireland  (the  Phanatick  or  Protestant  plot  of  1663), 
and  is  fled  for  the  same."3    The  title  to  the  debenture  land^ 

1  "  How  Accounts  of  Officers  and  Soldiers  of  the  Army  of  Ire- 
land may  be  stated."  Passed  August  25th,  1652.  Scobell's  "Acts 
and   Ordinances." 

2  Ibid. 

3  "  Ordered — That  Colonel  Robert  Phaire,  and  the  rest  of  the 
Commissioners  for  setting  ovit  lands  to  the  Disbanded  that  were 
appointed  to  sit  down  in  the  county  of  Cork,  do  take  care  that 
tlie  particulars  and  the  subdivisions  of  the  lands  set  out  by  tlieni 
to  the  said  Disbanded  and  reduced  party  be  returned  forthwith 
to  Benjamin  Worsley,  Esq.;  as  also  all  such  debentures  as  liave 
been  received  from  the  said  Disbanded  upon  their  assigning 
them  lands  for  the  satisfaction  of  their  arrears,  to  Colonel 
Tliomas  Herbert,  the  Register-General  of  Debentures  Office  in 
Dublin.     Dated   at  Castle  of  Dublin,    19   November,    1655. 

A  (5),  p.  285.  "  Thomas  Herbert,  Clerk  of  the  Council." 

*See  Frontispiece.  "  Carte  Papers,"  vol.  xlvi.,  190  A. 

^  "  Militibus   promissa   Triquetra 

Prajdia  CiBsar,   Itala  an  est  tellure  daturus?" 

Horace,   Sat.   vi.,   Book  ii. 
"  Yet   prithee   Avhere   are   Ceesar's  bands 
Allotted  their  Debenture  lands?" 
Horace's   Works,    translated   by   Dr.    Philip    Francis,    1748.     Dr. 
Francis'  father  was  Dean  of  Lismore;  hence  Dr.   Francis'  know- 
ledge of   Debenture   lands,   a   term  that   could   hardly  have  been 
intelligible  to  an  Englishman   in   1748. 


198  THE   CROMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

was  not  even  complete  by  the  allotment,  but  required  a  Cer- 
tificate under  the  hand  of  two  of  the  Commissioners  for  Ire- 
land to  give  the  officer  or  soldier  legal  seizin,  as  appeared  in 
the  case  of  Commissary-General  Sir  John  Keynolds'  will,  the 
brother-in-law  of  the  Lord  Henry  Cromwell,  Ijord  Deputy.^ 

Sir  John  Keynolds,  after  his  campaign  in  Ireland,  had  the 
command  of  the  forces  sent  to  Dunkirk  to  aid  Turenne  and 
the  French  to  take  Mardyke  from  the  Spaniards,  but  on  his 
return  was  lost,  in  the  month  of  December,  1657,  on  the  Good- 
win Sands,  as  was  believed,  for  nothing  was  ever  found  of  the 
ship  or  crew  that  conveyed  him,  but  a  box  with  his  sword  and 
belt.  By  his  will  he  left  all  his  lands  to  his  wife,  and  his 
personal  property  to  others.  It  was  found  that  though  Car- 
rick  Castle,  with  its  demesne  and  deer  park,  and  16,000  acres, 
the  ancient  seat  of  the  Earls  of  Ormond,  was  land  in  the  strict 
legal  sense,  because  given  by  Act  of  Parliament  to  Sir  John 
Eeynolds,2  yet  that  7,272  acres  set  out  to  him  in  the  barony  of 
Carbery,  and  county  of  Cork,  for  two  debentures,  amounting ' 
to  £3,902  13s.  Od.,  and  the  lands  he  bought  of  Colonel 
Fowkes,  in  the  county  of  Wexford,  were  personal  estate,  his 
interest  lying  in  the  debentures,  and  not  in  the  land,  because 
he  wanted  the  Certificate  under  the  hand  of  the  Commis- 
sioners for  the  Affairs  of  Ireland,  and  until  then  allotments 
might  be  altered  by  the  Commander-in-Chief. ^     The  setting 


1  They  married  two  sisters,  daughters  of  Sir  Francis  Russell, 
Bart.,  of  Chippenham,  in  Cambridgeshire.  "  Memorials  of  the 
Protectorul  House  of  Cromwell,"  by  Mark  Noble.  2  vols.  8vo. 
London  :    1787. 

2  By  order  of  the  Commissioners  for  the  Affairs  of  Ireland  in 
execution  of  an  Ordinance  of  Parliament  for  settlers  in  lieu 
of  forfeited  lands  in  Ireland  to  the  value  of  £500  per  annum. 
Dated  at  Clonmel,  20th  May,  1652.— A  (82),  p.  232. 

3  See  the  Case  and  Opinion  of  the  Lawyers,  and  Henry  Crom- 
well's letter,  27  January,  1657-8.  Thurloe's  "  State  Papers," 
vol.  vi.,  p.  759,  p.  761. 


OF  IKELAND.  199 

down  of  the  soldiers,  however,  by  "  lot  and  string  "^  was  prac- 
tically the  completion  of  the  work.^  No  such  certificates  or 
letters  of  possession  were  ever  issued.  There  was,  by  the  Act 
of  Satisfaction,  more  debt  charged  on  the  lands  of  Ireland  than 
half  as  much  more  would  pay.^  The  first  instalment  of  lands 
set  forth  was  for  12s.  6d.  per  pound  of  arrears,  or  five-eighths 
of  the  debt,  which  the  council  of  the  army  accepted,  hoping, 
nevertheless,  that  they  might  proceed  on  two-thirds,  i.e., 
13s.  4d.,  which  they  were  put  in  possession  of  on  22nd  May, 
1655.*   They  still  pressed  for  plenary  satisfaction.    Until  they 

1  In  "  Rules  and  Agreements  concerning  the  present  Proceed- 
ings of  setting  oiit  Lands  to  the  Army,  assented  unto  by  us,  the 
respective  Agents  of  the  severall  Regiments  thereofF  :  — 

"  1st.  That  wee  receive  the  proportion  of  lands  according  to 
the  quota  pars  of  12s.  3d.  in  the  pound,  in  part  of  the  satisfac- 
tion due  unto  each  regiment,  together  with  the  loose  debentures, 
as  they  have  been  thereunto  affixed  by  the  Commissioners  for 
setting  out  lands,  contained  in  a  list  or  file  of  contiguitie 
specifying  the  content  of  each  townland  within  the  said  regi- 
mentall  lott ;  and  that  wee  doe  alsoe  receive  therewith  lists  of 
debentures  belonging  or  affixed  unto  each  troope  and  company 
within  the  said  lott. 

"  Dated  this  8th   December,    1656. 

"  Rob.  Phayee.  Jo.   Nelson. 

Dan  Abbot.  Wm.  Meeedith. 

"  Hen.  Johnson." 
Petty's  "  Down  Survey,"  by  Larcom,  p.  197. 
In   "  The  humble   Declaration  and  Petition  of  the   Committee 
of  Adventurers  for  Lands  in  Ireland,   sitting  at  Grocers'  Hall." 
"  9thly.  Your  petitioners  desire  that  the  county  of  Kildare  may 
be  sett  out  unto  them  by  lott  and  string." — Ibid.,  p.  246. 

2  _  "  Monday,    10th   December,    1666. 

"  The  three  regiments  claym  for  lands  in  the  county  of  Kerry, 
sett  out  to  them  in  satisfaction  for  their  arrears  ....  The 
claymants  produce  a  string  whereby  the  lands  were  sett  out 
....  Mr.  Petty  swears  that  the  paper  signed  was  the  original, 
written  by  himself  and  Sir  W.  Petty — that  these  strings  had  as 
much  force  as  injunctions — that  they  took  possession  under 
them."     Minute  Book  of  Court' of  Claims,  p.  3.     Hanaper  Office. 

3  Petty's  "  Down  Survey,"   by  Larcom,  p.  32. 
*  Ibid.,  p.  72. 


200  THE   CEOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

had  it,  they  said,  it  would  not  be  secure  for  the  army  to  de- 
liver up  their  debentures. ^  They  would  give  receipts  to  the 
Commissioners  of  Ireland  for  so  much  as  was  set  out,  and 
allow  the  part  satisfaction  to  be  endorsed  on  the  debentures, 
but  the  debentures  to  remain  in  the  soldiers'  hands. 2  The 
Lord  Deputy  and  Council  bade  them  say  how  they  would 
secure  as  equal  provision  with  themselves  for  their  poor 
brethren  who  served  before  '49,  and  were  disbanded  in  1653, 
who  had  received  their  lands  at  enhanced  rates,  if  the  govern- 
ment should  yield  to  their  request  and  part  with  the  entire 
stock,  and  for  the  'Forty-nine  soldiers  of  the  Munster  gar- 
rison who  were  not  indepmified  till  1654,  and  were  not  yet 
satisfied,  and  might  find  the  counties  of  Donegal,  Leitrim, 
Longford,  and  Wicklow,  short  to  satisfy  them  their  arrears.^ 
In  1656,  the  army  having  given  the  required  engagement, 
the  Lord  Deputy  and  Council,  on  20th  May,  1656,  gave  them 
plenary  satisfaction,  by  giving  out  to  their  trustees  for 
distribution  all  the  land  that  remained.*  When  these  were 
divided,  and  the  officers  and  soldiers  set  down  the  following 
year,  it  only  remained  for  the  government  to  give  out  certifi- 
cates or  letters  of  possession,  and  to  receive  in  the  deben- 
tures.^  The  army,  however,  forbore  taking  out  Certificates  of 
possession,  expecting  that  the  Adventurers  would  be  found 
on  a  re-survey  of  their  lands  by  Petty,  then  pending,  to  have 
received  too  much,  and  as  the  surplus  belonged  to  the  army, 
there  would  be  further  lands  to  divide.  But  the  Kestoration 
overtook  them,   so  that  the  debentures,    except   some   that 

1  Petty's  "  Down  Survey,"  by  Larcom,  p.   72. 

2  Ibid.,   pp.    197,   201,   204. 

3  Ibid.,  p.  66. 

4  Ibid.,  p.  36. 

5  By  order  of  9th  April,  1657,  a  Committee,  consisting  of  Sir 
Charles  Coote,  Sir  Hardress  Waller,  Mr.  Attorney-General  Basil, 
and  others,  Avere  to  suggest  a  form  of  certificate  (ibid.,  p.  206). 
The  form  they  suggested  is  given  (ibid.,  pp.  206,  207), 


OF  IRELAND.  'iOl 

were  taken  in  upon  some  of  the  early  assignments  of  lands, 
remained  in  the  hands  of  the  ofl&cers  and  soldiers. 

Of  33,419  debentures  issued,  11,804  were  returned,  and  no 
more;  so  that  the  soldiery  or  their  representatives  held  21,615 
in  their  hands,  though  lands  had  been  long  before  given  out 
in  satisfaction.^ 

THE    CIVIL    SURVEY. 

The  next  step  of  the  government  was  to  take  an  account 
of  what  lands  were  forfeited,  their  extent  and  value.  It  was 
about  Michaelmas  Day,  1653,  that  the  Commissioners  for  the 
Affairs  of  Ireland  received  the  instructions  of  the  Parliament 
for  the  survey  of  the  lands  forfeited  on  account  of  the  rebel- 
lion. Commissioners  were  immediately  sent  into  every  county 
in  the  three  provinces,  to  take  an  account  of  the  lands  in  the 
disposal  of  the  government,  which  included  not  merely  the 
lands  forfeited  by  the  Irish,  but  the  Church  and  Crown  lands. ^ 
They  were  to  hold  courts  of  survey,  and  to  summon  juries, 
and  charge  thein,  if  necessary,  to  view  and  tread  the  metes 
and  bounds  of  the  premises;  and  the  Commissioners  were  to 
summon  and  examine  on  oath  all  persons  who  could  give 
evidence  of  the  names  of  the  late  proprietor,  of  his  conduct, 
and  of  the  extent  and  value  of  his  estate.  Agents  were  to 
produce  the  rentals,  and  bailiffs  to  show  the  bounds;  and 
where  they  should  find  it  impossible  through  the  wastedness 
and  depopulation  of  the  county  to  inform  themselves  of  the 
metes  and  bounds,  and  other  certainties  directed,  they  were 
to  discover  it  as  best  they  could. ^    It  must  have  been  painful 

1  "  Touching-  Souldiers'  Debentures."  "  Carte  Papers,"'  vol. 
xliv.,  155. 

2  A  (90),  p.  544. 

3  See  a  commission  at  full  length  in  "  Petty 's  History  of  the 
Down  Survey,"  by  Major  T.  A.  Larcom,  R.E.,  pp.  383-386.  4to. 
Dublin;    1851.     Published   for  the  Irish  Arehccological  Society. 


% 


202  THE   CKOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

to  the  owners  of  these  estates  and  then-  famihes  to  see  them 
valued  before  they  had  actually  passed  out  of  their  hands, 
being  only  a  preparation  for  their  banishment,  and  for  others 
to  occupy  their  ancient  hereditary  seats,  endeared  to  them  by 
a  thousand  tender  memories.  But  the  Commissioners  were 
enabled,  by  taking  this  inquiry  before  the  proprietors  were 
removed  to  Connaught,  to  obtain  evidence  not  forthcoming 
two  years  later,  when  the  Down  Survey  was  executed,  there/ 
being  then  in  many  places  no  persons  remaining  that  knew 
the  bounds,  and  families  were  obliged  to  be  sent  back  from 
Connaught  to  show  them  to  the  survey ors.^ 

The  purpose  was  to  ascertain  by  the  report  of  these  Com- 
missioners what  was  the  amount  of  the  fund  applicable  to  the 
payment  of  the  debt  due  to  the  Adventurers  and  to  the  army, 
and  of  the  extent  and  value  of  the  tithes  and  lands  reserved  to 
the  state  ;  so  that  the  government  might  afterwards  be  enabled 
to  contract  with  skilled  surveyors  for  an  exact  admeasure- 
ment and  maps  of  the  lands,  in  order  to  a  proper  allotment 
of  the  army's  lands  amongst  the  officers  and  soldiers,  and  that 
grants  and  leases  might  be  made  with  greater  ease  and  secu- 

^  "  Whereas  Mr.  Henry  Paris,  late  one  of  the  Commissioners 
of  Revenue  of  Clonmel,  hath  informed  us  that  the  transplanta- 
tion had  been  so  effectually  carried  on  in  the  county  of  Tipperary, 
and  especially  in  the  barony  of  Eliogarty,  that  no  inhabitant  of 
the  Irish  nation  that  knows  the  country  is  left  in  that  barony, 
which  may  be  a  great  prejudice  to  the  Commonwealth,  for  want 
of  information  of  the  bounds  of  the  respective  territories  and 
lands  therein  upon  admeasurement ;  it  is  therefore  ordered, 
that  it  be  referred  to  the  Commissioners  at  Loughrea  to  con- 
sider of  four  fitt  and  knowing  persons  of  the  Irish  nation  lately 
removed  out  of  that  barony  into  Connaught,  and  to  return 
them  with  their  famihes  to  reside  in  or  near  their  old  habita- 
tions, for  the  due  information  of  the  surveyors  appointed  of  the 
respective  bounds  of  each  parcel  of  land  admeasureable,  and  to 
continue  there  till  fiu'ther  order. 

"  Thomas   Herbert,    Clerk  of  the   Council. 

"  Dublin,  loth  December,  1654."     A  (5),  p.  54. 


OF  lEELAND.  203 

rity  by  the  government  of  the  lands  reserved  to  them,  and 
that  the  assessments  might  be  equally  levied.  This  report 
was  duly  returned  for  all  Ireland,  and  was  called  the  Civil 
Survey.^ 

Having  thus  ascertained,  by  as  near  a  computation  as  could 
be  made  without  actual  admeasurement,  the  extent  and  value 
of  the  lands  seized  from  the  former  proprietors  in  each  of  the 
three  provinces  on  this  side  of  the  Shannon,  a  general  coun- 
cil of  officers  next  apportioned  the  amount  of  arrears  to  be 
satisfied  in  each  province.  They  then  proceeded,  like  the  Ad- 
venturers, to  draw  the  first  or  grand  lot,  to  ascertain  in  which 
province  each  regiment  of  horse,  foot,  and  dragoons  was  to 
be  satisfied  its  arrears.  For  on  debate  of  the  matter  whether 
they  should  take  their  lands  by  lot,  or  have  them  assigned  to 
them  respectively  by  some  competent  authority,  they  resolved 
for  the  former  mode,  declaring  that  they  had  rather  take  a 
lot  upon  a  barren  mountain  as  a  portion  from  the  Lord,  than 
a  portion  in  the  most  fruitful  valley  upon  their  own  choice. ^ 

But  when  the  officers  in  the  Munster  lot  found  that  all  the 
coarse  mountain  land  in  the  baronies  of  Iveragh  and  Dunker- 
rin,  in  the  county  of  Kerry  (the  neighbourhood  of  the  Lakes 
of  Killarney),  considered  by  them  "the  refuse  county, "»  of 
Ireland,  which  they  expected  to  have  thrown  in  to  them^m//.s 
as  unprofitable,  was  counted  as  profitable  (though  ten,  twenty, 
and  thirty  acres  of  it  were  sometimes  counted  for  one),*  they 
called  a  meeting  with  the  agents  of  the  Leinster  and  Ulster 

1  For  a  specimen,  see  "A  Survey  of  the  Half  Barony  of  Rath- 
down,  in  the  County  of  Dublin,  containing  the  parishes  follow- 
ing, viz.,  Donnebrook,  Tannee,  Kill,  Monkstown,  Killiny,  Tully, 
White  Church,  Kilternan,  Killgobbin,  Rathmichael,  and  Con- 
nagh.  By  order  of  Charles  Fleetwood,  Lord  Deputy,  October 
4th,  1654,"  p.  .528.  "2nd  De.siderata  Curiosa  Hiberni'ca;  or,  a 
Select  Collection  of  State  Papers,"  &c.  8vo.  Dublin  2  vols 
1772. 

2  Potty's  "  Down  Survey,"  by  Larconi,  p.  91. 

3  Ibid.,  p.  210.  ■     4  Ibid.,  p.  96. 


204  THE   CROMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

regiments,  and  proposed  to  get  rid  of  them.  They  wished  to 
take  the  baronies  of  Gualtier  and  Middlethird,  in  the  county 
of  Waterford,  instead.^  The  Leinster  and  Ulster  agents, 
however,  said  if  the  Munster  officers  ^^'ere  allowed  to  pick 
and  choose,  they  desired  the  same  privilege  for  Leinster  and 
Ulster,  and  that  Upper  Ossory,  and  the  Duffry,  in  the  county 
of  Wexford,  in  Leinster,  Orier,  the  Fews,  and  Cremorne,  in 
Ulster,  be  laid  aside ;  and,  with  a  spice  of  humour,  fixed  them 
with  their  two  coarse  baronies,  by  reminding  them  of  the 
pious  intent  upon  which  they  had  agreed  to  the  lottery  .2 


THE   DOWN    SURVEY. 

The  officers  of  the  army  next  agreed  with  the  government 
to  join  them  in  contracting  with  Dr.  William  Petty,  Physician 
to  the  Forces,  to  make  accurate  maps  of  the  forfeited  lands 
belonging  respectively  to  the  government  and  to  the  army,  in 
the  three  several  provinces  of  Leinster,  Munster,  and  Ulster. 
Connaught  was  assigned  to  the  Irish ;  and  good  maps  of  most 
of  the  lands  in  that  province  had  been  made  about  fifteen 
years  before,  by  order  of  Lord  Strafford,  when  he  intended 
the  English  plantation  there,  by  which  the  government  were 
enabled  to  set  down  the  transplanted  Irish  there  the  more 
readily.  It  was  characteristic  of  the  period,  that  this  great 
step  in  perfecting  the  scheme  of  plantation  was  consecrated 
with  all  the  forms  of  religion,  the  articles  being  signed  by  Dr. 
Petty  in  the  Council  Chamber  of  Dublin  Castle,  on  the  lltli 
of  December,  1654,  in  the  presence  of  many  of  the  chief 
officers  of  the  army,  after  a  solemn  seeking  of  God,  performed 
by  Colonel  Tomlinson,  for  a  blessing  upon  the  conclusion  of 
so  great  a  business. ^    Such  is  the  account  given  by  Dr.  Petty, 

1  "  Pettv's  Down  Survey,"  pp.  89,  90. 

2  Ibid.,  p.  91,  3  Ibid.,  p,  22. 


OF  lEELAND.  205 

this  able  man  being  himself  all  the  while  a  freethinker,  ^yho 
was  indifferent  to  the  wrangles  and  jangles  of  the  Churches,i 
and  laughed  at  the  many  different  sects  of  that  day,  con- 
sidering sects  to  be  like  worms  and  maggots  in  the  guts  of  a 
commonwealth. 2  He  was  also  of  opinion  that  the  gathering 
of  churches  might  be  termed,  "listing  of  soldiers. "^ 

By  his  contract,  Dr.  Petty  engaged  to  mark  out  upon  the 
map  the  subdivision  of  the  lands  into  so  many  parcels  as 
might  satisfy  each  man  his  particular  arrears,  thus  showing 
each  of&cer's  and  soldier's  particular  lot,*  with  an  index  of 
their  names  and  position  on  the  map.  But  this  provision  was 
afterwards  dispensed  with,  as  the  army  were  not  ready  to  sub- 
divide at  the  time  of  the  survey  being  taken,  and  the  sub- 
divisions were  only  returned  by  the  officers  in  descriptive  lists 
to  the  Chancery.  These  being  sent  at  the  Kestoration  to  the 
Commissioners  for  executing  the  Act  of  Settlement,  they  re- 
mained among  the  documents  they  had  had  recourse  to,  and 
were  destroyed  in  a  great  fire  that  burned  down  the  Council 
Office,  where  they  were  then  deposited,  in  the  year  1711 — an 
irreparable  loss.  Had  they  been  marked  in  the  Down  Survey, 
there  would  have  been  seen  regiment  by  regiment,  troop  by 
troop,  and  company  by  company,  encamping  almost  on  the 
lands  they  had  conquered ;  for  they  were  thus  set  down  without 
intervals,  and  without  picking  or  choosing,  the  lot  of  the  first 
regiment  ending  where  the  lot  of  the  second  regiment  began. ^ 

The  field  work  of  the  survey  was  carried  on  by  foot  soldiers 

■  instructed  by  Dr.  Petty,  and  selected  by  him  as  being  hardy 

men,  to  whom  such  hardships  as  to  wade  through  bogs  and 

1  "  Reflections  on  some  Persons  and  Things  in  Ireland,"  p.  86. 
12mo.     London :    1660. 

2  Ibid.,  p.  110.  3  Ibid.,  p.  82. 

*  "  Articles  of  Agreement  between  tlie  Svn'veyor-Cieneral  and 
Dr.  W.  Petty,"  dated  lltli  December,  1654,  Article  8.  "  Petty's 
Down   Survey,"   bv  Larconi,    p.    25. 

s  Order  of"22n;rMay,  1655.     J  bid.,  p.  64. 


206  THE   CEOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

water,  climb  rocks,  and  fare  and  lodge  hard,  were  familiar.^ 
They  were  fittest,  too,  "  to  ruffle  with  "  the  rude  spirits  they 
were  like  to  encounter,  who  might  not  see  without  a  grudge 
their  ancient  inheritances,  the  only  support  of  their  wives 
and  children,  measured  out  before  their  eyes  for  strangers  to 
occupy;  and  they  must  often  when  at  work  be  in  danger  of 
a  surprise  by  Tories.  Some  of  the  surveyors  were  captured 
by  these  bold  and  desperate  outlaws,  when  the  sending  away 
of  the  forces  for  England  and  Scotland,  about  the  beginning 
of  the  work,  left  him  naked  of  the  guards  ho  had  been  pro- 
mised.^  Eight  of  them  were  surprised  by  Donogh  O 'Derrick, 
commonly  called  "  blind  Donogh  "  (who,  however,  could  see 
well  enough  for  this  purpose),  near  Timolinn,  in  the  county 
of  Kildare,  and  were  by  him  and  his  party  carried  up  the 
mountains  of  Wicklow  into  the  woods,  and  there  after  a 
drumhead  kind  of  court  martial,  executed  by  them  as  acces- 
sories to  a  gigantic  scheme  of  ruthless  robbery. ^ 

THE  BOXING  OF  THE  ARMY  FOR  LANDS. 

Sir  William  Petty  says,  that  as  for  the  blood  shed  in  the 
contest  for  these  lands,  God  best  knows  who  did  occasion  it ; 
but  upon  the  playing  of  the  game  or  match  the  English  w;on, 

1  "  Articles  of  Agreement,"  &c.,  as  before,  p.   17. 

2  Ibid.,  pp.  123,  125. 

3  "  Ordered,  that  Mr.  James  Standish,  Receiver-General,  do 
pay  unto  Col.  Henry  Pretty,  Governor  of  Carlow,  £100,  to  be 
by  him  disposed  of  to  such  persons  as  lately  took  Donogh  Doyle 
or  Derrig,  alias  called  blind  Donogh  (the  notorious  Tory,  Rebel, 
and  Thief),  at  Timolinn,  in  the  house  whence  he  and  his  party 
took  the  Eight  English  Surveyors,  who  were  thence  carried  into 
the  woods,  and  most  barbarously  murdered.  Dated  at  Dublin 
Castle,   December  25th,   1655. 

"  Henry  Cromwell.     Richard  Pepys.     Myles  Corbey." 
A  (1),  p.  325. 


01''  TRELAXD.  207 

and  had,  among  other  pretences,  a  gamester's  right  at  least 
to  their  estates  ;*  and  like  gamesters  they  proceeded  to  divide 
the  spoil.  The  lands  they  had  won  were  to  be  set  out  to  the 
army  by  lot,  and  were  to  be  so  assigned  to  the  different  regi- 
ments in  the  several  provinces,  that  the  lands  might  be  set 
out  together  without  intervals,  and  without  picking  and 
choosing.  Accordingly,  it  was  ordered  that  the  several  regi- 
m^ents  whose  lots  had  fallen  in  any  of  the  three  provinces 
should  be  put  into  possession  of  their  lands  successively  one 
after  another,  each  regiment  beginning  to  take  their  posses- 
sion from  the  bounds  of  si  oh  places  v\heve  the  lots  of  tlie 
respective  regiments  preceding  respectively  ended.'  The 
agents  of  the  different  regiments  in  each  provincial  lot  were 
to  agree  v.-hat  barony  in  each,  of  the  several  counties  should  be 
first  set  out  unto  them,  and  what  regiment  or  troop  sliouid  bo 
first  set  dovv-n  in  each  barony  and  county,  and  so  successively 
in  tl'.e  next  adjacent  })arony  or  county. ^  The  regiments  in 
each  provmeial  lot  cast  lots  to  aseertriin  in  what  county  and 
baronies  t-ach  r-jglment  shouM  bo  satisfied.  A  lot  or  ticket 
was  then  made  for  every  tro(jp  rir  company,  containing  the 
names  of  the  several  ofucers  and  soldiers  of  the  troop  or  corn- 
pan} ,  the  arrears  duo  to  each,  and  the  nujnber  of  acres  due 
to  the  ent're  troop  ov  company.*  These  lots  or  tickets  wt-re 
prepared  on  jumpers  ot  equal  hize,  and  sealed  with  Vvax  wafers 


i  '■  The  roliticiil  Anatomy  of  Irelund,"  1672,  by  Sir  W.  Potty. 
p.  28,  1st  vol.  "  Tracts  and  Treatises  relating  to  Ireland,"  by 
Alexander   Thorn   and   Sons.     2   vols.     8vo.     Dublin:    1S61. 

2  pp.  64.  6o,  "  Petty's  Down  Survey,"  by  Major  Thcnnas  A. 
Larconi,  Irisli  Archieologieal  Society's  Publication.  4to. 
Du'olin:     1801. 

3  Order  of  22  May.   16o5,   ibid.,   p.   60. 

*  "  Ordered,  that  the  officers  of  tlie  army  now  at  lieadq;ir.rter.s 
do  oon.sider  how  the  lotts  of  the  party  now  to  be  disbanded  may 
be  drawn  most  equally.     2{)th  Avgust;  16.j5."     A  (5),  p.  2*J3. 

'•  Ordered,  that  the  Surveyor-General  do  prepare  lotts  for  each 
regiment,    and   for  each   company   and    trcopo   of   eacli    regimeiit, 


208  THE   CKOMWELIilAN    SETTLEMENT 

or  glue,  so  as  one  might  not  be  distinguished  from  the  other 
without  opening  them.  They  were  then  to  be  put  in  a  bois:,* 
out  of  which  they  were  to  be  drawn  as  lots,  to  distinguish  in 
which  of  the  baronies  the  proportion  of  land  due  to  each  com- 
pany was  to  fall. 

The  lands  in  the  several  baronies  having  been  already  ar- 
ranged by  the  Surveyor-General  in  a  fixed  sequence,  called  a 
file  or  string  of  contiguity, ^  specifying  the  contents  of  each 

inserting  tlie  name  of  each  regiment,  troope  and  company  in  the 
lotts,  that  the  troopes  and  companies  may  know  who  are  to 
begin,  and  in  what  manner  they  are  to  proceed  successively  to 
taliP  their  satisfaction."     1\).,   p.  224. 

1  Hence  the  term  boxing  in  common  use  in  that  day :  thus, 
"  Waste  land.=  and  undisposed  of  may  be  lett  to  anj'  English  v/eil 
affected,  not  exceeding  three  years,  without  putting  ye  same  to 
ye  box,  rendering  such  reasonable  rent,  &c.  Dated  at  Corkj 
7th  Juhj,  1652. 

"  Mii.es   Cokbett.     Johm   JoNEa." 
Order  Book  of  Council,  vol.  vii..  Landed  Estates  Record  OfKce. 

2  "  The  Stkixg  of  Ensign  Thomas  hts  Lott. 

Com.  MeatJi — l^ar.  KelJs. 

P.ARISH    OF    DUNLANE. 

Proprietors  [Anno.  1641.]  Deiionunations.  Acres  Prodtahle. 

A.    R.    P. 

Thomas  necaeh,      .     .  Part  of  Laurencetowne,     .  IBS  2  0 

Gan-ett    Mappe,       .     .      f  iVfaprath, 254  0  0 

Idem  J   The  Mote, 128  0  0 

' \   Corn    sasse, 192  0  0 

I,  Curragh  and  Clonfenane.  303  0  0 

Plunkot^,    of    Castle,  Pathbrake '  .  242  2  0 

Garrett    Mappe,       .     .  Mountainpole,       ....  176  2  0 

Kfxls    Parish. 

f  Part  of  Kells. 

I    In  ye  same,  with  Coimnou,       5b     2     0 

T>     1  f     ,        ,.    ,•  ,,    •,  Part   of   Kells 611     2     0 

Kocluort,   or    Ivilhride,     i    ,i--,i  •       .i       -.,-  ,,        -    ,i 
'  '     \     \\ithm    the    VVails    or    the 

\       'j'owiu;  of  Kelts      ...       29     2     0 

j    Part    of    Mulaghev,    intor- 

I        mixl,    with    snia"ll    poells     16G     2     0 


OF  lEELAND.  209 

townland  within  the  regiinent;il  lot  with  the  lists  of  the  de- 
bentures belonging  to  each  troop  or  company,^  the  Conimis- 


Proprietors  [Anno.  1641.]  Denominations.  Acres  Profitable. 

A.    R.    P. 
Sir   John    Dungan,    Knt.    Norbynstowne,      ....     13S     0     0 

Parish  of  Emlagh. 
William  Betagh,      .     .     .    Ballreaske,        .....     lot     2     0 

Kells  Parish. 

Plunkett.    of  Balrath,      .    Tatrath, 5."?:3     0     u 

Baniewall.  of  Turvey,      .    Sydeiisrath,         '  .     .     .     .     211     2     0 
Jpnies  f.   Jones,       ,     .     .     Fyanstowne. 

pAr.ISli   OF  TfiLLTOVtNE. 


Sr  William  Hill,     .     .     .     Hurriltowiie. 

Richard    Barrewwil,  .  \ 

Richard   I-ed\vicht,       .     .  i  r-n™   •   i  t-.oo 

r.   1      J.  11  1  Ivilmainhajn, lO-H 

Kooert  l>egg,   and  ;  ' 

Biirnewall,    of   Breyoiore.  j 

Parish  of  Kjells. 

Richard    Barnewall,    . 

Christopher    piunkett, 

Richari   Led.viche,       .      .  j  Pari  of  KiltJ-.aiiihani,     .      .     I'iS     0     0 

Robt   Begg,   of   Feathers-  \ 

tovne I 

Begg,  of  Navan,  and  |Cnrdtn    fith ]49     2     0 

Barnewell,  of  Breymore,.  j 

Sir  John  Draycott,     .     .    Phebog,        29     0     0 

Totall,  .^072a.  2r.  COp.,  at  lis.    t'  acre.     £2789  lO.s.  Id. 

"  The  aforementioned  lands  were  sett  fortli  unto  Lieut. -Coloiiel! 
Steepheas  and  his  Company,  in  satisfaction  of  their  arrears. 

"  TnoJiAS   Elliott, 

"  Depy    Surveyor-Genh 
"  April  6th,   1C66." 

In  this  String  (j.-roperly  the  String  of  Lient. -Colonel  Stei.^hens 
find  hi.s  coi.'ipany),  for  the  endorsement  is  by  a  later  hand),  are 
the  lands   of  Kilniaiiiham  convoyed    by  the   following    Deed:  — 


i  Petty's  "  Down  Survey,"  by  Iiarcom,  p.  1P7, 
R 


OF  lEELAND.  211 

arroara  in  the  debenture,  and  the  number  of  acres  to  be  set 
out  m  the  barony  to  satisfy  it.^ 

Thus  Lord  Broghill,  Colonel  Phaire,  and  others,  were 
appointed  Commissioners,  on  10th  January,  1654,  to  set  out 
lands  in  the  baronies  of  Fermoy,  Duhallo,  Condon,  Orrery, 
and  other  baronies  in  the  county  of  Cork,  to  satisfy  arrears 
due  to  the  officers  and  soldiers  of  the  regiments,  troops,  and 
companies  named  in  a  schedule  annexed  to  the  commission, 
amounting  to  £60,611  8s.  6J.,  which  required  75,735  acres, 
2  roods,  to  satisfy  them — lands  in  the  county  of  Cork  being 
rated  by  the  army,  as  between  themselves,  at  £800  per 
thousand  acres.  The  Commissioners  were  to  fix  a  time  and 
place  for  drawing  lots,  of  which  they  were  to  give  seven 
days'  previous  notice  at  least,  in  Cork,  Mallow,  Youghal,  and 
Bandon.  They  were  directed  by  the  commission  to  begin  to 
draw  out  the  lots  for  the  barony  of  Fermoy,  and  so  lot  by 
lot,  until  all  the  land  in  the  barony  was  exhausted;  and  if  the 
number  of  acres  in  the  lots  drawn  for  any  barony  should  ex- 
ceed the  amount  of  land  in  the  barony,  the  defect  was  to  be 
supplied  out  of  the  adjacent  barony — the  particular  parish  or 
townland  where  to  begin  the  supply  having  been  appointed 
before  drawing  the  first  lots,  in  order  to  avoid  controversy  or 
imputation.  The  officers  and  soldiers  who  fell  to  be  satisfied 
in  any  one  barony  or  allotment  were  immediately  to  take 
possession;  and,  having  sub-divided  it  between  them,  were 
to  send  up  the  subdivision,  with  each  man's  lot  described  by 
such  bounds  and  other  certainties  as  it  could  be  known  to  the 
Commissioners  of  Ee venue  of  the  precinct. ^     Upon  getting 

i  The  proceedings  thus  described  are  set  out  in  "A  Commission 
for  ye  Setting  out  Lands  in  ye  County  of  Corke  to  ye  Disbanded 
Forces  in  lieu  of  their  Arrears.  Dated  at  Duhlin,  ye  lOth  day  of 
January,  1653-4."     A  (81),  p.  31. 

2  "A  Commission  for  ye  Setting  out  Lands  in  ye  County  of 
Corke  to  the  Disbanded  Forces  in  lieu  of  their  Arrears." 
A  (81),  p.  31 


212 


THE   CKOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 


possession,  the  half-pay  of  the  officers  and  soldiers  ceased. 
But,  in  addition  to  the  original  list  of  those  to  be  satisfied 
by  the  Commissioners,  additional  lists  were  constantly  sent 
down  of  soldiers  whom  they  were  to  admit  to  receive  their 
satisfaction  as  if  they  had  been  in  the  original  lists. ^ 

OF  THE  EQUALIZING  OF  COUNTIES  AND  BARONIES. 

The  state  gave  all  the  forfeited  lands  to  the  army  at  the 
Adventurers'  or  Act  Eates;  but  the  several  regiments  com- 
posing each  provincial  lot  were  unwilling  to  cast  the  regi- 
mental lots,  or  lots  to  ascertain  in  what  counties  and  baronies 
within  the  province  the  several  regiments  were  to  be  satisfied 
their  arrears,  without  some  regard  to  the  value  of  lands. 
They  thought  it  too  desperate  a  hazard  for  a  regimxent  to  cast 

1  "  A  list  of  several  persons  of  Captain  Lewis  Jones's  troop  of 
horse  that  desire  satisfaction  for  their  arrears  in  the  county  of 
Sleigo  :  — 


Corporal  John  Jones,  . 

Alexander  Irwin,    . 

Christopher  Jones, 

Richard  Jones, . 

James  Hugh,     . 

Quarter-Master  Nicholas  Goulding 

Pence  excluded,  total  is 


43  19 

22  14 
21  15 

20  8 

21  3 
232  14 


;^367  13  o 


A. 

97 
45 
43 
40 
42 
465 


R  P. 

3  24 

1  24 

2  o 

3  8 
I  8 
I  24 


735 


"  These  are  to  certify  that  the  arrears  of  the  above  persons 
are  stated,  and  amount  to  the  several  sums  according  to  their 
names  respectively  annexed,  for  which  proportions  of  land  are 
required  at  the  rate  of  £500  for  1000  acres ;  as  are  likewise  to 
their  sums  affixed,  which  amount  in  tlie  whole  for  the  said  £367 
13s.  Od.  to  the  sum  of  735a.  1r.  8p.     30^/i.  March,  1655. 

"  William  Digges. 
"  To  Majnr  W.  Shepherd,  Major  John  King,  and  the  other  Com- 
missioners for  setting  out  lands  in  the  county  of  Sleigo,  that 
they  he  added  to  the  list  of  those  to  he  satisfied  there,  and 
be  perm  tted  to  draw  lots  as  if  they  had  been  named  in  the 
original   list,"     A   (85),   p.   220. 


OF  lEELAND. 


213 


a  lot  and  find  Itself  paid  off  with  10,000  acres  of  land  in  the 
mountains  of  Kerry,  while  the  next  regiment  received  10,000 
acres  in  the  rich  pastures  of  Tipperary  or  Limerick  as  of 
equal  value,  though  the  army  received  all  the  Munster  lands 
from  the  state  at  £450  per  1,000  acres.  Accordingly,  they 
equalized  or  set  an  approximate  or  more  real  value  on  the 
lands  in  the  several  counties  and  baronies,  when  casting  lots 
for  lands  in  discharge  of  their  pay.  Thus  the  regiments  in 
the  Munster  lot  valued  the  barony  of  Glaneroughty,  contain- 
ing the  mountain  land  of  Kerry,  at  £250  per  thousand  acres; 
but  the  barony  of  ClanwilHam,  containing  the  Golden  Vale 
of  Tipperary,  at  £1,100  per  thousand  acres.* 

THE  COUNTIES  AS  VALUED  BY  THE  ARMY. 

In  the  following  hst  will  be  seen  the  valuation  of  the 
several  counties  by  the  army,  to  make  them  more  equal 
among  themselves,  preparatory  to  casting  the  first  "  Grand  " 
or  "Provincial  Lot,"  to  determine  in  what  province  each 
regiment  was  to  be  satisfied  its  arrears. 


FOR   EVERY    THOUSAND    ACRES    IN    THE    PROVINCE    OF    LEINSTER. 


Rates  in  the 
Act. 

Counties. 

New  Rates. 

i 
6oo 

Wicklow. 

Six  hundred  pounds. 

6oo 

Longford. 

Six  hundred  pounds. 

6oo 

King's  County. 

Six  hundred  pounds. 

6oo 

Waxford. 

Nine  hundred  pounds. 

6oo 

Catherlo. 

Eleven  hundred  pounds. 

6oo 

Kildare. 

Thirteen  hundred  pounds. 

6oo 

Kilkenny- 

Eleven  hundred  pounds. 

6oo 

Queen's  County. 

Nine  hundred  pounds. 

6oo 

West  Meath. 

Nine  hundred  pounds. 

6oo 

Meath. 

Thirteen  hundred  pounds. 

6oo 

Dublin. 

Fifteen  hundred  pounds. 

The  barony  of  Athi 

rdee  in  the  county  of  Loath, 

twelve  hundred  pc 

)unds  ;    the  rest  of  the  county 

being  reserved  w 

lolly  for  the  Adventurers. 

1  A  (84),   p.  354.     Order  dated  28th  July,   1653. 


214 


THE  CKOMWELLIAN  SETTLEMENT 


FOR    EVERY    THOUSAND    ACRES    IN    THE    PROVINCE    OF    MUNSTER. 


Rates  in  the 
Act. 

Counties. 

New  Rates. 

A 
450 
450 
450 
450 
450 

Cork. 

Waterford. 

Tipperary. 

Limerick. 

Kerry. 

Eight  hundred  pounds. 
Eight  hundred  pounds. 
One  thousand  pounds. 
Eleven  hundred  pounds. 
Four  hundred  and  fifty  pounds. 

FOR   EVERY    THOUSAND    ACRES    IN   THE   PROVINCE    OF    ULSTER. 


Rates  in  the 
Act. 

Counties. 

New  Rates. 

200 

Antrim. 

Five  hundred  and  twentv  pounds. 

200 

Armagh. 

Four  hundred  and  sixty  pounds. 

200 

Tirone. 

Four  hundred  pounds. 

200 

Fermanagh. 

Four  hundred  and  twenty  pounds. 

200 

Donegal. 

Four  hundred   pounds. 

200 

Londonderry. 

Four  hundred  and  fifty  pounds. 

200 

Cavan. 

Four  hundred  pounds. 

200 

Monaghan. 

Four  hundred  and  twenty  pounds. 

200 

Down. 

Five  hundred  and  twenty  pounds. 

For  every  th 

ousand  acres  in  the  baronies  of  Sligo, 

Five  hunc 

[red  pounds.^ 

VALUATION    OF    THE    BARONIES. 


The  lots  for  provinces  having  been  cast,  the  officers  of  the 
several  regiments  in  each  provincial  lot,  before  lotting  for 
counties,  valued  the  different  baronies  in  their  lot. 


1  "  DuUin,  the  21st  November,  1653.. 

"  A  Particular  of  the  Rates  in  the  several]  Counties  in  the 
Provinces  of  Leinster,  Munster  and  Ulster,  as  they  were  agreed 
to  by  the  Generall  Councel  of  Officers  to  be  settled  upon  each  of 
the  said  Counties  respectively,  in  order  to  the  setting  out  of 
Lands  for  the  satisfaction  of  the  Arrears  of  them  that  are  dis- 
banded until  tlie  iileasure  of  the  Parliament  shall  be  further 
known  therein,   or  a  more  exact  account  had  of  the  quantity  of 


OF  ICELAND.  215 

The  setting  down  of  the  army  was  effected  in  three  great 
disbandings  and  assignments  of  land  to  the  soldiery,  which 
took  place  in  September,  1655,  and  in  July  and  November, 
1656.1  -phe  following  list  concerns  the  first  of  these  disband- 
ings :  "On  18  August,  1655,  Lieut. -General  Ludlow's,  Sir 
Charles  Coote's,  Colonel  Pretty's  regiments  of  horse,  and 
Colonel  Ingoldsby's  regiment  of  dragoons,  and  Colonel 
Axtels',  Colonel  Slubber 's,  and  Colonel  Clarke's  regiments  of 
foot,  and  some  non-regimental  companies  were  disbanded.  "^ 
About  sixty  troops  and  companies  were  then  satisfied.^  In 
the  list  will  be  found  not  only  the  equalization  of  the  several 
baronies,  but  the  names  of  the  different  captains,  troops,  and 
companies,  they  were  set  out  to  in  succession. 

Forfeited  Lands  in  Ireland."  From  an  original  printed  Declara- 
tion, small  folio,  of  six  pages,  in  the  library  of  Charles  Haliday, 
Esq.,  of  Monkstown  Park,  Monkstown,  county  of  Dublin:  by 
William  Bladen,    Dublin:    A.D.    1653. 

1  "  Petty's  Down  Survej',"  by  Larcom.  p.  274. 

2  "  Merciu-.  Politicus,"  p.  5580. 

3  "  Petty's  Down  Survey,"  by  Larcom,  ]).  185. 


2l6 


PROVINCE     OF 


1 
Names  of  the 

Counties  where 

The  Names  of  the  Regiments 

Names  of  the  particular  Troops 

the  Disbanded 

out  of  which  the  Disbanded  are 

and  Companies  that  are  Dis- 

are to  be 

reduced. 

banded. 

Satisfied. 

Wexford. 

Lord    Henry    Cromwell's    Re- 
giment of  Horse. 

Captain  Barrington. 

Lieutenant-Generall    Ludlow's 

His  owne  Troope. 

Regiment   of   Horse. 

Captain   Ivorie's. 
Captain  Nunn's. 
Captain  Claypole. 

Colonel    Daniel    Abbott's    Re- 

Captain Packenham. 

giment   of    Dragoons. 

Sir    Hardress    Waller's    Regi- 

Captain  Holmes. 

ment. 

Captain   Candler. 
Captain   Wilkinson. 

Lord  President's  Regiment. 

Captain  CoUis. 

Colonel    Phair's    Regiment. 

Captain  Cartrett. 

Loose  Companies. 

Captain  Morgan. 

Major  Cuppage. 

Captain  Highgate. 

Major  Shepherd. 

Captain  Skinner. 

Supernumeraries     of  the   Lord 
Henry      Cromwell's      Regi- 
ment to  be  added  to  this  Lott. 

West  Meath 

Colonel  Ingoldsby's  Regiment. 

His  owne  Troope. 

and 

Captain  Napper. 

East  Meath. 

Captain  Cam  bell. 
Captain  Wrenn. 
Captain  Gibbons. 

General    Venables'    Regiment. 

Lieutenant-Colonell    Pinchion. 
Captain  Bownell. 

Colonel   Axtell's   Regiment. 

Captain  Cornock. 
Captain  Gardiner. 

Colonel   Clarke's    Regiment. 

Captain  Talbott. 
Captain  Disney. 

Loose  Companies. 

Captain    Waltham. 
Supernumeraries    of   the    Lord 
President's      Regiment      of 

Horse. 

Kilkenny  and 

Colonell  Stubbers. 

His  owne  Company. 

Queen's    Co. 

Captain  Burrell. 
Captain  Helsham. 
Captain  Lynocks. 
Captain    Garrett. 
Captain  Mathews. 
Captain    Pennyfather. 
Captain  Richards. 

M  U  N  S  T  E  R. 


217 


The  Names  of  the  Baronies  that  are  to 
be  set  out  to  the   Disbanded  in 
succession. 

Rates  of  the  severall  Baronies. 

Forth. 
Bargy. 

ShilmaHer. 
Bantry. 

;^8oo  per  thousand  acres. 
700  per  thousand  acres. 

600  per  thousand  acres. 
600  per  thousand  acres. 

Delvin. 
Half  Fore. 
Corkerrie.   \ 
Moygoise.  / 
Kells. 

Ferbill. 

Moyfenrath. 
Clonlonan.    ") 
Moycashel.      )- 
Kiscoursie.     J 

;^8oo  per  thousand  acres . 
800  per  thousand  acres. 

600  per  thousand  acres. 

650  per  thousand  acres. 

800  per  thousand  acres. 

1000  per  thousand  acres. 

600  per  thousand  acres. 

Liberties  of  Kilkenny. 
Upper  Ossory. 

;{8oo  per  thousand  acres. 
500  per  thousand  acres. 

2l8 


PROVINCE     OF 


Names  of  the 

1 

Counties  where 

The  Names  of  the  Regiments 

Names  of  the  particular  Troops 

the  Disbanded 

out  of  which  the  Disbanded  are 

and  Companies  that  are  Dis- 

are to  be 

reduced. 

banded. 

Satisfied. 

Limerick  and 

Lord  President  of  Connaught's 

Colonell   Chidley   Coote. 

Kerry. 

Regiment. 

Colonell    Richard    Coote. 

Major  Ormsby. 

Major  King. 

Captain  St.  George. 

The  Lord  President  of  Con- 
naught,  his  owne  arrears, 
and  the  Supernumeraries  of 
his    owne   Troope. 

The  Supernumeraries  of  the 
Lord    Broghill's    Troope. 

• 

Colonell    Richard    Lawrence. 

Captain    Mould. 
Lieutenant-Colonell    Jones. 
Captain  Eudes. 
Supernumeraries    of    the    Life 

Guard,  Generall  Officers  and 

Traine. 

Tipperary  and 

Colonell  Prettie's  Regiment. 

Captain  William   Bolton. 

Water  ford. 

Captain  Alland  ;    each  of  them 
to  have  thirty  out  of  their 
respective  Troopes  to  place 
with  them  if  they  can  gain 
so   many   to   be   free   there- 
unto. 

Colonell   Sadler's   Regiment. 

Captain  Thomas. 
Captain    Nicholls    and    Major 
Brereton. 

Loose  Company. 

Major  Richardson. 

Supernumeraries  of  Colonell 
Prettie's  Regiment  to  be 
added    to    this    Lott. 

Cork. 

Loose   Company 

Captain  Dutton. 

Lord  Protector's   Foot. 

Captain  Seagrave. 
Captain  Pelham. 

Colonell  Hewson. 

Captain  Turner. 
Captain  Hincham. 

Loose  Companies. 

Captain  Jordan. 

Captain  ftlarkham. 

Major    Walters. 

Supernumeraries  of  Commis- 
sary-General Reynolds,  and 
Colonell    Sankeys. 

M  U  N  S  T  E  R 


219 


The  Names  of  the  Baronies  that  are 
to  be  set  out  to  the  Disbanded 
in     succession. 


The  Rates  of  the  severall  Baronies. 


Coshlca. 
Small  County. 

Coshma. 

Iracht  I  Connor. 

Clannoris. 

Corkaguiny. 

GlanerouEiht. 


Clanwilliam. 


;^6oo  per  thousand  acres. 
800  per  thousand  acres. 

700  per  thousand  acres. 
350  per  thousand  acres. 
350  per  thousand  acres. 
250  per  thousand  acres. 


250  per  thousand  acres. 


1 100  per  thousand  acres. 


Gaultier  and  Middlethird. 


;^500  per  thousand  acres. 
350  per  thousand  acres. 


Kinalea,   and   Kerricurrihie. 


£'570  per  thousand  acres. 


220 


THE  CROMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 


PROVINCE  OF  ULSTER.! 


Names     of     the 
Counties    where 
the     Disbanded 
are  to  be  satis- 
fied. 

The  Names  of  the  Regiments 
out  of  which  the  Disbanded 
were    reduced. 

Names  of  the 
particular  Tro- 
opes  and  Com- 
panies that  are 
Disbanded. 

Tirone. 

Lord  Deputy's  Regiment. 

Captain  Morris. 

Supernumeraries 
of  the  Lord  De- 
j)uty's  Regi- 
ment of  Horse 

OF  THE  EQUALIZING  OF  THE  LANDS  IN  THE  LOT  OF  A  TROOP  OR 

COMPANY. 

Thus  the  different  regiments  provided  for  some  degree  of 
equality  in  value  as  between  themselves.  But  as  the  lands 
to  satisfy  each  troop  or  company  were  set  out  by  lot  in  a  gross 
sum  to  the  troop  or  company  after  the  rate  set  upon  the 
county  or  barony,  without  regard  being  had  to  the  different 
and  unequal  value  of  the  lands  in  themselves,  it  would  neces- 
sarily follow  that  if  a  subdivision  were  not  made  in  propor- 
tion to  the  real  difference,  some  would  have  lands  of  a  much 
greater  value  than  others.  It  was  therefore  provided  that 
the  different  regiments,  troops,  and  companies,  should  nomi- 
nate out  of  themselves  persons  to  subdivide  and  set  out  the 
lands  fallen  to  the  regiment,  troop,  or  company,  according 
to  their  true  and  real  value. ^  Accordingly,  after  the  troops 
or  companies  were  assigned  a  barony,  the  officers  of  the  troop 
or  company  proceeded  to  rate  the  lands  at  their  exact  value, 
before  casting  lots  or  proceeding  to  divide  them  by  agree- 
ment amongst  the  troop  or  company.  Thus  the  generals  of 
the  army,  the  gentlemen  of  the  hfe  guard,  and  officers  of  the 

1  A  (81),  p.  L36. 

2  "  Petty's  Down  Survey,"  by  Larcom,  p.  278. 


OF  IKELAND.  221 

train  (the  artillery  of  that  day),  having  received  the  Liberties 
of  Limerick,  as  a  supply,  in  case  their  lot  of  the  barony  of 
Clanwilliam  in  the  county  of  Limerick  should  prove  insuffi- 
cient to  satisfy  their  arrears,  the  Liberties  being  valued  at 
the  rate  of  £1,500  per  thousand  acres,  they  particularly  and 
distinctly  equahzed  the  several  towns  and  seats  belonging  to 
the  Liberties,  according  to  the  respective  goodness,  quality, 
and  condition  of  the  land,  and  according  to  the  nature  of  the 
improvements  in  each  of  them,  and  set  a  value  upon  the 
particular  places,  in  order  to  make  the  lots  then  about  to  be 
cast  equal  among  themselves.^ 


SALE   OF    DEBEXTURES    BY   THE    COMMON    SOLDIERS   TO   THEIR 
OFFICERS. 

In  the  interval  between  the  surrender  of  the  principal 
Irish  armies,  in  1652,  and  the  perfecting  of  the  scheme  for 
setting  out  the  lands  in  Ireland,  which  was  not  published  till 
Michaelmas,  1653,  the  distresses  of  the  men,  and  even 
officers,  for  want  of  payment  of  their  arrears,  became  very 
great.  To  raise  moneys  for  their  subsistence,  they  were  found 
to  be  seUing  their  debentures,  the  poor  soldiers'  dearly  earned 
wages,  at  inconsiderable  sums,  thus  depriving  themselves  of 
a  future  comfortable  subsistence  intended  for  them  by  those 
in  authority,  who  would  never  have  given  out  the  lands  at 
such  low  rates,  but  in  tenderness  to  the  soldiery,  and  in  order 
to  plant  the  country  with  those  poor  creatures  whom  the  T-ord 
had  preserved  in  hardships  and  dangers,  that  they  might 
enjoy  the  fruits  of  their  labour. ^  Debentures  were  accord- 
ingly forbidden  by  the  Act  to  be  sold  imtil  the  soldiers  were 

2  "  Order  dated  28tli  July,  16.53."     A  (84),  p.  354. 
1  A  (81),  p.  168. 


222  THE   CEOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

actually  in  possession  of  their  several  allotments. ^  But  the 
prohibition  seems  to  have  been  unheeded,  and  practically 
void,  because  of  the  general  desire  of  the  men  to  sell,  and  of 
the  officers  to  purchase ;  for  it  appears  by  the  claims  sent  in 
at  the  Eestoration  to  the  Comixiissioners  for  executing  the  Act 
of  Settlement  (still  subsisting^),  as  well  as  the  many  deeds 
of  assignment  in  private  custody,  signed  by  all  or  nearly  all 
the  privates  of  different  troops  and  companies,  that  the  men 
conveyed  their  rights  to  their  officers. ^      The    government 

1  Act  for  the  Satisfaction  of  the  Adventurers  for  Lands  in  Ire- 
land and  Arrears  due  to  the  Soldiery  there,  &c.  Section  3, 
Scobell's   "Acts  and  Ordinances." 

2  "  Lists  of  Claims,"  among  the  Records  of  the  late  Axiditor- 
General  and  Surveyor-General's  Offices,  Landed  Estates  Record 
Office,    Custom  House  Buildings. 

3  Soldiers'  Assignment  of  their  Debentitres  to  their  Officer. 

"  Know  all  Men  by  these  presents,  that  wee,  John  Kingfoot, 
Thomas  Etherett,  Thomas  Goodg,  Ambrose  Bayley,  John 
Thomas,  Lawrence  Scott,  Richard  Gumbleton,  Henry  Frampton, 
Richard  Boxley,  Beuiamin  Fox,  Thomas  Right,  John  Finer,  John 
Samon,  William  Yelding,  Tobias  Burt,  John  Lewis.  Thomas 
Smith,  Thomas  Padle,  John  Jones,  John  Cads,  John  Davis.  James 
Blow,  William  Hill,  Evan  ap  Lewis,  Thomas  Dalton,  William 
Johnson,  Henry  Fidey,  Vincent  Watkins,  Gregory  Bolton,  Robert 
Rutter,  William  Weaver,  Robert  ap  Richard,  George  Symes,  and 
Robert  Davis,  Souldiers  in  Lieuteuant-Colonell  Richard 
Steephen's  Company,  of  the  late  regiment  of  foote  belonging  to 
Colonell  Daniel  Axtell,  in  consideration  of  one  hundred  and 
thirty-six  pounds  to  us  and  every  of  us,  respectively,  and  pro- 
portionably  in  hand  paid  by  Arnold  Thomas,  Ensigne  to  the  said 
company,  bv  these  presents  do  grant,  assign,  bargaine  and  sell 
to  the  said  Arnold  Thomas,  his  heirs,  and  assigns,  all  our 
right,  interest,  and  estate  in  anie  parcels  of  land,  of  what  nature 
and  qualitie  it  shall  happen,  and  of  what  number  of  acres  they 
shall  happen  to  be  and  amount  unto,  lying  and  being  within  the 
dominion  of  Ireland,  which  are  to  be  assigned  and  ascertained 
unto  us  in  recompense  of  our  services  under  the  Parliament  and 
Commonwealth  of  England  in  our  service  heare  in  Ireland, 
together  with  our  severall  debentures,  with  the  sums  therein 
mentioned  to  be  due  unto  us  and  to  be  satisfied  out  of  the  for- 
feited lands  of  delinquents  by  the  Commissioners  appointed  for 
stating  accompts.  To  have  and  to  Hold  to  the  said  Arnold 
Ihomas,  his  heirs,  and  assigns,  to  be  held  of  the  chief  lords  of 


OF  lEELAND.  223 

themselves  were  obliged  to  license  the  sale  of  them.  Thus 
Lieutenant  Goulburn  got  liberty,  on  23rd  of  November, 
1653,  for  him  and  his  three  servants  to  make  sale  of  their 
debentures  for  their  present  necessities,  notwithstanding  the 
late  printed  declaration  inhibiting  the  sale.^  Often  the 
government  were  obliged  to  advance  money  from  the  trea- 
sury on  security  of  the  debentures,  as  in  the  case  of  dis- 
tressed widows  of  men  or  officers  whose  husbands  had  been 
killed  in  the  service,  often  "  slaine  by  the  Toryes,"  leaving 
them  a  great  charge  of  small  children  behind,  and  their  dis- 
tress increased  by  the  great  cost  of  coming  to  Dublin  in  hopes 
of  possession  of  their  lands,  and  long  attendance  there  abo\it 
taking  out  their  husband's  debentures.  In  such  cases  small 
sums  were  ordered  to  be  paid  to  enable  them  to  return  to 
their  children,  the  advance  to  be  endorsed  on  the  debenture, 
so  that  it  might  be  defalked  thereout  when  lands  should  be 


the  fee  by  services  thereupon  due  and  of  right  accustomed  for 
ever.  And  wee  have  constituted  and  in  our  places  severally  put 
our  well  beloved  friend,  Richard  Woods,  late  Marshall  to  the 
said  Colonell  Richard  Axtell's  regiment,  our  true  and  lawfull 
attvirney,  to  enter  and  take  possession  for  us  and  in  our  names 
of  all  such  parcells  of  land  wherever  they  shall  fall,  happen,  or 
be  assigned  by  lott  or  otherwise,  within  the  dominion  of  Ire- 
land ;  and  after  such  possession  so  taken,  them  and  everie  of 
them  for  us  and  in  our  names  peaceable  possession  thereof  to  the 
aforesaid  Arnold  Tliomas,  to  deliver,  according  to  the  tenor  of 
these  presents.  In  witness  Avhereof  wee  have  hereunto  put  our 
hands  and  seals,  this  26th  day  of  June,  1656."  Copied  from  the 
original  in  the  possession  of  Joseph  Hanly,  Esq.,  25,  Lower 
Gardiner-street. 

The  deed  is  above  a  yard  in  length,  though  little  more  than 
six  inches  in  width,  and  the  thirty-six  seals,  being  attached  by 
parcliment  labels,  give  it  something  of  the  appearance  of  a 
fringed  window  vallance.  Three  only  of  the  soldiers  sign  their 
names;  all  the  rest,  as  well  as  the  attesting  witnesses,  are  marks- 
men. At  page  210  see  the  "  String  "  of  this  company,  and 
the  names  of  the  lands  sold  by  these  men  to  Ensign  Thomas. 
Also   his   conveyance   to   George   Mathews. 

i  Dated  28th  July,   1653.     A   (84),  p.  354. 


224  THE   CKOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

given  in  satisfaction  of  the  debenture.^  At  last  debentures 
were  freely  and  openly  sold '}  and  there  were  regular  deben- 
ture brokers,  and  a  market  rate,  and  prohibitions  (of  course 
eluded)  against  buying  under  eight  shillings  in  the  pound. ^ 


1  "  Upon  consideration  had  of  the  low  and  necessitous  condi- 
tion of  Dorothy  Arthur,  widow,  ordered  that  Mr.  Standish, 
Receiver-General,  do  out  of  the  first  publique  moneys,  &c.,  pay 
unto  the  said  Dorothy  Arthur  £4  Os.  Od.  ye  same  to  be  on 
accompt  of  j'C  moneys  due  upon  ye  said  Widow  Arthur's  debenter, 
and  to  be  endorsed  on  ye  same,  that  it  may  be  defalked  thereout 
when  lands  shall  be  given  in  satisfaction  thereof.  lOf/i  January, 
1654. 

"  Chas.  Fleetwood.     Miles  Cokbet.     MAxth.  Thomlinson." 

Order  Book  of  Council,  p.  209.  Late  Auditor-General's  Re- 
cords, Custom  House  Buildings,  vol.  x. 

"  Upon  reading  the  petition  of  Elice  Morton,  and  considera- 
tion had  thereupon,  and  of  her  present  necessitous  condition  by 
reason  of  her  husband's  death,  who  was  in  ye  Parliament's  ser- 
vice, and  slaine  by  ye  Toryes,  leaving  her  a  greate  charge  of 
small  children  behinde,  as  also  by  reason  of  her  long  attendance 
att  this  place  about  taking  out  her  husband's  debenters,  whereby 
she  hath  suffered  much  poverty  and  wante;"  ordered  twenty 
shillings.     January  Sth,  1654-5. 

"  Charles  Fleetwood.     Miles  Corbet.     Robert  Goodwin." 
lb.,  p.  208. 

"  Upon  consideration  had  of  the  petition  of  Jane  Piatt, 
widdow,  it  appearing  that  her  husband,  Ensign  George  Piatt, 
deed,  was  about  two  years  since  slaine  in  the  Commonwealth's 
service,  leaving  the  petitioner  in  a  poor  distressed  and  helpless 
condition,  with  three  small  children  depending  on  her  for  main- 
tenance; it  is  ordered  that  J.  Standish,  Esq.,  do,  &c.,  pay  unto 
Mr.  T.  Edwards,  in  trust  for  the  said  Jane  Piatt,  the  sum  of 
£32,  the  same  to  be  in  full  satisfaction  of  her  debenture,  which 
is  to  be  delivered  up  to  be  cancelled.  Dublin,  June  11,  1655." 
Ibid.,  p.  92. 

2  "  Anno  1653,  debentures  were  freely  and  openly  sold  for  4s. 
and  5s.  per  pound."  Petty's  "  Political  Anatomy  of  Ireland," 
p.    26. 

3  "  Bee  it  knowne  unto  all  men  by  these  presents,  that  wee 
Richard  Thornton,  John  Peake,  John  Ffanow,  Samuel  Dowler, 
William  Ffensome,  souldiers  of  Sir  George  St.  George's  com- 
panie  in  Sir  Charles  Cootte's  Regiment  of  ffoot,  commanded  to 
America  for  and  in  consideration  of  a  certain  summe  of  money 
by  us  received  from  Lieutenant  Christopher  Mathews,  hath  bar- 
gained  sold  &   made   over  unto  the  foresaid  Lieutenant   Chris- 


OF  IRELAND.  225 

Aud  Dr.  Petty  prides  himself  uj^on  always  buying  from  the 
regular  debenture  brokers,  and  never  at  first  hand  from  the 
necessitous  soldier  (though  trepanners  were  sent  to  entrap 
him  into  purchasing) ;  while  officers  were  notoriously  guilty 

topher  Mathews,  his  heirs,  exors,  and  admors  for  ever,  all  and 
everie  parte  &  parcell  of  our  landes  due  unto  us  for  our  arrears 
for  our  service  in  Ireland,  or  whatever  we  or  either  of  us  shall 
be  allowed  for  the  said  service  in  landes  or  otherwise  according 
to  the  tenor  of  our  debentures.  In  witness  whereof  wee  have 
hereunto  putt  our  liandes  and  seales  this  twentieth  day  of 
May,    1656. 

"  Signed,    sealed    &    delivered      Rich,    x    Thornton, 
in    i:)resence    of    us    whose    names  his  niarke  &  seale. 

ensue  :  John   x   Peake, 

"  Alexf.  Aitkens.  his  marke  &  seale. 

Robert  Ffloyd.  John    x    Ffanon, 

George  Harte.  his  niarke  &  seale. 

Samuel   x   Dowler, 

his  niarke  &  seale. 
William  W.    x    Ffensome, 
his  niarke  &  seale. 

Lieutenant  Christopher  Mathew,  brother  or  cousin  of  Captain 
George  Mathew,  purchased  largely  of  the  men  of  Sir  George  St. 
George's  Company  in  Sir  Charles  Coote's  Regiment  and  those  of 
Colonel  Richard  Coote's  troope  in  Colonel  Henry  Pretty's  regi- 
ment, "  commanded  to  America."  The  assignments  are  all  on 
small  pieces  of  paper;  they  make  a  good  handful.  Lieutenant 
Mathew  was  then  quartered  at  Carrick-on-Shannon. 

"  Knowne  unto  all  men  by  these  presence,  that  I  Daniel  Keeffe 
doe  acknowledge  to  have  received  of  Lieutenant  Christr.  Mathewes 
the  sum  of  tou  pounds  tewle  shiUings,  it  being  in  lew  &  full  satis- 
faction of  my  Debenture  sould  unto  the  said  Lieutenant  Mathewes 
at  the  rate  of  eight  shillings  the  pound  :  in  witness  whereof,  I 
have  hereunto  put  my  hand  and  seale  the  20th  of  March,  1656. 

"  Daniel    x   Keeffe. 

"  Signed  &  Delivered  before  me,  one  of 
his  highnes  Justices  of  peace  : 

"  BenJ.  Currigan. 
Alex.  Editkins. 
David  Rue." 

"Knowne  unto  all  men  by  these  presence,  that  I  James  Millborne 
doe  acknowledge  to  have  received  of  Lieut.  Christoplier  INfathcwes 

s 


226  THE   CKOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

of  buying  of  their  own  poor  soldiers  remaining  under  their 
command,  "  whom  we  may  well  conceive  frightable  into  any 
bargain,  by  what  aweings  or  other  means  may  be  left  to  con- 
sideration."^ 

In  this  manner  a  considerable  part  of  the  debentures  were 
sold  before  the  assignments  of  lands ;  and  when  the  disband- 
ing took  place,  the  common  soldiers  who  had  not  parted  with 
their  debentures  refused  in  many  instances  to  plant. 


THE  COMMON  SOLDIERS  DISCONTENTED  AT  BEING  FORCED  TO 

PLANT. 

On  the  1st  of  September,  1655,  was  to  take  place  the  first 
and  largest  of  the  three  great  disbandings  of  the  army,  and 
the  assignment  of  lands  to  them  for  their  arrears  of  pay,^ 
the  two  years  which  had  elapsed  since  the  passing  of  the  Act 
of  Satisfaction  of  27th  September,  1653,  having  been  con- 
sumed by  surveys,  and  by  the  contest  of  the  officers  with 
the  government  as  to  the  quantity  of  land  applicable  to  their 
immediate  payment.  The  different  regiments  of  the  army, 
which  had  been  for  three  years  garrisoning  towns  or  posts  of 
strength,  tilling  fields  in  the  neighbourhood  of  their  garrisons 

the  sum  of  ten  pounds,  it  being  in  lew  &  full  satisfactiort  of  my 
Debenture  soukl  unto  the  said  Lieutt.  Mathewes  at  the  rate  of 
eiglit  shillings  the  pound  :  in  witness  whereof,  I  have  hereunto  put 
my  liande  and  seale  the  28th  of  October,  165G. 

"  James  Milborne. 
"  Signed,  sealed  &  Delivered  before 
me  one  of  his  highness's  Justices  of  Peace  : 
"  BenJ.  Currigan. 
ALExr.  Editkins." 

1  Petty' s    "  Reflections  \ipon   some  Persons  and  Tilings  in   Ire- 
land," &c.,  pp.  34,  36.   12mo.  London:  1660. 

2  Petty 's    "History    of    the    Down    Survey,"    by    Major    T.    A. 
Larcom,  p.  174. 


OF  lEELAND.  227 

as  part  of  their  pay,  were  now  to  march  under  command  of 
their  officers  to  the  different  counties  in  which  each  regiment 
was  to  be  satisfied  its  arrears,  there  to  cast  lots,  to  determine 
in  what  baronies  the  several  troops  and  companies  should 
sit  down. 

In  1646  the  army,  secretly  worked  upon  by  Cromwell,  then 
aiming  at  supreme  power,  were  mutinous  at  being  ordered 
to  Ireland,  protesting  that  they  were  Volunteers,  and  could 
not  be  forced  out  of  England.^  Commissioners  were  em- 
ployed to  persuade  them.  They  cried,  "  Fairfax  and  Crom- 
well, and  we  all  go."^  In  December,  1648,  both  King  and 
Parliament  were  subdued.  Cromwell's  next  step  towards 
the  Protectorate  was  to  make  the  army  completely  his  own, 
by  leading  it  to  victory  in  Ireland.  The  following  was 
probably  written  at  his  suggestion:  — 

"'From  Pontejnict,  December  29,  1648. 

"  It  is  a  great  pity  the  Militia  of  this  country  should  be 
disbanded.  We  hear  of  some  overtures  made  by  the  army  for 
engaging  them,  and  all  the  supernumeraries  of  the  kingdom. 
The  service  will  be  gallant,  and  the  design  superlative;  and 
if  Old  Noll,  or  any  man  of  gallantry  and  fidelity,  do  accept 
of  that  brigade,  he  cannot  want  men  or  monev."' 

In  April  following,  four  regiments  of  horse,  and  four  of 
foot,  out  of  fourteen  regiments  of  the  army  of  England,  were 
ordered  by  the  Parliament  for  service  in  Ireland.  The  officers, 
knowing  the  temper  of  the  men,  called  a  council  of  the  army ; 
and  the  council,  after  a  solemn  seeking  of  God  by  prayer, 
cast  lots  which  regiments  of  the  old  army  should  go.    Fourteen 

1  6th  Rnshworth's  "  Collections,"  p.  471. 

2  "  Perfect  Diurnal,"   April  15,   1616,  p.  1558. 

3  Ibifl.,  p.  2283. 


228  THE   CEOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

paper  lots  were  prepared,  ten  of  the  papers  being  blank,  and 
four  of  them  with  "  Ireland  "  written  on  them;  and  all  being 
put  into  a  hat,  and  shuffled  together,  they  were  drawn  out  by 
a  child,  who  gave  to  an  officer  of  each  regiment  in  the  lot  the 
lot  of  that  regiment ;  and  being  drawn  in  this  inoffensive  way, 
it  was  pretended  that  no  regiment  could  take  exception  to 
it.*  The  army,  however,  was  mutinous;  and  it  required  the 
presence  of  old  Colonel  Skippon,  then  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, and  many  other  influences,  to  appease  it.  Once 
embarked,  however,  others  easily  followed,  and  Cromwell's 
successes  brought  numbers  to  his  standards.  In  December, 
1649,  "we  hear  by  letters  from  York  of  a  rendez-vous  of 
Colonel  Lilburn's  party  that  are  marching  for  Ireland,  about 
a  hundred  old  blades,  stout  men,  and  well  horsed,  ready  for 
the  service. 2 

In  1653,  the  comiTion  soldiers  do  not  seem  to  have  been 
too  well  satisfied  that  their  arrears  should  be  satisfied  in 
Irish  lands.  The  State  in  Ireland  were  fully  aware  of  the 
temper  of  the  men ;  and  the  anxiety  of  the  Lord  Deputy  is 
evident  in  the  tone  of  his  circular  letter  addressed  to  each 
Commanding  Officer  of  the  several  troops  and  companies  to 
be  disbanded  on  the  1st  September,   1656. 

"Dublin  Castle,  20  Augt.,  1655. 

"  Sir, — In  pursuance  of  his  Highness's  command,  the 
council  here  wdth  myself  and  chief  officers  of  the  army  having 
concluded  about  disbanding  part  of  the  army  in  order  to 
lessening  the  present  charge,  it  is  fit  that  your  troope  be  one. 
And  accordingly  I  desire  you  would  march  such  as  are  willing 
to  plant  of  them  into  the  barony  of  Shelmaliere  in  the  county 
of  Wexford,  at  or  before  the  1st  day  of  September,  where  you 

i  Whitelocke's  "Memorials,"  p.  397  b.  2  lb.,  434. 


OF  IRELAND.  229 

shall  be  put  into  possession  of  your  lands  for  your  arrears, 
According  to  the  rates  agreed  on  by  the  committee  and  agents. 
As  also  you  shall  have  upon  the  place  wherein  you  are  so 
much  money  as  shall  answer  the  present  three  months' 
arrear  due  to  you  and  your  men,  but  to  continue  no  longer 
the  pay  of  the  army  than  upon  the  muster  of  this  August. 
The  sooner  you  march  your  men  the  better ;  thereby  you  will 
be  enabled  to  make  provision  for  the  winter."  After  some 
sweetening  hints  that  they  will  be  perhaps  paid  hereafter  as 
a  militia,  he  concludes:  — 

"And  great  is  your  mercy,  that  after  all  your  hardships 
and  difficulties  you  may  sit  down,  and,  if  the  Lord  give  His 
blessing,  may  reape  some  fruit  of  your  past  services.  Do 
not  think  it  is  a  blemish  or  underrating  of  your  past  services 
that  you  are  now  disbanded ;  but  look  upon  it  as  of  the  Lord's 
appointing,  and  with  cheerfulness  submit  thereunto ;  and  the 
blessing  of  the  Lord  be  upon  you  all,  and  keep  you  in  His 
fear,  and  give  you  hearts  to  observe  your  past  experience  of 
signal  appearances.  And  that  this  fear  may  be  seen  in  your 
hearts,  and  that  you  may  be  kept  from  the  sins  and  pollu- 
tions which  God  hath  so  eminently  witnessed  against  in 
those  whose  possessions  you  are  to  take  up,  is  the  desire  of 
him  who  is 

"  Your  very  affectionate  friend  to  love  and  serve  you,i 

"Charles  Fleetwood." 


The  news  writers  for  the  State,  who  always  represent  the 
disposition  of  people  actually  to  be  what  the  government 
wishes  it  should  be  believed  to  be,  described  the  soldiers  as 
quite  content  with  being  disbanded:  — 


1  "  Mercurius  Politicus,"  p.  5582. 


230  THE   CKOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 


"Dublin,  September  5th,  1655. 

"  I  have  little  to  add  to  my  last  besides  the  enclosed.  My 
Lord  Deputy^  takes  shipping  for  England  to-morrow,  and 
the  officers  and  souldiers  are  all  marcht  (that  were  disbanded) 
to  their  lots  in  the  counties  of  Wexford,  Lymerick,  East- 
meath,  Westmeath,  &c.  They  are  generally  fully  content;  I 
never  saw  a  business  of  the  kind  go  on  with  less  repining,  so 
great  have  our  blessings  been  under  the  government  of  him 
who  is  departing  from  us.  Our  loss  will  be  your  gain;  it  will 
be  your  mercy  to  make  better  use  of  such  a  mercy  as  he  is 
than  we  have  done.  We  doubt  not  but  God  will  furnish  him 
that  shall  succeed,  viz.,  the  Lord  Henry  Cromwell,  with  a 
spirit  fit  to  his  work,  which  in  this  nation  is  much,  and  re- 
quires much  of  the  Lord's  assistance,  as  he  hath  found  to  his 
comfort  that  is  now  leaving  us.  The  several  Commissioners 
for  setting  out  land  to  the  disbanded  officers  and  souldiers 
are  hasted  out  of  town,  that  the  souldiers  may  be  speedily 
settled,  and  comfortably  lie  down  on  their  portions,  which  is  so 
much  the  more  to  be  accepted,  in  that  they  are  not  at  the  M'ill 
of  their  cruel  enemies  to  seek  their  bread  at  their  hands ;  but 
having  by  the  blessing  of  God  obtained  their  peace,  they  may 
sit  down  in  the  enjoyment  of  their  enemies'  fields  and  houses 
which  they  planted  not,  nor  built  not;  they  have  no  reason 
to  repent  their  services,  considering  how  great  an  issue  God 
hath  given.  "2 

The  Commissioners,  however,  gave  a  different  account 
from  the  spot.  They  informed  the  government  that  divers 
officers  and  soldiers  of  the  regiments  and  companies  of  foot 
appointed  to  be  disbanded,  when  they  appeared  before  them, 

1  Fleetwood,  wlio  had  married  Bridget,  Oliver's  eldest  daughter, 
widow  of  Major-General  Ireton. 

2  P.  5620,   "Mercurius  Politicus." 


OF  IKELAND.  231 

would  not  sit  down  upon  their  lands,  notwithstanding  the 
encouragement  offered  by  a  new  suit  of  clothes,^  and  one 
month's  half -pay  ;2  and  notwithstanding  the  government  pro- 
mised to  consider  of  their  demand  that  a  sufficient  number 
of  Irish  labourers,  husbandmen,  and  servants  might  be 
allowed  to  stay  amongst  them  until  they  should  be  better 
enabled  to  plant  without  them.^ 

It  was  the  officers  only,  in  point  of  fact,  that  promoted  the 
design  of  taking  land  for  their  arrears ;  and  some  even  of 
them  seem  to  have  shared  the  discontent  of  the  common 
men,  as  Lieutenant-Colonel  Scott  was  arrested  for  agitating 
the  disbanded  companies  sitting  down  in  the  county  of  Wex- 
ford, in  September,  1655,  by  treasonable  words  against  his 
Highness,  tending  to  mutiny  and  distemper.*  In  Ireland  the 
common  men  found  no  beer,  no  cheese ;  they  had  no  ploughs 
nor  horses,  nor  money  to  buy  them.  The  Irish  were  for  the 
most  part  transplanted,  or  had  betaken  themselves  to  the 
woods  and  mountains  as  Tories. 

But  beyond  all  other  wants  was  felt  that  imperious  want, 
the  want  of  women.  Irish  girls  there  were,  and  only  too 
charming.  An  English  officer  of  Queen  Elizabeth's  army 
paints  them  gambolling  by  wood  side  and  river  like  groups 
of  Grecian  nymphs.     He  had  seen  them  in  the  brooks, 

1  "  29  August,  1656. 

"  Upon  consideration  had  of  the  petition  of  John  Fforsett  for 
self  and  other  disbanded  soldiers,  praying  satisfaction  of  cloth 
allowed  to  others  disbanded  at  the  same  time,  which  they  have  not 
yet  received  ;  ordered  that  it  be  referred  to  the  Auditor-General  of 
his  Highness' s  Court  of  Exchequer  to  examine  the  truth  of  what 
is  suggested  in  the  within  petition  ;  and  if  they  find  the  same  to  be 
true,  and  within  tlie  rule,  to  prepare  orders  for  the  same,  as 
formerly  for  others  in  like  cases. 

"  Thomas  Herbert,  Clerk  of  the  Council." 

3  A  (30),  p.  94.  3  A  (.5),  p.  245.  *  A  (5),  243. 


232  THE   CROMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

("  For    bathing    is    their    sweet    delight, 
So  long  they  do  remain  ") — 

and    he    thus    expresses    the    attractions    of    these    sportive 
beauties  at  their  bath  : 

"To    see    what    games   they   can   devise, 
And   sundrie   pastimes   make, 
'Twould  cause,  I  do  assure  you, 
A  horse  his  halter  break."  ^ 

But  Cromwell 's  soldiers  were  forbidden  under  heavy  penalties 

to  take  Irish  girls  for  wives.     For  any  amours  with  them 

during  their  service  in  the  army  they  were  severely  flogged;^ 

1  "  Image  of  Ireland,"  by  John  Derrick,  A.D.  1581.  Somer's 
"  Collection  of  Tracts,"  vol.  i.,  pp.  573 — 575. 

2  "  June  15,  1655. 
"  By  the  Court  Martial. 

"  Whereas,  by  a  court  marshall  this  day  held  at  Whitehall, 
Hugh  Powell,  souldier  in  Captain  Lieutenant  Hoare's  Company, 
of  Collonel  Huson's  regiment,  was  convicted  and  found  guilty  of 
fornication  within  the  third  article  of  warre,  and  for  the  same 
was  adjudged  to  be  whipped  on  the  bare  back  with  a  whipcord 
lash,  and  have  forty  stripes  while  he  is  led  through  the  four  com- 
13anies  of  the  Irish  forces  before  Whitehall,  at  the  time  of  the 
parade  on  Munday  next,  and  twenty  stripes  more  after  that  at 
Putney,  while  hee  is  led  through  those  of  the  Irish  party  that 
quarter  there,  neer  the  AVidow  Nashe's  house  there;  You  are 
hereby  required  to  cause  the  said  sentence  of  the  court  marshall 
to  bee  put  in  execution  with  effect ;  and  the  chief  officers  present 
with  the  said  Irish  companys  at  the  time  of  the  parade  at  White- 
hall, on  the  said  Munday,  as  also  the  chief  officers  present,  with 
those  of  the  Irish  party  quartering  at  Putney,  are  hereby  desired 
to  draw  the  said  companies  into  two  single  files,  to  the  end  the 
said  Hugh  Powell  may  bee  led  through  and  receive  his  punish- 
ment accordingly. 

"  Signed  in  the  name  and  by  the  order  of  the  said  Court. 

"  Thos.   Maegets,  Advocate. 

"  To  the  Marshall  General  of  the  Army,  or  his  Deputies. 

P.    4795,    "  Mercurius    Politicus." 

July  16,  1655 :  William  Sword,  a  foot  soldier,  in  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  Venables'  own  company,  belonging  to  Ireland,  for  like 
offence  was  adjudged  "to  be  whippt  at  tlie  limbers  of  a  piece  of 
ordnance  in  Windsor,  from  the  Castle  gate  to  the  Churchyard 
gate,  in  the  High  Street,  and  back  again,  with  a  whipcord  lash." 
"  Mercurius  Politicus,"  p.  4797, 


OF  IKELAND.  233 

and  as  the  soldiers  always  pretended  that  the  Irish  girls  they 
married  were  converts  to  English  religion,  Ireton  declared 
it  was  to  be  feared  that  these  women  were  still  Papists  and 
only  for  some  corrupt  or  carnal  ends  pretended  to  be  other- 
wise, and  forbade  all 'intermarriages,  unless  the  girls  first 
passed  an  examination  into  the  real  state  of  their  hearts  before 
a  board  of  military  saints,  to  ascertain  whether  the  change 
flowed  from  a  real  work  of  God  upon  their  hearts,  convinc- 
ing them  of  the  f;dsehood  of  their  own  ways,  and  the  good- 
ness and  truth  of  that  way  they  turn  to,  or  from  but  cor- 
rupt and  carnal  ends,  under  penalty,  if  the  soldiers  marrying 
were  dragoons,  of  being  reduced  to  foot  soldiers — if  foot  sol- 
diers to  pioneers — without  hope  in  either  case  of  promotion. i 

"Dublin  Castle,  17  March,  1653—4. 
"  Upon  the  information  of  Colonel  Solomon  Richards,  that  Cap- 
tain William  Williamson  is  now  a  prisoner  in  Dublin  upon  sus- 
picion of  committing  fornication  with  a  woman  in  the  county  of 
Tipperary,  during  the  time  of  his  service  there  ;  and  that  the  said 
Colonel  has  entered  into  a  recognisance  to  prosecute  the  said 
Captain  for  the  misdemeanour  and  offence  aforesaid  ;  and  forso- 
much  as  the  said  offence  is  alleged  to  have  been  committed 
within  the  precinct  of  Clonmel  as  aforesaid  ;  it  is  ordered  that  the 
said  Captain  AVilliamson  be  sent  forthwith  in  safe  custody  from 
Dublin  to  Clonmel,  there  to  be  secured  by  the  said  Colonel 
Richards,  and  the  rest  of  the  Commissioners  for  administration  of 
justice  there  in  order  to  his  tryal ;  and  that  the  recognizances  be 
delivered  to  the  said  Colonel  Richards  to  be  cancelled  :  whereof  all 
whom  it  may  concern  are  to  take  notice. 

"  Charles  Fleetwood,     Miles  Corbet,    John  Jones." 

A  (80),  p.  187. 

1  "By  the  Deputy  Generall  of  Ireland. 

"  Whereas  divers  officers  and  souldiers  of  the  army  doe  daily 
intermarry  with  the  women  of  this  nation  who  are  Papists,  or  who 
only  for  some  corrupt  or  carnal  ends  (as  it  is  to  be  feared)  pre- 
tend to  bee  otherwise,  and  who,  while  remaining,  or  not  being 
really  brought  off  from  those  false  ways  in  which  they  have  or 
doe  walk,  are  declared  by  the  Lord  to  be  a  people  of  his  wrath. 
And  though  a  reall  change  in  the  blinde  deluded  people  of  this 
nation  were  to  be  wished  and  ought  to  be  endeavoured  by  all  good 
peopel  (it  being  the  joy  and  deliglit  of  any  that  God  hatli  brought 
home  to  himselfe  to  see  the  like  worke  upon  others  hearts  also, 


234  THE   CROMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

After  being  disbanded,  if  thej  married  any  of  these  attractive 
but  "  idolatrous  "  daughters  of  Erin,  they  were  liable  to  have 
them  taken  from  them,  or  to  march  after  them  to  Connaught 
if  they  could  not  do  without  them. 

COMMON  SOLDIERS  CHEATED  OF  THEIR  LOTS  OF  LAND  BY  THEIR 

OFFICERS. 

But  even  if  the  soldier  had  not  sold  his  debenture  to  his 
officer,  and  was  willing  to  plant,  he  was  sometimes  cheated  by 
them  of  his  lot.  For  they  wrung  elections  of  seats  and 
demesnes  they  coveted  from  their  own  poor  soldiers,^  who  re- 
maining2  under  their  command,  were  frightable  into  any  bar- 
gain, or  on  coming  down  to  look  for  possession,  the  poor  sold- 
ier would  be  shown  a  bog  or  other  piece  of  coarse  land,  and  the 
officer  would  tell  him  that  was  the  lot  set  out  to  him,  and  by 
that  means  bought  the  good  land  which  really  was  the  poor 

which  frame  of  spirit  I  trust  all  Christians  in  this  army  have 
towardes  that  people)  ;  yet  that  none  be  left  to  their  own  mis- 
guided judgments  in  things  where  usually  blinded  afFection  makes 
them  take  any  pretence  for  a  reall  worke  of  God  on  the  heart,  I 
think  fit  to  lett  all  know  that  if  any  officer  or  souldier  of  this 
army  shall  marry  with  any  women  of  this  nation  that  are  Papists, 
or  have  lately  been  such,  and  whose  change  of  religion  is  not,  or 
cannot  be  judged  (by  fitt  persons,  such  as  shall  be  appointed  for 
that  end)  to  flow  from  a  real!  worke  of  God  upon  their  hearts,  con- 
vincing them  of  the  falsehood  of  their  owne  ways,  and  goodness 
and  truth  of  that  way  they  turn  to,  or  that  from  any  circumstance 
accompanying  that  action  it  shall  be  judged  to  be  but  from  carnal! 
ends  that  they  have  made  this  change,  I  say  that  any  officer  who 
marries  any  such  shall  hereby  be  held  uncapable  of  command  or 
trust  in  this  army,  and  for  any  soldier,  &c.  [as  above],  unlesse 
God  doe  by  a  change  wrought  upon  them  with  whom  they  have 
married  take  off'  this  reproach.  Given  at  Wafer  ford,  1st  May, 
1651.  "  Ireton." 

"  Severall  Proceedings  in  Parliament  from  17th  to  24th  Julv, 
1651,"  p.  1458. 

1  "  Reflections  upon  some  Persons  and  Things  in  Ireland,  by 
Letters  to  and  from  Dr.  Petty,  with  Sir  Hierome  Sankey's  Speech 
in  Parliament,"  p.  28.     12mo.     London:  1660. 

2  Ibid.,   p.   34, 


OF    lEELANI).  235 

man's  at  the  price  of  the  bog.^  In  such  eases  one  can  easily 
conceive  how  the  man  might  be  wiUing  to  take  a  horse  in  ex- 
change, and  a  few  shilHngs  in  his  pocket  to  ride  home  with; 
and  that  thus  the  traditions  so  common  in  Ireland,  like  that 
of  the  White  Horse  of  the  Peppers,  that  the  price  of  such  and 
such  an  estate  was  a  white  horse,  have  their  foundations  in 
fact.  Thus  the  scheme  of  an  extensive  plantation  of  Enghsh 
yeomanry  in  Ireland,  ready  at  all  times  to  furnish  a  stout 
military  population  to  recruit  the  forces  in  England,  or  to  turn 
out  in  arms  to  defend  their  own  interests  against  the  Irish  or 
any  foreign  force  coming  to  their  aid,  so  often  attempted  be- 
fore in  the  course  of  the  century,  again  failed.  The  former 
schemes,  however,  were  better  contrived,  being  plans  for  re- 
gular colonization;  but  the  Croinwellian  design  was  wild  in 
the  extreme,  for  of  all  bodies  an  army  is  the  worst  to  colonize 
with.  What  chance  would  there  be  of  a  colony,  if  at  this  day 
a  regiment  of  cavalry  or  infantry  were  marched  into  the  wilds 
of  Ireland,  and  there  disbanded,  and  told  to  plant? 

ATTEMPTS  OF  THE  OFFICERS  TO  TAKE  UNFAIR  ADVANTAGE  OF  ONE 
ANOTHER   IN   THE    SETTING   OUT   OF   LANDS. 

The  opportunity  for  the  officers  to  obtain  unfair  advantages 
seems  to  have  been  principally  in  the  setting  out  of  the  lands. 
The  surveyors  either  left  out  lands  from  the  lot — sometimes 
in  favour  of  an  influential  officer,  not  of  the  troop  or  com- 
pany, who  had  got  possession  of  land  under  a  lease  in 
custodiam  from  the  state,  and  who  hoped  by  holding  longer 
possession  to  get  a  grant  of  it  in  fee — or  if  an  officer  got  a  lot 
he  did  not  relish,  he  endeavoured  to  throw  out  the  coarse 
land,  and  encroach  at  the  expense  of  his  neighbours. 

1  "  Reflections  upon  some  Persons  and  Things  in  Ireland,  by 
Letters  to  and  from  Dr.  Petty,  with  Sir  Hierome  Sankey's  Speech 
in  Parliament,"   p.   28.     12mo.     London;   1660, 


236  THE   CEOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

Colonel  Le  Hunte  was  captain  of  Cromwell's  life  or  body 
guard  of  horse,  a  most  influential  person.  He  was  in  posses- 
sion by  lease  from  the  state  of  some  of  the  rich  lands  in  the 
suburbs  of  New  Eoss,  at  the  time  when  Major  Samuel  Shep- 
herd's company  was  to  be  set  down  with  the  disbanded  party 
in  the  county  of  Wexford,  the  lot  of  the  Major's  company 
falling  near  the  town  and  liberties  of  Ross. 

The  lots  ought  in  due  course  to  be  set  out  without  interval ; 
but  the  surveyors  left  out  1,500  acres  of  this  fine  lands,  pre- 
tending partly  that  it  was  on  lease  to  Colonel  Le  Hunte,  and 
partly  that  some  of  it  was  burgess  land  belonging  to  the  town. 
Major  Shepherd  had  influence  enough  to  get  Colonel  Le 
Hunte 's  lease  suspended;  and  by  an  inquisition  from  the  Ex- 
chequer got  it  found  that  the  land  was  not  corporation  land, 
but  forfeited  land,  and  he  recovered  it  for  his  company. ^ 

Colonel  Warden  having  obtained  an  order  of  the  Council 
Board  to  be  satisfied  his  arrears  in  the  barony  of  Gowran,  in 
the  county  of  Kilkenny,  the  lands  of  Jackstown,  Kilbeg,  and 
Kilmarry  were  assigned  to  him  by  the  Commissioners  for  set- 
ting out  lands ;  but  by  leaving  out  all  the  coarse  lands  in  his 
lot,  he  encroached  into  Columkill,  and  made  up  his  pre- 
tended want  out  of  the  best  part  of  Columkill,  in  the  lot  of 
Quartermaster  Hugh  Farr.^ 

Similar  to  this  was  one  of  the  charges  against  Dr.  Petty, 
that  he  reserved  or  withheld  out  of  the  strings  of  lands,  when 
handing  them  to  the  Commissioners  to  be  set  out  to  different 
regiments,  several  choice  places,  under  pretence  that  they 
were  encumbered  or  doubtful,  for  the  benefit  either  of  himself 
or  friends,  and  kept  debentures  in  reserve  to  be  placed  there 
without  lot.  "  So  came  he  (said  his  anonymous  opponent) 
by  the  North  Liberties  of  Limerick,  and  the  post  town  of  Bal- 

1  A    (12),   p.    7-5.  2  A   (12),   p.    71, 


OF    IKELAND.  237 

iintoy  in  Ulster.  "^  Sir  Jerome  Sankey  imputed  to  him  another 
indirect  course  of  deaUng  with  the  Liberties  of  Limerick. 
General  Monk  got  an  order  of  the  Lord  Protector  and  the 
Council  of  State,  equivalent  to  an  Act  of  Parhament,  to  be 
satisfied  his  arrears  of  £2,637  in  the  county  of  Wexford, ^  the 
soldiers  thereby  removed  to  receive  in  satisfaction  5,860  acres, 
representing  £2,637  at  the  Act  Eates  (which  were  at  the  rate 
of  £450  per  1,000  acres  in  Munster^)  on  the  Mile  line,  or 
Connaught  belt,  between  Loophead  in  the  county  of  Clare 
(the  northern  cape  at  the  mouth  of  the  Shannon),  and  the 
county  of  Galway.*  Petty  had  bought  debentures  belonging 
to  the  Wexford  lot  to  the  amount  of  £1,000,  and  had  secretly 
obtained  an  order  to  receive  satisfaction  in  such  places  as  he 
should  himself  make  choice  of.  He  selected  1453  acres  in 
the  North  Liberties  of  Limerick,  suggesting  that  there  were 
not  5,860  acres  undisposed  of  on  the  Mile  hne  if  the  North 
Liberties  of  Limerick  (by  law  belonging  to  the  Wexford  lot^) 
should  be  excluded.^  And  he  concealed  his  purpose  by 
acting  in  the  name  and  as  if  in  the  behalf  of  the  Lord  Henry 
Cromwell.''  Captain  Winkv.orth,  having  obtained  an  order 
for  this  coveted  district,  presented  it  to  Dr.  Petty,  who 
simply  told  him  that  the  lands  were  reserved,  and  that  he 
could  not  have  his  debentures  satisfied.     Out  of  this  incident, 


iPetty's  "Down  Survey,"  by  Larcom,  p.  260. 

2  Dated  22nd  August,  1654.  Petty 's  "  Do-,vn  Survey,"  by 
Larcom,  p.   224. 

3  P.  187,  supra. 

4  Order  dated  22nd  July,  1657.  Petty's  "Down  Survey,"  by 
Larcom,  p.   224. 

s  "  The  north  Liberties  of  Limerick  did  by  law  belong  to  tlie 
Wexford  lott,  and  with  debentures  belonging  to  that  lott  I  pur- 
chased them."  Petty's  "Answer  to  the  nine  charges,  etc." 
Ibid.,   p.   285. 

8  "  Assignment  of  lands  by  the  Commissioneirs  for  setting  forth 
lands  to  the  army,   dated  25th  February,   1657-8.     Ibid.,   p.  225. 

'  "  The   situation   of   Ins   lands,    and   that   in   His    Excellency's 
name,  and  without  lot."     Anonymous  opponent.     Ibid.,  p.  262. 
/ 


238  7} IE   CKOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

Sir  Jerome  Sankey  founded  the  charge  in  Parliament,  of 
which  Sir  W.  Petty  gives  a  graphic  sketch,  that  well 
illustrates  the  picture  of  these  conquerors  quarrelling  among 
themselves  over  their  prey.  After  a  whole  string  of  other 
charges,  "  Why  then,  Mr.  Speaker  (said  Sir  Jerome),  there's 
Captain  Winkworth :  Captain  Winkworth  came  with  an 
order  for  the  Liberties  of  Limerick;  but  the  Doctor  said, 
'Captain,  will  you  sell?  will  you  sell?'  'No,'  said  the 
Captain,  '  it  is  the  price  of  my  blood.'  Then  said  the  Doctor, 
'Tis  bravely  said :  why  then,  my  noble  Captain,  the 
Liberties  of  Limerick  are  meat  for  your  master, '  meaning  the 
Lord  Deputy;"^  Sankey 's  cause  of  quarrel  with  Dr.  Petty 
being  that  he  stopped  Sankey 's  unrighteous  order  for  reject- 
ing three  thousand  acres  fallen  to  him  by  lot,  and  enabling 
him  arbitrarily  to  elect  the  same  quantity  in  its  stead, ^  thus 
rejecting  at  his  pleasure  what  God  had  predetermined  for 
his  lot. 3 


1  Petty's  "  Down  Survey,"  by  Larcom,  p.  299. 

2  Petty's    "  Reflections    on    some    Persons    and    Things    in    Ire- 
land,"   &c.,   p.    G9. 

3  Ibid.,  p.  85. 


A  CriAT^ACTER  of  ijc  (Jivid'uvj  <)j  ijc  Darony  of  Connello,  in  the 
County  of  Liniericl:,  as  it  ivas  sent  to  Captain  Robert 
'Neii'comen  and  Mr.  WiUia-ni  Perkinson,  Siirveyors  for 
ye  Irish  Adventurers,  u-hose  Lotts  fell  in  ye  Barony  of 
Connello^  from  ye  Co))/  niittee  of  Adventurers  for  Lands 
in  Ireland,  under  ye  hand  of  Mr.  Deacon,  Clerke  of  ye 
Committee.'*- 

May,  1658. 


PLOT  OK  CHAEACTEK  referred  to  in   Sir  Nicholas 
Crispe's  J\ 'tit ion. 


1  Tlip  town  of  A.skeaton  would  stand  near  the  Nortli-Ea.storn,  tlio 
town  of  (Jlyn  near  the  North-Western  angle  of  this  Plot,  both 
in  the  county  of  Limerick. 


OF    lEELANB.  ^39 


CHAPTEK     V. 

THE    ADVENTURERS. 

Matters  are  usually  badly  managed  from  a  distance ;  and 
as  the  Committee  of  Adventurers  directed  their  affairs  in 
Ireland  from  Grocers'  Hall  in  London,  the  business  could 
scarce  fail  to  become  entangled. 

Their  mode  of  proceeding  was  to  quarter  and  sub-quarter 
baronies  (without  regard  to  the  quantity  of  forfeited  land  in 
each  barony),  sometimes  by  a  north  and  south  line  crossed  by 
an  east  and  west  line,  sometimes  by  parallel  lines  running  east 
and  west,  or  north  and  south,  sometimes  by  diagonal  lines,  the 
rule  being  (in  order  to  preserve  denominations  entire)  that  on 
whatever  side  of  the  quartering  line  the  greatest  part  of  a 
denomination  fell,  the  whole  was  to  be  reputed  to  lie  entirely 
on  that  side;  which  rule  was  also  applicable  to  sub-quarter- 
ings.i  But,  instead  of  first  reducing  the  townlands  into  one 
continued  file  or  string  of  contiguity  of  "neat"  lands,  setting 
aside  for  a  time  encumbered  or  "dubiousc"  lands,  that  so  it 
might  be  known  with  certainty  from  the  first  to  the  last  dispo- 
sable denomination  in  what  order  of  priority  each  should  be 
disposed  of,  the  managers  in  London  gave  assignments  on  the 
different  quarters  and  sub-quarters  without  proper  oversight. 2 
Not  knowing  accurately  what  quantities  of  forfeited  land  were 

1  Petty 's   "Down  Survey,"  by  Larcom,   p.   238. 

2  adventurer's    certificate. 

"  To  All  to  whom  these  Presents  shall  Come,  Greeting, — 
Whereas,  by  an  ordinance  made  by  His  Highness  the  Lord  Pro- 
tector, by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  his  Council,  bearing 
date  the  6th  August,  1654,  entitled  an  Ordinance  appointing  a 
Committee  of  Adventurers  for  Lands  in  Ireland,  for  determining 


240  THE   CEOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

in  each  quarter  and  sub-quarter,  they  overloaded  some,  which 
thereby  became  deficient  to  answer  the  claims.  Some  ba- 
ronies, for  like  want  of  information  (or  perhaps  from  misdeal- 
ing) were  redundant.  In  some  divisions,  lands  set  down  as 
forfeited  were  found  to  be  not  forfeited,  or  were  restored  to 
delinquent  Protestants  on  composition.  Nor  were  the  mana- 
gers of  the  allotments  free  from  imputations  of  fraud. 

Sir  Nicholas  Crispe  was  a  large  Adventurer  for  Irish  lands. 
He  appears  to  have  subscribed  both  for  the  land  and  sea  ser- 
vice. For  the  land  service  he  and  his  copartners  subscribed 
£1,500.  For  the  sea  service  he  adventured  of  his  own  moneys 
£1,700.  But  the  subscribers  to  the  latter,  having  only  an 
ordinance  of  the  two  houses  for  their  security,  were  not  recog- 
nised at  the  Eestoration.  By  his  petition,  presented  to  the 
King,  in  1664,  it  appears  that  he  was  by  the  surveyor's  fraud 


differences  among  the  said  Adventurers,  Wee,  Sir  Thomas  Dacres, 
Sir  John  Clotworthy,  Alderman  Thomas  Andrews,  Alderman  John 
Fowke,  Alderman  Samuel  Avery,  Thomas  Ayres,  John  Blackett, 
Senior,  William  Webb,  William  Hawking,  Charles  Lloyd,  George 
Almery,  Thomas  Barnardiston,  '  John  Greensmith,  Lawrence 
Bromeswold,  Thomas  Brightwell,  Deputie  Hutchinson  [with  many 
others],  or  anie  eleven  or  more  of  us,  are  authorized  to  settle  a 
method  for  determining  by  lott  how  many  and  which  of  the  Ad- 
venturers proportions  falling  within  one  and  the  same  particular 
barony  wherein  the  escheated  lands  shall  fall  short  of  the  allot- 
ment shall  be  continued  and  laid  out  in  such  barony,  or  how  much 
thereof ;  and  wliich  of  the  said  Adventurers  shall  take  his  propor- 
tion or  how  much  thereof  elsewhere,  according  to  the  Act  of  Par- 
liament made  on  that  behalf.  And  also  to  settle  a  method  by  lott 
for  ascertaining  the  subdivisions  of  Adventurers  proportions  that 
shall  continue  in  all  and  everie  the  severall  baronies  according  to 
the  respective  allotments.  Now  wee  do  hereby  Certify  that  the 
barony  of  Eliogarty,  in  the  county  of  Tipperary,  in  the  province 
of  Munster  in  Ireland,  being  equally  and  indifferently  divided  into 
four  quarters,  that  is  to  say,  North  East,  No.  1 ;  South  East, 
No.  2;  South  West,  No.  3;  and  North  West,  No.  4;  Ellen  Mil- 
borne,  wife  of  John  Milborne,  of  the  parish  of  St.  Clement  Danes, 
in  the  county  Middlesex,  Bitt  Maker,  upon  a  lott  made  accord- 
ing to  the  method  by  us  sett  down,  by  virtvie  of  the  said  ordi- 
nance, and  dulj'  drawne  in  her  behalfe,  is  to  have  to  her  and  her 


OF    IRELAND.  241 

thrust  from  his  proportion  in  the  county  of  Limerick  into  a  bog. 
The  barony  ought  by  rule  to  be  quartered, and  each  quarter  to 
be  sub-quartered.  But  those  that  had  share  in  the  same  barony 
with  Sir  Nicholas  Crispe  were  men  of  power  in  that  ill  time ; 
and,  contrary,  to  all  justice,  in  that  sub-quarter  where  Sir 
Nicholas's  lot  fell  they  divided  one  half  into  three  parts,  in- 
stead of  by  a  cross  line  into  equal  quarters,  and  so  left  Sir 
Nicholas's  proportion  in  a  bog  and  coarse  land,  which  he  could 
not  let  for  more  than  quit  rent,  which  was  his  division  for 
one  thousand  pounds.  The  better  to  exhibit  the  fraud,  he 
attached  the  annexed  "character"  to  his  petition.^ 

heirs  and  assigns  for  ever  two  hundred  and  twenty-two  acres, 
three  roods,  and  thirty  perches  of  meddow,  arable  land,  and  pro- 
fitable pasture,  Irish  measure,  which  amounts  to  359  acres,  3 
roods,  31  perches,  English  measure ;  and  all  the  woods,  boggs, 
loughs,  waters,  fishings,  and  barren  mountains,  cast  in  over  and 
above,  together  with  the  houses  and  edifices  thereon,  and  in  her 
said  lott  contained  in  the  North  West  quarter,  No.  4,  of  the  same 
baronie,  if  the  same  be  there  to  be  had,  the  numbers  one,  two, 
and  three,  being  first  satisfied,  beginning  her  said  measure  for  the 
same  with  the  rest  of  the  Adventurers  for  the  said  quarter  of  such 
forfeited  and  profitable  lands  as  aforesaid,  where  No.  3  shall  end, 
in  what  part  of  tlie  said  four  quarters  soever  of  the  said  baronie 
the  same  shall  liappen  to  be ;  and  soe  measuring  from  thence- 
forward until  slie  and  they  shall  have  her  and  their  full  propor- 
tion of  lands  lying  most  contiguously  together  in  that  quarter  of 
the  same  baronie  if  the  same  be  tliere  to  be  had  :  and  in  case  of 
deficiency  of  forfeited  and  profitable  lands  for  satisfaction  of  the 
isaid  Ellen  Milborne  and  the  rest  of  the  Adventurers  in  the  said 
quarter  in  the  residue  of  the  said  barony,  the  Nos.  1,  2,  and  3, 
being  first  satisfied,  then  she  and  they  are  to  have  satisfaction  for 
the  same,  or  so  nnich  thereof  as  shall  be  so  wanting  elsewhere  :  in 
witness  whereof,  wee  have  hereunto  sett  our  hands  and  seals,  this 
26th  day  of  March,  1654." 

Attached  are  eleven  seals.     From  the  original  in  possession  of 
Mr.   Joseph  Hanly. 

1  "  The   Petition   of   Sir  Nicholas   Crispe,    Knight. 

"  Sheweth, — That  your  petitioner  having  a  Lott  for  his  adven- 
ture in  the  barony  of  Connello  in  Ireland,  those  that  had  share  in 
the  same  barony  with  him  (who  were  men  of  power  in  that  ill  time) 
being  to  divide  the  said  barony  into  four  equal  parts,  which  was 
done,  each  fourth  part  to  be  subdivided  into  four  eqiu\U  quarters, 
T 


242  THE    CEOMWELLIAN    SETTLEMENT 

The  consequences  were  painful :  some  had  too  much  ;  others 
too  little,  or  none  at  all.  Some  were  found  to  have  satis- 
factions consisting  of  several  townlands  in  length,  from  one 
extremity  to  another,  more  than  three  times  the  breadth. 
Others  had  townlands  not  contiguous. i  They  had,  in  fact, 
skipped  over  coarse  townlands,  instead  of  proceeding 
regularly  in  the  line  of  progression.  Others  had  taken  bites 
as  it  were  out  of  several  townlands,  whereas,  in  making 
satisfaction,  more  than  two  denominations  should  never  be 
cut :  2  for,  as  the  next  preceding  satisfaction  might  not 
exactly  have  exhausted  the  last  denomination,  the  following 
satisfaction  might  of  course  have  to  begin  with  a  broken  one, 
and  for  the  same  reason  end  with  one ;  so  much  cutting 
might  be  necessary,  but  not  more. 

The  deficient  Adventurers  looked  to  the  county  of  Louth, 
allotted  by  the  act  for  a  supply  in  case  of  deficiency  of  the  ten 
half  counties,  and  even  threatened  to  come  upon  the  four 
reserved  counties,  the  government  reserve;  while  the  army, 
which  had  only  received  lands  to  the  amount  of  twelve  shil- 

which,  contrary  to  all  justice  and  equity,  in  that  quarter  where 
your  Petitioners'  lott  fell  they  divided  the  one  half  into  three 
parts,  which  should  have  been  by  a  cross  line  into  equall  quarters, 
as  by  a  character  thereof  under  the  hand  of  the  Surveyor  here- 
unto annexed  appears.  By  which  unequal  doing,  contrary  to 
order  and  practice,  they  left  your  petitioner  his  proportion  in  a 
Bogg  and  coarse  land,  which  your  petitioner  cannot  let  for  more 
than  the  Quit  Rent,  which  is  his  division  for  one  thousand  poiinds. 

"It  is,  therefore,  his  most  humble  prayer  that  j^our  Majesty 
will  be  graciously  pleased  to  give  order  to  the  Right  Houble.  the 
Commissioners  that  by  the  Bill  now  preparing  are  to  regulate  the 
Adventurers  interest  in  Ireland,  that  there  may  be  a  view  had 
of  this  indirect  dealing,  and  that  right  be  done  the  petitioner 
therein." 

Referred  (8th  December,  1664),  to  the  Duke  of  Ormond  "  and 
those  other  honourable  persons  who  are  appointed  to  assist  His 
Grace  in  the  consideration  of  the  Bill  [of  Explanation]  to  be  pre- 
pared for  the  settlement  of  Ireland" — to  report.  Vol.  F.,  Record 
Tower,  Dublin  Castle,  p.  266. 

i  "  Petty's  Down  Survey,"  by  Larcom,  p.  241.       2  ibid. 


OF    IRELAND.  243 

lings  and  three  pence  per  pound  of  their  arrears,  and  were 
eager  for  more,  were  also  looking  for  Louth,  and  insisted  that 
if  Dr.  Petty  were  employed  to  overhaul  the  Adventurers'  pro- 
ceedings, they  would  be  found  to  have  had  lands  sufficient. 
Petty  was  accordingly,  with  the  assent  of  the  Adventurers, 
directed  to  arrange  the  whole  ;  and  some  light  is  thrown  on  the 
mode  of  distributing  the  lands  to  the  army  by  his  proceedings 
in  this  business.  As  a  preliminary,  he  desired  to  know 
"Whether  all  the  baronies  were  quartered?  And  all  lands 
within  the  barony,  or  only  forfeited  lands?  Which  baronies 
were  divided  into  four  quarters  by  parallel  lines,  and  which  by 
north  and  south  lines  crossing  each  other?  Whether  the 
divisional  lines  ran  straight,  thereby  needlessly  cutting  many 
denominations  or  parcels  in  the  same  barony  ?  Or  whether 
it  was  so  contrived  that  one  parcel  should  only  be  cut  for 
adjusting  the  whole?  What  rules  also  were  given  for  the 
beginning  or  pitching  upon  the  first  parcel  in  the  first  quarter, 
and  what  rules  to  determine  which  parcel  should  successively 
succeed,  and  be  2nd,  3rd,  4th,  5th,  &c.,i  or  whether  the  same 
was  left  to  discretion  ?  What  rules  they  had  in  turning  about 
so  as  to  maintain  contiguity,  when  they  passed  out  of  the 
South-East  quarter  into  the  South- West,  forasmuch  as  in  the 
South-East  quarter  they  proceeded  from  North  to  South,  and 
in  the  South-West  Quarter,  from  South  to  North  contrari- 
wise ?"2 

Dr.  Petty  proceeded  to  London  to  Grocers'  Hall,  and 
having  obtained  the  confidence  of  the  Committee  of  Adven- 
turers there,  he  acquired  the  information  on  all  these  and 


1  At  p.  207,  supra,  will  be  found  the  method  Dr.  Petty  adopted 
in  this  particular  in  setting  out  lands  to  the  army. 

2  The  Lord  Henry  Cromwell,  the  Lord  Deputy,  to  Methusaleh 
Turner,  and  Mr.  Robert  Hammond,  and  Mr.  Manton,  27  January, 
1657-8.  Thurloe's  "  State  Papers,"  vol.  vi.,  p.  759.  [The  lan- 
guage,  however,   is  plainly  Petty's.] 


244  THE    CRO^IWELLIAN    SETTLEMENT 

other  particulars  necessary  towards  giving  the  deficient 
Adventurers  satisfaction.  He  tinally  formed  two  parallel 
lists  of  deficient  and  redundant  baronies,  the  first  deficient 
barony  to  be  repaired  out  of  the  first  redundant,  and  so  down- 
ward, till  we  were  satisfied,  and  at  the  end  it  would  be  found 
if  Louth  were  free  for  the  army. 

The  several  denominations  in  each  barony  were  to  be  made 
into  one  continued  file  or  string  of  contiguity,  and  so  be  set 
out,  and  these  strings  to  be  arranged  by  three  several  artists, 
from  ^\•hom  the  priority  of  the  lots  of  the  Adventurers  were 
carefully  withheld;  and,  when  made,  one  of  the  strings  was 
to  be  chosen  by  lot,  as  the  only  rule  in  the  matter  of  succes- 
sion— provisions  to  prevent  any  charges  of  partiality. 

And  these  same  artists  were  to  determine  by  what  line 
every  townland  should  be  cut  in  cases  where  there  might  be 
occasion  for  cutting,  for  making  up  a  just  number  of  acres 
answering  to  each  lot  or  debt^ — a  very  necessary  provision 
for  Dr.  Patty's  safety;  for  he  had  found  in  the  case  of  the 
soldiers,  that  when  the  surveyor  did  not  lay  the  house  and 
orchard  on  the  right  side  of  the  line,  the  party  disappointed 
was  sure  to  say  Dr.  Petty  employed  incompetent  surveyors. 

The  priority  of  the  certificates,  or  order  of  succession  in 
which  they  should  be  satisfied,  like  as  the  succession  of  the 
debentures,  was  also  fixed  beforehand — in  spite  of  which,  in 
the  soldiers'  case,  if  they  fell  upon  coarse  land,  better  land 
being  behind,  it  was  said  Dr.  Petty  had  overcharged  the  lot, 
and  stuffed  in  his  own  friends: 2  if  better  lands  were  before, 
then  debentures  were  not  equally  and  impartially  fixed. ^ 


1  "  Petty 's  Down  Survey,"  by  Larcom,  where,  in  chapter  xvi., 
pp.   227-256,   these  proce<^dings  are  set  forth. 

2  Petty 's  "  Reflections  on  some  Persons  and  Things  in  Ireland  " 
p.   113. 

^Ibid.,  ib.,   p.   115. 


OV  IHELANLV  245 


CHAPTER   VI. 

THE    RE-INHABITIXG    OF    IRELAND. 

Ireland  being  now  divided  between  the  Adventurers,  the 
English  army,  and  the  State,  who  may  all  be  considered  as 
new  purchasers  of  their  several  portions,  the  great  oppor- 
tunity so  long  looked  for  had  arrived  to  make  it  another 
England*  or  (as  Dr.  Petty  said),  to  replant  and  reduce  it  to 
its  former  flourishing  condition. ^ 

The  original  design  of  the  Parliament  was  to  leave  untrans- 
planted  of  the  Irish,  besides  boys  and  girls  entertained  as 
servants  in  English  families,  only  a  few  who  had  never  been 
in  arms,  to  serve  as  husbandmen  and  herdsmen  to  the  Eng- 
lish, and  thus  to  impose  upon  the  new  planters  the  necessity 
to  bring  tenants  from  England.  However,  having  regard  to 
the  difhculty  of  this  perfect  and  absolute  English  plantation, 
the  Parliament  of  England  resolved  to  divide  Ireland  into 
three  districts  or  divisions — one  of  them  to  be  a  pure  Irish 
plantation;  another,  a  pure  English  plantation,  to  consist 
wholly  of  English  (not  excluding,  however,  Dutch,  Swiss, 
and  Germans,  or  other  foreigners,  provided  they  were  opposed 
to  the  Irish) ;  the  third,  a  mixed  plantation  of  English  land- 
lords and  masters,  with  a  permission  to  take  Irish  tenants 
and  servants,  but  only  such  as  were  without  the  rule  of  trans- 
plantation.* 

Connaught,  as  bounded  by  the  Eiver  Shannon,  including 
the  county  of  Clare,  had  been  already  ap])ointed  by  Parliament 

1  P.  73,   .supra. 

2  "  Petty' s  Down  Survey."   by  Larcom,   p.   1. 

3  "  The  Great  Interest  of  England  in  the  well  Planting  of  Ire- 
land with  English  People  Discussed,"  p.  21.  By  Colonel  Richard 
Lawrence. 


246         THE  CBOMWELLIAN  SETTLEMENT 

for  the  habitation  of  the  Irish  nation.  The  reason  of  this 
selection  was,  its  peculiar  suitableness  for  the  purpose  of  im- 
prisonment. It  is,  in  fact,  an  island  surrounded  (all  but  ten 
miles)  by  the  Shannon  and  the  sea,  and  the  whole  river  easily 
made  into  one  line  mth  the  sea  by  the  erection  of  three  or 
four  forts  between  Jamestown,  at  the  head  waters  of  the 
Shannon,  and  Sligo,  the  northern  port  of  Connaught.  On  the 
eastern  side  of  the  kingdom  was  to  be  found,  it  was  observed, 
a  similar  scope  of  land  rendered  nearly  an  island  by  the  Boyne, 
the  Barrow,  and  the  sea.  These  two  rivers,  rising  within  four 
or  five  miles  of  one  another  in  the  Bog  of  Allen,  and  flowing 
respectively  north  and  south,  make  their  issue  to  the  sea — 
the  one  at  Drogheda,  and  the  other  at  Waterford — the  dis- 
tance between  the  head  waters  being,  at  the  period  of  the 
Commonwealth  settlement  of  Ireland,  an  impassable  bog,  or 
continued  fastness,  and  no  passage  but  through  such  passes 
as  could  be  easily  secured ;  and  the  two  rivers  in  winter  ovei*- 
flowed,  and  in  summer  the  few  fords  upon  them  readily 
spoiled  or  guarded. ^  In  Henry  VIII. 's  day,  this  pass  between 
their  head  waters  was  considered  the  door  of  the  English  Pale 
(of  which  O'Connor,  as  dwelling  next  to  it,  was  by  the  Irish 
called  their  key), 2  and  was  closed  by  building  the  four  castles 
of  Kinnefad,  Castlejordan,  Ballinure,  and  Kishavann.3  It  was 
now  proposed  that  this  well-secured  district  should  become: 
a  pure  English  plantation,  or  what  might  more  properly  per- 
haps have  been  called  an  anti-Irish  plantation,  to  consist  alto- 
gether of  English  (or  foreigners  who  were  Protestants),  with- 
out a  single  Irish  tenant  or  servant  permitted.*     It  was  only 

1  "The  Great  Interest  of  England  in  the  well  Planting  of  Ire- 
land with  EngHsh  People  Discussed,"  p.  21.  By  Colonel  Richard 
Lawrence. 

2  "  State  Papers  of  Henry  VIII.   (Ireland),"   vol.  i.,  p.  325. 

3  Ibid.,   vol.   ii.,   p.   241. 

*  "  Great  Interest  of  England  in  the  well  Planting  of  Ireland 
with  English   People  Discussed,"   p.   21. 


OV  IBELAND.  247 

the  revival  of  a  scheme  of  Eichard  II.  's  day,  who  made  all  the 
Irish  engage  to  transplant  from  it,  and  find  new  homes  for 
themselves  by  plundering  their  own  countrymen  west  of  the 
Eiver  B arrow. ^  It  was  also  among  the  projects  for  the  new 
planting  of  Ireland  in  Henry  VIII. 's  day  after  Thomas  Fitz- 
gerald's rebellion.  The  Earl  of  Surrey,  when  Lord  Lieutenant 
of  Ireland,  discussed  with  Henry  VIII.  the  plan  of  planting 
it  with  foreigners,  as  English  in  sufficient  numbers  were  not 
then  to  be  had.  He  suggested,  however,  the  danger,  if 
Spaniards,  Flemings,  Almains,  or  any  other  nation  save  the 
king's  natural  subjects,  were  planted  there,  that  they  might 
retain  their  allegiance  to  their  foreign  sovereign. 2  Religion 
had  not  in  1520  created  a  difference  between  the  Irish  and 
other  nations ;  but  now,  in  1653,  tht?re  were  foreign  nations  to 
be  found,  who,  agreeing  with  the  English  in  religion,  might 
always  be  trusted  to  continue  enemies  of  the  Irish,  and  might 
be  invited  to  form  part  of  this  plantation.  Being  nearest  to 
the  succour  of  England,  being  coasted  on  the  east  by  the  sea, 
and  to  be  rendered  defensible  on  the  land  side  by  a  few  forta 
upon  the  banks  of  the  rivers,  the  plantation  might  easily 
secure  itself  in  case  of  any  rising  of  the  Irish  inhabitants  of 
the  two  other  districts. ^  The  third,  or  mixed  plantation,  was 
to  be  in  the  territories  lying  in  the  middle  of  Ireland,  between 
the  Irish  plantation  of  Connaught  and  the  pure  English  plan- 
tation enclosed  by  the  Barrow  and  the  Boyne.  In  this  mixed 
plantation  no  transplantable  persons  were  to  be  taken  as 
tenants  or  servants,  and  only  such  Irish  as  should  be  in  each 
case  specially  authorized  by  the  state.  The  landlords  were  to 
be  bound  to  make  them  speak  English  within  a  limited  time, 


t  "  Sir  John   Davis,   "  Discovery  why  Ireland  was  never  thor- 
ouglily  subdued  until  tlie  Reifj;n  of  King  James  I.,"   p.  615. 

2  "  State  Papers  of  Henry  VIII.  (Ireland),"  vol.  i.,  p.  79. 

3  "  The  Great  Interest  of  England  in  the  well  Planting  of  Ire- 
land with  English,"  p.  20. 


248         THE  CUoMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

and  their  children  were  to  be  taught  no  Irish ;  they  were  to 
observe  the  manners  of  the  EngHsh  in  their  habit  and  deport- 
ment wherein  the  Enghsh  exceeded  them.  Their  children 
were  to  be  brought  up  under  English  Protestant  school- 
masters ;  they  were  to  attend  the  public  preaching  of  Pro- 
testant ministers;  they  were  to  abandon  their  Irish  names  of 
Teig,  and  Dermot,  and  the  like,  and  to  call  themselves  by  the 
significance  of  such  names  in  English  ;  and  for  the  future  were 
to  name  their  children  with  English  names,  especially  omitting 
the  (0')  and  (M');  and,  lastly,  should  build  their  houses  with 
chimneys  as  English  in  like  capacity  do,  and  demean  them- 
selves in  their  lodging  and  other  deportments  accordingly. ^ 


IRELAND    OPENED    TO    ALL    FOREIGN    PROTESTANTS  ;    ENGLISH 
PURITANS   ALSO   INVITED   BACK  FROM   AMERICA. 

.  Ireland  was  now  like  an  empty  hive,  ready  to  receive  a 
new  swarm. 2  It  was  a  season  of  blessed  expectation.  The 
English  looked  through  both  worlds  for  plants  of  a  godly  seed 
and  generation  to  out-plant  and  out-grow  the  relics  of  the  Irish 
race.  "  The  expectation  of  this  day,"  said  one  in  his  address 
on  this  subject  to  the  Lord  Protector,  "  is  the  hope  of  Israel. 
I  look  somewhat  upon  the  hopeful  appearance  of  replanting 
Ireland  shortly,  not  only  by  the  Adventurers,  but  haply  by  the 
calling  in  of  exiled  Bohemians  and  other  Protestants  also,  but 
haply  by  the  invitation  of  some  well-affected  out  of  the  Low 
Countries.  "3     And,   accordingly,   by  the  Act  of   September, 

1  "  The  Great  Interest  of  England  in  the  well  Planting  of  Ire- 
land with  English  People  Discussed,"  p.  3.  By  Colonel  Richard 
Lawrence.     4to.     Dublin:   1656. 

2  Ibid.,  p.  39. 

3  "  Ireland's  Natural  History,  written  by  Gerard  Boate,  and  now 
published  by  Samuel  Hartlib,  Esq.,  dedicated  to  his  Excellency 
Oliver  Cromwell,  Captain-General,  and  to  the  Right  Honble  Charles 


OF  IKELAKD.  249 

1653,  they  suppleiiionted  the  plantation  of  Irekuid  by  making 
all  foreign  Protestants  as  free  of  Ireland  as  natives  of  Eng- 
land, i  But  one  of  the  earliest  efforts  of  the  Government  to- 
wards replanting  the  parts  reserved  to  themselves  was,  to  turn 
towards  the  lately  expatriated  English  in  America.  In  the 
early  part  of  the  year  1651,  when  the  country,  by  their  own 
description  to  the  Council  of  State,  was  a  scene  of  unparal- 
leled waste  and  ruin,  the  Commissioners  for  Ireland  affec- 
tionately urged  Mr.  Harrison,  then  a  minister  of  the  Gospel 
in  New  England,  to  come  over  to  Ireland,  which  he  would 
find  experimentally  was  a  comfortable  seed  plot  (so  they  said) 
for  his  labours.  On  his  return  to  New  England,  it  was  hoped 
he  might  encourage  those  whose  hearts  the  Lord  should  stir 
up  to  look  back  again  towards  their  native  country,  to  return 
and  plant  in  Ireland.  There  they  should  have  freedom  of 
worship,  and  the  [mundane]  advantages  of  convenient  lands, 
fit  for  husbandry,  in  healthful  air,  near  to  maritime  towns  or 
secure  places,  with  such  encouragement  from  the  State  as 
should  demonstrate  that  it  was  their  chief  care  to  plant  Ireland 
with  a  godly  seed  and  generation. ^  Mr.  Harrison  was  unable 
to  come ;  but  some  movement  appears  to  have  been  made  to- 
wards a  plantation  from  America,  as  proposals  were  received 
in  January,  1655,  for  the  planting  of  the  town  of  Sligo  and 
lands  thereabouts,  with  families  from  New  England ;  and 
lands  on  the  Mile  line,  together  with  the  two  little  islands 
called  Oyster  Island  and  Coney  Island  (containing  200  acres), 
were  leased  for  one  year,  from  10th  April,  1655,  for  the  use 


Fleetwood,  Commander-in-Chief  (under  liim)  of  all  the  Forces  in 
Ireland."     Dedication,  p.  6.     4to.     London:  1652. 

1  "  Act    for    the    Satisfaction    of    AdventiU'ers    and    Soldiers." 
Scobell's   "  Acts  and  Ordinances." 

2  "  Letter   of   the   Commissioners   for   the    Affairs   of   Ireland," 
dated   from  Dublin,   September   18th,    16.51.      A    {2). 


250         THE  CEOMWELLIAN  SETTLEMENT 

of  such  English  families  as  should  come  from  New  England, 
in  America,  in  order  to  their  transplantation. ^ 

In  1656,  several  families,  arriving  from  New  England  at 
Limerick,  had  the  excise  of  tobacco  brought  with  them  for 
the  use  of  themselves  and  families  remitted  ;2  and  other 
families  in  May  and  July  of  that  year,  who  had  come  over 
from  New  England  to  plant,  were  received  as  tenants  of 
State  lands  near  Garristown,  in  the  county  of  Dublin,  about 
fifteen  miles  north  of  the  capital. ^ 

And  who  knows  but  the  time  may  yet  come  for  the  govern- 
ment of  England  to  turn  to  the  lately  expatriated  nation  of 
Irish  which  peoples  the  northern,  southern,  and  western 
States  of  America,  and  the  more  distant  territories  of  Austra- 
lia, and  invite  them  "  to  look  back  again  towards  their  native 
country,  "  by  changing  the  policy  of  near  seven  hundred  years, 
and  framing  laws  to  proinote  the  acquisition  of  Irish  lands, 
not  by  English  capitaUsts,  but  by  the  sons  of  Ireland? 

Were  some  court  to  be  again  erected  for  the  sale  of  lands 
in  Ireland,  offering  as  many  millions  of  acres  as  were  set  up 
for  sale  by  the  late  Incumbered  Estates  Court,  and  were  due 
security  given  to  the  Irish,  the  Irish  would  probably  be  seen 
hastening  in  fleets  over  the  Pacific  and  Atlantic  oceans,  armed 
with  American  and  Australian  gold,  to  purchase  back  the 
land  of  their  fathers.  For  there  be  many  who  (like  Doctor 
Petty)  had  rather  live   on  their    ancient    patrimonies    near 

lA  (5),  p.  78;  p.  125,  ib.  2  A  (10),  p.  227. 

3  "  Order  on  the  Petition  of  John  Stone  to  become  tenant  to  the 
state  for  40  or  50  acres  at  Garristown,  he  being  desirous  to  settle 
himself  with  the  families  that  came  over  from  New  England  to 
plant  in  this  country,  5th  May,   1656."     A  (12),   p.  9. 

"  Order  to  let  to  John  Barker  (late  come  from  New  England, 
and  now  desirous  to  plant  here)  30  acres  of  the  lands  of  Garris- 
town, for  the  term  of  one  year,  paying  only  contribution  for  the 
same,  in  case  they  find  the  said  Barker  is  willing  to  inhabit  the 
same,  and  not  to  assign  it  to  another.  Council  Cliamher,  DuJiVm 
CasitJe,  30th  July,  1656.     Ibid.,  p.  187. 


OP  IRELAND.  251 

home,  enjoy  their  old  tried  friends,  and  breathe  their  native 
air,  than  to  cross  oceans  and  pass  to  new  climates,  and  have 
a  partnership  in  the  rich  mines  of  Potosi.i 


PROCEEDINGS   OF  THE   ADVENTURERS   IN    REPLANTING. 

The  Adventurers,  if  their  presence  and  activity  may  be 
judged  of  by  their  proceedings  against  the  Irish,  came  over 
after  their  delays — so  much  complained  of  by  the  Commis- 
sioners for  the  Affairs  of  Ireland— in  1656,  and  1659.  It  is 
probable  they  found  great  difficulties  interposed  by  the  officers 
of  the  army,  their  rivals  as  planters,  who  had  been  for  some 
years  in  possession  of  the  country,  and  had  familiarized  them- 
selves with  its  ways  and  inhabitants.  And  there  is  reason  to 
think  that  many  of  the  Irish  proprietors,  who  had  been 
hitherto  left  in  possession  of  their  lands  in  the  Adventurers' 
baronies,  or  lingered  there  during  the  Adventurers'  delay  in 
coming  over,  got  countenance  from  the  officers.  The  latter  had 
some  reason  to  wish  them  to  stay  ;  for  they  bore  part  of  the 
assessment  on  account  of  their  tillage  and  their  cattle,  and  it 
fell  heavier  as  the  numbers  to  share  the  burden  grew  fewer. 
Even  the  poor  wandering  Ulster  creaghts  became  objects  to 
entice  into  a  neighbourhood  on  this  account ;  and  in  the  orders 
of  the  Council  for  forcing  them  to  give  up  that  barbarous  mode 
of  life,  wandering  up  and  down  with  their  families  and  herds 
of  cattle  in  order  to  fix  them  to  tillage,  inquiries  were  often 
directed  to  know  by  whose  encouragement  they  came  to  the 
other  provinces. 2  Consequently  the  officers  may  not  have 
been  very  willing  to  drive  off  the  Irish  proprietors  occupying 
the  Adventurers'  lands  in  their  neighbourhood.    Thus  William 

1  "  Reflections  on  some  Persons  and  Things  in  Ireland,"  preface, 
p.  3,  and  ibid.,  p.  183.     12mo.     London:  1660. 

2  A   (10),   p.   161. 


'252  'J'liE   CltOMWEi.LlAX    SE'lTLEMEXT 

WallacL',  agent  for  the  Adveiituivrs  entitled  to  the  barony  of 
Duleek,  in  the  county  of  J\Ieath,  adjoining  the  town  of  Drog- 
heda,  in  April,  1657,  complained  that  there  were  Popish  pro- 
prietors still  remaining  in  the  barony,  and  prayed  that  they 
might  be  transplanted  into  Connaught  according  to  the  pro- 
clamation. It  was  referred  by  the  Council  to  two  justices  of 
the  peace  of  the  county  of  Meath  to  examine  the  allegations, 
and,  if  true,  to  put  the  declaration  into  due  and  speedy  execu- 
tion for  removing  them  into  Connaught.^  The  M'Coughlan's 
Country,  formed  in  the  reign  of  James  L  into  the  barony  of 
Garrycastle,  in  the  King's  County,  was  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Banagher,  the  navel  of  Ireland.  The  M'Coughlans  of  Kil- 
colgan  were  allied  by  marriage  to  the  Earls  of  Clanricarde ; 
their  neighbour,  Terence  Coughlan,  after  acting  as  Commis- 
sary of  the  stores  to  the  King's  army  in  1649  and  1650,  then 
commanded  by  Ormond,  Lord  Lieutenant,  retired  in  1651 
with  his  son  Francis  to  Flanders,  leaving  his  wife  behind, 
and  there  died  in  exile.  Francis  served  King  Charles  II.  as 
captain  of  one  of  his  foot  regiments  in  Flanders. ^  Gregory 
Clements,  Adventurer,  had  got  by  lot  7,000  acres,  plantation 
measure,  in  the  barony  of  Garrycastle, ^  and  complained  (7th 
May,  1656)  that  Mrs.  Coughlan  had  kept  him  two  years  out 
of  possession  of  the  house  and  lands  of  Kilcolgan,  and  had 

lA  (12),  p.  335. 

2  Recitals  in  the  King's  letter  of  18th  December,  1660.      '•  Book 
of  King's  Letters."     Exchequer,   p.  38. 

3  The  barony  of  Garrycastle,  in  tlie  King's  County,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Leinster  [as  divided  among  the  Adventurers  A.D.  1665]  : 

North    Quarter   No.    1. 

ACEES. 

The    Lord    Wenman, COO 

Mr.  Samuel  Roles 1000 

Mr.  John  Roles, 450 

Mr.    Parker,         qOO 


OF  IRELAND. 


253 


delivered  the  possession  to  others — officers  probably  who 
connived  at  her  attempt. ^  ]\Irs.  Coughlan,  after  obtaining  a 
dispensation  (20th  May,  1656)  for  six  months, ^  was  finally 
transplanted,  and  assigned  lands  in  Gahvay  and  Mayo.^      At 


North   Quarter,  No.   1,   continued. 

ACHES. 

John   Sadler 100 

Richard  Quiney, 100 

Benjamin  Banister, 100 

Henrj'  Hanwell,        100 

3050 


South  Middle   Quarter,  No.  3. 


Mr.   Gregory  Clements, 
Mr.  Botterill,       .     .     . 


ACRES. 

.     3000 
50 


3050 
North  Middle,  No.  2. 

ACRES. 

Mr.   John   Sweetinge,        400 

Mr.  Humphrey  Markworth, 1700 

Mr.   John  Marriott, 225 

Mr.  Hevingham, 600 

Mr.   James  Cocks, 100 

Mr.  John  Blenkhorne, 50 

3075 

South,  No.  4. 

ACRES. 

Mr.    Pye ,.     looo 

Mr.    Gregory   Clements, 2000 

Mrs.  Mary  Fountaine, 2210 

3210 

From  Joseph  Hanly,  Plsq.,  27,  Lower  Gardiner-street. 

i  A  (12),  p.  14.  2  Ibid.,  p.  69. 

3  "  Petition  of  Mary  Coghlan,  widdow  of  Terence  Coghlan  of 
Kilcolgan,  to  Ormond,  Lord  Lieutenant,"  28  August,  1663.  "Carte 
Papers,"  vol.  clix.,  2. 


254  THE   CROMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

the  Restoration,  Gregory  Clements  suffered  death  as  a 
regicide,  and  the  king  ordered  Terence  to  be  restored^ — but 
this  was  delayed.  Meantime  his  mother  lost  her  pittance  in 
Galway  by  the  Marchioness  of  Clanricarde's  restoration;  and 
all  but  a  remnant  of  her  final  settlement  in  the  barony  of 
Gallen,  in  the  county  of  May 0.2 

But  women  are  always  harder  to  deal  with  in  ejectments 
than  men,  and  two  others  gave  the  Adventurers  equal  trouble 
as  Mrs.  Coughlan — the  one  Lady  Thurles,  the  other  Lady 
Dunsany.  The  Viscountess  Thurles  was  the  Earl  of  Ormond's 
mother.  She  was  daughter  of  Sir  John  Poyntz  of  Acton,  in 
Gloucestershire.  The  castle  and  town  of  Thurles,  with  4,000 
acres  adjacent,  was  her  dower  land.  There  she  had  dwelt 
since  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  in  1641,  and  had  given  her 
powerful  protection  to  many  English  who  fled  to  her  friendly 
shelter.  From  1643  to  1646  she  had  advanced  considerable 
sums  to  the  relief  of  the  English  army — £300  at  one  time, 
and  £500  at  another,  and  many  other  sums.  When  Major 
Peisley  was  forced  to  yield  his  neighbouring  garrison  of 
Archerstown  to  the  Irish  forces,  and  he  and  others  of  his  com- 
pany were  wounded  and  much  spent  out  and  weakened,  she 
invited  him  and  his  whole  company  to  her  house,  and  enter- 
tained them  for  many  weeks,  and  sent  them  to  the  English 
garrison  of  Doneraile,  well  cured,  and  refreshed  with  supplies 
of  inoneys  and  provisions.  But  all  this  could  not  save  her. 
She  was  a  Papist ;  for  Lord  Ormond  was  the  only  Protestant 
of  his  family,  by  the  accident  of  being  made  a  King's  ward  on 
his  father's  death,  and  brought  up  in  the  family  of  Dr.  Abbott, 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury ;  and  though  she  had  shown  much 

1  Recitals  in  the  King's  Letter,  of  18th  December,  1660.  "  Book 
of  King's  Letters."     Exchequer,  p.  38. 

2  "  Petition  of  Mary  Coghlan,  widdow  of  Terence  Coghlan  of  Kil- 
colgan,  to  Onnond,  Lord  Lieutenant,"  28th  August.  1663.  "  Carte 
Papers,"  vol.  clix.,  2. 


OF  IRELAND.  255 

good  affection,  she  had  dwelt  in  the  enemj^'s  quarters.  She 
therefore  fell  short  of  a  Constant  good  affection;  and  forfeit 
her  dower  lands  she  must,  and  by  rule  transplant  to  Con- 
naught.^  The  barony  of  Eliogarty  had  fallen  to  the  Adven- 
turers; and  Mr.  John  Gunn,  their  agent,  claimed  the  lands  in 
the  possession  of  the  Lady  Thurles,  "  a  Popish  recusant  and 
transplantable,"  and  urged  her  removal. ^  The  lands  prob- 
ably the  Adventurers  obtained.  It  was  not  in  the  power  of 
the  Commissioners  to  refuse  them;  but  Lady  Thurles'  per- 
sonal transplantation  was  dispensed  with  from  time  to  time ; 
and  she  dwelt,  perhaps,  with  the  Marchioness  of  Ormond 
(who  continued  possessed  of  her  property,  though  her  hus- 
band's the  Marquis's  was  confiscated),  till  her  son  returned 
with  increased  honours  and  power  at  the  Restoration. 

Other  Adventurers,  whose  lots  had  fallen  in  the  barony  of 
Skreen,  in  the  county  of  Meath,  were  anxious  to  plant  and 
commence  the  improvement  of  that  neighbourhood.  In  their 
lot  lay  the  castle  and  lands,  late  the  estate  of  Lord  Dunsany. 

He  had  taken  no  part  with  the  lords  and  gentlemen  of  the 
Pale,  beyond  signing  two  letters  of  remonstrance  to  the  Lords 
Justices,  and  protested  he  had  no  sympathy  with  Ireland.  He 
said  that  he  was  an  Englishman  born — that  his  mother  was  an 
Englishwoman,  his  wife  an  Englishwoman;  that  his  house 
had  been  lords  under  the  Crown  of  England  for  300  years; 
that  never  was  there  one  of  them  disloyal;  and  that  four  of 
them.  Lords  of  Dunsany,  had  been  killed  in  the  field  in 
behalf  of  the  Crown  of  England.  He  had,  in  short,  an  Irish 
estate,  but  an  EngUsh  heart,  and  was  only  an  Irishman  in  so 
far  as  he  did  not  hve  in  England.  He  held  that  Ireland  was 
fit  only  to  subserve  the  pride  and  purposes  of  England.     To 


1  "  Book  of  Proceedings  at  the  Mallow  Commission,  18th  July, 
1656."   Record  Tower,  Dublin  Castle. 

2  A   (12),   p.   45. 


256       thp:  oromwellian  settlement 

use  his  own  words,  he  had  rather  die  a  loyal  subject  and 
lover  of  the  prosperity  of  England,  even  if  he  were  hanged  for 
it,  than  live  in  quiet,  the  possessor  of  all  the  north  of  Ireland.^ 
He  therefore  closed  the  doors  of  Dunsany  Castle  as  well  as 
his  ears  and  his  heart,  to  the  call  of  his  country,  until  at  length 
he  had  to  listen  to  Cromwell  bidding  him  begone.  At  Lord 
Dunsany 's  earnest  prayer,  however,  he  was  allowed  (9th 
March,  1653)  to  plough  his  forefathers'  fields  as  tenant  to  the 

1  Lord  Dunsamj's  Letter. 

"Rt.  Honble.   My  very  Good  Lord, 

"  Forasmuch  as  by  the  accident  of  fortune  I  have  been 
involved  in  a  business  that  doth  trench  upon  my  duty  and  creditt, 
which  is  upon  the  general  commotion  of  this  kingdom  of  Ireland. 
As  your  Lop.  knows  there  was  a  great  number  of  mistakes  in  the 
carriadge  of  ye  cause,  as  was  intimated  by  those  wJio  wished  the 
same  for  their  own  particular  ends,  of  which  I  was  none,  nor  never 
will  be.  As  for  my  part,  I  am  now  condenmed  for  my  slowness  in 
following  their  proceedings,  and  am,  therefore,  at  this  house  in 
dread  of  my  life  and  goods,  yet  I  never  corresponded  with  their 
councils,  parleys,  meetings,  or  camps,  other  than  two  letters, 
which  were  sent  to  the  Lords  Justices  which  was  for  the  safety  of 
my  wife,  and  children,  and  families,  which  Nature  leads  a  man 
unto ;  and  the  reason  that  made  me  do  the  same  was — first,  I  am 
an  Englishman  born,  my  mother  an  English  woman,  and  my  wife 
an  English  woman,  the  engrafting  of  which  did  alienate  my  heart 
from  their  cruel   and  base  proceedings. 

"  And  withal  the  ancient  loyalty  my  house  hath  borne  to  the 
Crown  of  England,  being  Lords  under  the  same  this  three  hun- 
dred years,  and  I  the  eleventh  of  the  same  family,  and  which  time 
there  was  never  any  of  them  disloyal,  and  withal  four  of  them. 
Lords  of  the  house,  killed  in  the  field  in  the  behalf  of  the  Crown 
of  England,  and  every  one  of  the  rest  wounded  in  the  same  ser- 
vice, saving  my  father  and  myself,  having  no  occasion  to  be  put 
to  the  same.  And  being  seduced  by  sinister  information  that  his 
Sacred  Majesty  did  allow  of  this  rash  attempt  which  was  the 
reason  of  my  innocent  errors  concerning  the  same ;  In  which  I  did 
never  correspond  either  in  particular  or  in  general,  other  than 
when  the  present  scourge  did  compell  me  to  it. 

"  And  now  that  I  have  seen  his  Sacred  Majesty's  Proclamation 
to  the  contrary,  I  am  become  an  humble  suitor  to  your  Lordship, 
that  out  of  your  accustomed  favour  to  me,  you  would  be  pleased 
to  accept  of  my  humble  submission,  to  dispose  of  me  as  you  shall 
think  fit :  and  in  the  mean  time  to  send  me  your  written  protection 


Of  IEELAND.  257 

State,  while  waiting  for  transplantation. *  When  that  day 
came,  his  wife,  unable  to  face  her  bitter  fate,  clung  with  her 
children  in  frenzied  despair  to  the  seat  of  her  former  happiness. 

In  1655  the  Adventurers  sent  their  agents  over  to  Ireland; 
and  on  the  13th  Juh^  in  that  year  they  proceeded  to  the  castle 
of  Dunsany,  accompanied  by  the  high  constable  and  sheriff  of 
the  county,  bearing  the  order  of  the  Council,  and  demanded 
entrance  and  possession  of  the  place  for  the  Adventurers.  But 
the  Lord  of  Dunsany 's  lady  denied  the  possession  unless  she 
were  forcibly  carried  thence.  There  was  a  pause;  probably 
the  sheriff  was  friendly,  and  advised  a  delay — a  report  to  the 
principals,  perhaps,  in  London  or  Bristol.  Next  year  they  came 
themselves,  Hans  Graham  and  others;  and  on  the  4th  July, 
1656,  the  high  constable  with  his  force  was  ordered  peremp- 
torily to  put  the  Adventurers  into  the  quiet  possession  of  the 
castle ;  and  Major  Stanley,  justice  of  the  peace,  was  ordered' 
to  keep  the  peace  there,  whilst  poor  Lady  Dunsany  and  her 
children  should  be  removed  by  main  force  from  her  home  by 
the  high  constable  and  his  men.^ 

If  rank,  then,  and  title  and  English  blood  could  not  save 
high-born  ladies  from  being  dragged  out  of  their  homes  by  the 
Adventurers,  they  were  not  likely  to  treat  the  Irish  with  much 

and  pass,  being  [firm]  in  my  resolve,  rather  to  be  hanged  witli  the 
imagination  that  I  died  a  loyall  subject  and  a  lover  of  the  pros- 
perity of  England,  than  to  live  in  the  quiet  possession  of  all  the 
north  of  Ireland ;  and  thus  expecting  your  Lops.  favourable 
answer,  I  rest, 

"  Your  Lops,  in  all  duty  to  be  commanded, 

"  Dunsany. 

"  To  flip.  Earl  of  Onnond. 

"  From  my  Ivord  of  Dunsany, 

"  receaved  the   11   March,   1641-2." 
"  Clarte  Papers,"  vol  ii.,  p.  271. 

1  A  (82),  p.  183.  2  A  (12),  p.  124. 

u 


258  THE   CKOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

consideration.  John  Pitts,  of  Devonshire,  Adventurer,  cast  a 
lot  in  London,  which  fell  to  be  satisfied  in  the  county  of  Tip- 
perary.  Mr.  Pitts  came  over  in  February,  1656,  with  his  cer- 
tificates;  and,  having  presented  them  to  the  registrar  of 
forfeited  lands,  got  an  order  to  the  being  put  into  possession 
of  a  parcel  of  land  in  the  barony  of  Iffa  and  Offa,  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Clonmel.  Under  this  order  he  made  a  formal 
entry  upon  his  fine  rich  lands  of  Tipper ary,  and  then  returned 
into  England  for  the  bringing  over  his  family,  for  the  planting 
and  setting  down  upon  his  lot.  On  the  12th  June,  1656,  he 
came  over  in  order  to  the  taking  up  his  abode  in  Tipperary; 
but  was  kept  out  of  his-  lot  by  ' '  the  insolency  of  that  Irish 
rebel  [so  he  rejDorted  to  the  Commissioners  for  Ireland]  that 
formerly  held  the  lands,"  who  showed  some  delay  in  turn- 
ing out  with  his  wife  and  daughters,  to  make  way  for  him, 
Mr.  Pitts  and  his  establishment,  from  Devonshire.  Mr.  Pitts 
had  recourse  to  the  Council  Board;  and  Kichard  Le  Hunte, 
high  sheriff  of  Tipperary,  was  thereupon  directed  to  call  all 
parties  before  him ;  and  if  it  should  appear  that  the  said  rebel, 
Philip  O'Neale,  one  of  the  sons  of  Hugh  0'Neale,i  was  a  pro- 
prietor of  that  or  other  parcel  of  land,  that  he  should  take 
care  to  secure  the  body  of  the  said  Philip,  for  his  not  trans- 
planting according  to  the  rule  in  the  Act  of  Parliament,  in 
order  that  such  proceedings  might  be  had  as  should  be 
agreeable  to  justice,  and  that  the  Adventurer  be  put  into 
possession  of  the  lands  according  to  law.^ 

That  the  law  in  this  case  meant  the  will  of  the  strongest, 
and  the  administering  of  justice  meant  the  enforcing  of  that 
will,   was  probably  the  reflection  of  Philip   O'Neale  in  his 

1  It  need  scarcely  be  mentioned  that  this  was  not  the  historical 
Hugh  O'Neil,  who  warred  against  Queen  Elizabeth.  He  was 
simply  some  proprietor  of  land  dwelling  near  Clonmel,  and  his  son 
Philip  a  rebel  like  the  Earl  of  Ormond  and  Lord  Dunsany. 

2  A  (12),  p.  108. 


OF    IRELAND.  259 

prison  hours,  and  afterwards  as  he  took  his  way  with  his  weep- 
ing wife  and  daughters  to  Connaught :  his  love  for  Enghsh 
law  was  probably  not  much  increased.  What  protection  it 
afforded  to  Mr.  Pitts  is  not  recorded ;  his  safety  (if  safety  he 
enjoyed)  must  have  been  secured  by  some  other  sanction  than 
respect  for  the  law  and  constitution  of  England. 


THE  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  OFFICERS   IN   REPLANTING. 

It  might  at  first  be  supposed  that  the  officers  would  pz'ove 
harder  masters  than  the  Adventurers.  But  the  Adventurers 
differed  much  from  the  officers ;  they  were  merchants  and 
traders,  full  of  all  the  ignorant  prejudices  of  the  English 
against  the  Irish,  knowing  no  tie  between  man  and  man  but 
interest  or  necessity,  and  unaccustomed  to  the  management 
of  land  and  tenants,  which  is  a  kind  of  statesmanship.  The 
officers  were  accustomed  to  command  men,  and  had  been  in 
Ireland  over  six  years  before  the  Adventurers  began  to  come 
over  in  any  numbers  to  take  possession  of  their  lots,  and  had 
by  that  time  contracted  ties  with  the  Irish  in  many  ways. 
After  the  surrender  of  the  Irish  armies,  the  gentry,  who  had 
almost  all  been  officers,  returned  to  their  former  neighbour- 
hood, pending  the  final  resolutions  of  the  Parliament  concern- 
ing their  faith,  and  took  to  the  tillage  of  the  ancient  inheri- 
tances for  their  support.  Between  the  English  officers  who 
occupied  their  mansions  as  military  posts  or  under  custodiums 
(i.e.  orders  for  temporary  possession  by  the  State),  and  the 
families  of  the  former  owners,  many  friendships  must  have 
been  formed.  The  late  proprietor  and  the  officer  had  probably 
been  often  engaged  in  conflict ;  but  now  that  the  war  was  over, 
it  would  only  the  more  dispose  them  to  intercourse.  Many 
of  the  officers  were  single  men;  they  must  have  invited  the, 
family  from  the  offices  to  the  house,  and  the  officer  would 


260  THE   CEOMWELLIAN    SETTLEMENT 

scarce  fail  to  become  a  conquest  to  some  of  his  fair  captives. 
Just  as  Strongbow  and  his  followers,  captivated  by  Irish- 
women, took  wives  of  the  native  race,  so  did  the  captains  and 
lieutenants  of  Cromwell's  army  intermarry  with  the  Iiish, 
and  that  too  long  before  peace  had  been  proclaimed  between 
the  armies.  Spenser  has  dwelt  upon  the  danger  from  these 
man*iages  to  the  Enghsh  interest.  An  English  rhymer — his 
contemporary  in  Ireland — as  cynical  in  rhyme  as  the  poet  was 
in  prose,  has  thus  denounced  him  :  — 

"  We    know    from    good    experience 
It  is  a  dangerous  thing 
For  one  into  his  naked  bed  l 
A  poisoning  toad  to  bring; 


1  Such  was  the  custom  in  Europe  till  the  1.7th  century.  "  Our 
woodcut,"  says  Mr.  Wright,  "  number  262  "  [of  a  young  lady  of 
high  rank  with  lier  person  very  much  exposed],  "  is  a  particu- 
larly good  illustration  of  the  habit  which  still  continued  in  ail 
classes  and  ranks  of  society  of  sleeping  in  bed  entirely  naked. 
The  same  practice  is  shown  in  our  other  cuts,  and,  indeed,  in  all 
the  illuminated  manuscripts  of  the  15th  century,  which  contain 
bedroom  scenes." — "Domestic  Manners  in  England  dviring  the 
Middle  Ages."  By  Thomas  Wright,  M.A.,  F.S.A.  Dedicated 
to  Lady  Londesborough,  p.  411.  Imperial  8vo.  London  :  1862. 
This  custom  was  lately,  perhaps,  still  in  use  in  many  parts  of 
Ireland.  Not  manj^  years  since,  during  a  trial  of  some  White- 
boys  at  Clonmel,  an  incident  was  related  by  a  witness  that  raised 
a  discussion  more  lively  than  learned  among  the  young  barristers 
in  court  in  the  absence  of  the  Judge  at  his  luncheon,  concern- 
ing this  condition  of  things.  Some  of  them,  liowever,  doubted 
the  practice.  A  young  constabulary  officer  sitting  under  the 
Bench  ioined  in  the  conversation,  and  appealing  to  his  brother 
officer,  a  Sub-Inspector  of  Police,  said,  "  Don't  you  remember, 
Cox,  the  night  we  surrounded  a  farmer's  house  at  the  back  of 
the  mountain  of  Slievenamon,  where  we  suspected  a  Whiteboy 
on  the  run  to  be  harboured ;  and  that  they  might  not  have  time 
to  hide  him,  we  thundered  at  the  door,  swearing  we'd  break  it  in, 
and  drag  every  soul  to  prison  if  it  wasn't  opened  instantly : 
and  a  fine  girl,  that  we  startled  out  of  her  bed,  and  nearly  out 
of  her  life,  opened  it,  holding  a  wlnte  plate,  snatched  from  the 
dresser,   before  lier,   like  the  Venus  de  Medicis?  " 


OF    IRELAND.  261 

Or  else  a  deadly  crocodile. 

When  as  he  goeth  to  rest, 
To  lie  with  him ;  and  as  his  mate 

To  place  next  to  his  breast."! 

As  if  in  taking  any  of  these  charming  creatures  he  would 
find  he  had  got  a  crocodile  for  his  bed-fellow. 

Ireton,  Lord  Deputy  and  Commander-in-Chief  in  1651, 
therefore,  had  to  forbid  the  banns;  his  officers  and  soldiers 
were  taking  Irish  wives ;  he  forbade  any  such  marriage  to  any 
of  them  under  pain  of  being  cashiered. ^  In  1652,  amongst 
the  first  plans  for  paying  the  army  their  arrears  in  land,  it 
was  suggested  there  should  be  a  law  that  any  officers  or  sol- 
diers marrying  Irishwomen  should  lose  their  commands,  for- 
feit their  arrears,  and  be  made  incapable  to  inherit  lands  in 
Ireland.'  No  such  provision,  however,  was  introduced  into 
the  Act,  because  it  provided  against  this  danger  more  effec- 
tually by  ordering  the  women  to  transplant,  together  with  the 
whole  nation,  to  Connaught.  Those  in  authority,  however, 
ought  never  to  have  let  the  English  officers  and  soldiers  come 
in  contact  with  the  Irishwomen,  or  have  ordered  another 
army  of  young  Englishwomen  over,  if  they  did  not  intend  this 
provision  to  be  nugatory. 

Planted  in  a  wasted  country  amongst  the  former  owners 
and  their  families,  with  little  to  do  but  to  make  love,  and  no 
lips  to  make  love  to  but  Irish,  love  with  all  its  consequences 
must  follow  between  them  as  necessarily  as  a  geometrical 
conclusion  follows  from  the  premises.  For  there  were  but 
few  who  (in  the  language  of  a  CromwelUan  patriot), 

"  rather   than   turne 

From    English   principles,    would   sooner    burne; 


i  Derrick's      "  Image     of      Ireland,"      A.D.      1581.      Somers' 
"Tracts,"  p.  573. 
2  A  (84),  p.  341.  3  A  (2),  p.  286. 


202  THE   OEOMWELLIAX    SETTLEMENT 

And   rather  than  marrie   an   Irish  wife, 

Would  batchellers  remain   for   tearme  of   life."  i 

The  strongest  proofs  of  the  frequency  of  these  intermarriages 

are  the  various  orders  putting    in    force    the    provisions    of 

Ireton's  proclamation  over  officers  still  in  the  service. ^     Over 

those  who  were  disbanded  and  set  down  on  their  lots  they  had 

no  control,  and  these  formed  a  very  large  proportion  of  the 

army. 

But  even  with  an  English  wife  the  captain's  family  planted 

in  Ireland  soon  degenerated  or  grew  Irish.       The  process  has 

been  sketched  from  the  life,   and  been  mourned  over  by  a 

Cromwellian  soldier.     He  shows  by  what  means  the  captain 

wrung  from  his  neighbour  and  former  comrade  in  the  war, 

the  poor  soldier,  his  allotment  of  debenture  land.     "Thus 

Ireland  was  reduced,"  he  begins  :  — 

"  But  let's  see  how 
The    gallant    souldiers   are    requited    now. 
Some  private  souldiers  were  by  their  commanders 
Chous'd  of  their  land,  and  packed  away  to  Flanders; 


1  "  The  Moderate  Cavalier-  or,  the  Soldier's  Description  of 
Ireland.  A  Book  fitt  for  all  Protestants  Houses  in  Ireland." 
4to.     Printed  [at  Cork  apparently],  1675. 

2  Commissioners  of  the  Revenue  of  the  precinct  of  Galway  to 
examine  what  civill  or  other  officers  within  that  precinct  are 
married  to  Irish  Papists,  and  to  certify  their  names  and  employ- 
ments, respectively,  forthwith  to  the  Commissioners  of  the 
Commonwealth.     January,  1654.     A  (85),  p.   28. 

"  Whereas  we  are  informed  that  William  Moreton,  now  Clerk 
to  the  Commissioners  of  Revenue  at  Wexford  hath  maried  a 
Papist  (contrary  to  the  tenor  of  the  declaration  in  that  behalf), 
whereby  he  hath  made  himself  incapable  of  continuing  in  hj-s 
said  employment ;  and  forasmuch  as  there  is  recommended  to 
us  one  Rowland  Samuell,  that  hath  a  charge  of  wife  and  family, 
that  is  a  person  able  and  faithful  to  officiate  in  his  stead  ;  it  is 
ordered  that  the  said  William  Moreton  be  dismissed  his  said 
employment  from  the  date  hereof,  and  that  the  said  Rowland 
Samuell  do  serve  tlie  said  place  in  his  room.  Dublin,  lith 
July,    1654. 

"  Ch.\rles  Fleetwood,      Miles    Corbet." 
A   (82),   p.   499. 


OF    IKELAND.  263 

And  he  that  would  not  go,   but  thought  to  stay, 
And  live  on   's  kind  they   found   another   way:" 

The  captiiin  worries  liiin  with  law, 

"  Whereby  the  fruits 
Of   all   his  hopes,   his   labour,    and   his   land, 
He  spends  at  law,   his  captain   to  withstand. 
Wearied   at   law,   to   purchase   peace    at  last. 
He  sells  his  land,  and  then  that  danger's  past. 
Now   while   his  money  lasts,    or   some   short   space, 
His  captain  makes  him   serjeant  of   the  place. i 
But  this  ne'er  holds;  for  he,  with  cap  in  hand. 
To  's  captain's  wife  cannot  at  all  turns  stand; 
Nor  can  he  Irish   speak  to  buy   and  sell. 
Nor  tenants  can  procure  with  them  to  dwell. "2 

The  Irish  retainers  now  win  their  way  to  the  good  graces 
•of  the  captain  and  his  wife  by  their  hearty  manners,  and  sup- 
plant the  English  servants  by  their  fondness  for  the  children, 
and  by  the  cheaper  rate  they  are  ready  to  serve  at.  The  ser- 
vices of  the  poor  soldier  against  the  Irish  are  forgotten,  his 
faults  and  blemishes  only  remembered:  — 

"  for  he  looks  for  cates, 

They  say  :    is  too  fine  mouthed,  and  at  the  rates 


1  "  To  all  Xtian  people  to  whom  these  presents  shall  come 
Greeting,  know  yee  that  Wee  have  conferred  upon  Jasper 
White,  one  of  our  servants,  the  office  or  place  of  Serjeant  or 
bailiffe  of  Kilfekill,  in  the  county  of  Tipperary,  to  Have  and  to 
Hould  the  said  office  of  Serjeant  in  as  large,  ample,  and  bene- 
ficial manner  as  any  other  bailiffe  formerly  exercising  the  said 
office  held  and  enjoyed  the  same,  together  with  all  perqiiisitts 
and  profitts  thereunto  belonging,  and  to  continue  therein  during 
our  pleasure.  In  witness  whereof  wee  have  hereunto  sett  our 
hand  and  seale,   this  25th   November,   1645. 

"  Carte  Papers,"    v.   clxiv.,   34.  "  Ormonde." 

Again — "  Butler  prevailed  upon  Sir  Thomas  Prendergast, 
Bart.,  to  turn  off  one  Kelly  who  was  Serjeant  and  took  care  of 
his  woods;  and  having  appointed  a  Serjeant  of  his  own,  he  and 
his  agents  cut,  of  26,000  trees  all  but  2500  trees."  "  Theobold 
Butler,  Applicant,  against  Sir  Thomas  Prendergast,  Bart., 
Respondent."  4th  Brown's  "  Parliamentary  Cases,"  p.  174 
(A.D.   1720). 

2  "  The  Moderate  Cavalier,"  A.D.   1675. 


264  THE   CKOMWELLIAN    SETTLEMENT 


The  Irish  do  can't  live.     Give  them  potatos, 
They'll  boil  and  roast;  then  stroke  up  their  mustachoes.l 
This  makes  them  Teige  emploj',  'cause  he  will  serve 
For  less  than  English  can,  so  they  must  starve. 
Then  out  he's  turned,  and  in  comes  Teige  in's  room. 
Now  Irish  Teige  is  just  to  the  Captain's  mind — 
VVhate'er  his  master  says  he'll  swear.     So  kind, 
Besides,  he  proves  to  the  children  of  his  master. 

That  when  the  maid  chides  them,  he  swears  he'll  baste  her 

With  "  Voarneen  glagal,"^  and  "  Agramacree,^'"^ 

He  takes  his  master's  son  upon  his  knee. 

And  then  Teige  laughs  and  swears  by  's  gossip's  hand 

His  father's  son's  the  best  in  all  Ireland. 

This  pleases  so  the  mother  of  the  child 

That  all  Teige  does  is  well.     She's  so  beguiled 


1  Spenser    noted    this    as    among    the    Spanish    and    Moorish 
customs    he    found    prevalent    in    Ireland.      "And    this    was    the 
auncient  manner  of  the  Spaniards,   as  it  yet  is  of  the  Mahome- 
tans,   to    cut    off    all    their    beards    close,    save    only    their    mus- 
chachios,  which  they  wear  long.     And  the  cause  is  for  that  they, 
being  bred  in  a  hot  country,  found  much  haire  on  their  faces  ancl 
other  parts  to  be  noyous  unto  them,  for  which  cause  they  did  cut 
it  most  away  like  as  contrarily  in  all  other  nations  brought  up 
in  cold  countries  do  use  to  nourish  their  haire,  to  keep  them  tlie 
warmer,    which   was   the   reason    that   the   Scythians   and    Scotts 
wore    glibbes    to    keep    their    heads    warm,    and    long    beards    to 
defend  their   faces  from  cold."      "  A   View   of   the   State   of   Ire- 
land,"  by   Edmund   Spenser,    A.D.    1596,    p.    483.      "  Tracts   and 
Treatises     concerning     Ireland."     Alex.      Thom     &     Son.     8vo. 
Dublin:     1860.     An   Irish    Statute,    25   Henry    VI.,    c.    20    [A.D. 
1447],    unpubished,    forbids    crommeal    (or    moustache).      It    ap- 
pears   that    English    living    in    the    marshes    or    borders    dressed 
like    the    Irish,     and     thus,     by    colour    of    being     Englishmen, 
the  Irish  had  opportunity  to  rob,  &c.  ;  wherefore  it  was  ordained 
that  no  manner  of  man,  who  would  be  accepted  for  an  English- 
man, have  any  beard  upon  his  mouth,    "  that  is  to  say,  that  lie 
have  no  hair  upon  his  upper  lip,  so  that  the  said  lip  be  sliaven 
once   at   least   within   two   weeks,    or    of   equal   growth   with   the 
nether   lip  ;   and   if  any  man  be   found   among   the   English   con- 
trary hereunto,   it  may  be  lawful   for   every  man   to   take   them 
and  their  goods  as  Irish  enemies,  and  to  hold  them  to  ransom  as 
Irish  enemies."     Translated  and  transcribed  by  the  Irish  Record 
Commissioners,   1810 — 1825. 

2  My   bright   love. 

3  My  heart's  darling. 


OF    IKELAND.  265 

With  flattering,   that  now  Teige's  wife  must  nurse 

The  next  child  she  shall  have.     Teige  swears  his  purse 

Shall  be  the  child's.     Now  that  he's  foster  father, 

Not  for  his  own,  but  for  this   child  he'll   gather; 

He'll  give  the  child   a   '  Coat-i-haum  of  handle,"^^ 

And  buy  it  '  Brogal  gaiilda,"^  and  then  dandle 

The  babe  in  's  arms,  crying  '  Shane  poge,'^  '  Cade  poye,'* 

'  Vic  a  me  vaister  '5 — '  Nah  tousa  Shane  ogeP'e 

'  Yow  tow  Lawnah.'''    This  pleases  more  and  more. 

Teige's  now  of  kin  that  was  not  so  before. 

Who  now  but  Teige  ?     His  counsel  so  prevails, 

That  all  the   English   servants   by  his  tales 

Are  threatened  to  be  turned  away  :  his  cozins 

Come  flocking  round  about  him  by  whole  dozens. 

Donagh    the    groom   steps    in    in    Richard's   place, 

And   Shevane   oge  doth   turn   out  gentle  Grace ; 

Then   Gilla   Patrick,    Hugh,    and   the   Mac   Rorys, 

Are  sent  for  home  who're  out  among  the  Tories. 

The  English  neighbours   (undegenerate). 

These  furies  cause  their  fosterer  to  hate  ; 

Do  trespass  on  their  land,  and  drive  to  pound 

The  honest  men's  cattle  oft'  their  own  ground. 

To  law  they  go.     Now  all  things  are  in  fitness, 

And  right  or  wrong,  Teige  is  the  captain's  witness." 

Vuin,  therefore,  were  Sir  Jerome  Alexander's  measures  to 
keep  his  posterity  English,  notwithstanding  all  the  praises  be- 
stowed upon  them.  This  spiteful  Englishman,  Judge  of  the 
Common  Pleas  in  Ireland,  left  his  daughter  and  heiress  the 
beautiful  Abbey  of  Kilcooley,  in  the  county  of  Tipperary,  and 
all  his  estate  there,  but  made  the  gift  void  by  his  will 
(A.D.  1670),  if  she  married  any  Irishman,  were  he  Arch- 
bishop, Bishop,  Peer,  or  Prelate,  or  Irish  Baronet,  Knight,  or 
Squire  ;  or  any  man  born  or  bred  there,  or  of  Irish  extraction, 

1  A  white  petticoat  of  handle  cloth. 

2  English  brogues  or  shoes. 

3  Give   me  a  kiss. 

*  An  hundred  kisses. 

5  Dear  son  of  my  master. 

6  Aren't  you  young  John  ? 

7  You  sliall  get  it,  my  pet.      "  The  Moderate  Cavalier;  or,  Soul- 
diers  Description  of  Ireland."     A.D.  167i5. 


266  THE    CEOMWELLIAN    SETTLEMENT 

or  having  his  rehitions  or  means  of  subsistence  there.  For 
EngHsh  pride  and  reserve,  it  has  been  long  observed,  dissolves 
in  Ireland  like  ice  in  the  genial  western  breeze.^ 


THE  OFFICERS  TAKE  THE  t)LD  PROPRIETORS  AS  THEIR 
TENANTS. 

The  otticers  immediately  upon  obtaining  a  lease  or  custo- 
dium  from  the  State  (pending  the  preparation  of  the  law  that 
gave  them  land  for  their  arrears),  took  the  Irish  as  tenants  for 
want  of  English ;  for  in  a  country  where  lands  were  to  be  had 
for  the  asking,  no  one  would  come  from  a  better  country  to  a 
worse,  to  labour  as  a  servant  or  tenant  on  another  man's  lands, 
when  he  might  till  or  pasture  his  own.  As  the  impossibility  of 
getting  English  tenants  grew  more  evident,  and  the  urgent 
want  of  tillage  increased,  the  ofl&cers  in  Limerick,  Cork,  Kerry, 
and  various  counties,  got  general  orders,  giving  dispensations 

1  About  forty  years  after  the  Cromwellian  Settlement,  and  just 
seven  years  after  the  Battle  of  the  Boyne,  the  following  was  writ- 
ten:  "  We  cannot  so  much  wonder  at  this  [the  quick  "  degenerat- 
ing "  of  the  English  of  Ireland],  when  we  consider  how  many 
there  are  of  the  children  of  Oliver's  soldiers  in  Ireland  who  cannot 
speak  one  word  of  English.  And  (which  is  strange)  the  same  may 
be  said  of  some  of  the  children  of  King  William's  soldiers 
who  came  but  t'other  day  into  the  country.  This  mis- 
fortune is  owing  to  the  marrying  Irishwomen  for  want 
of  English,  who  come  not  over  in  so  great  numbers 
as  are  requisite.  'Tis  sure  that  no  Englishman  in  Ire- 
land knows  what  his  children  may  be  as  things  are  now  ;  they  can- 
not well  live  in  the  country  without  growing  Irish  ;  for  none  take 
such  care  as  Sir  Jerome  Alexander  [second  Justice  of  the  Common 
Pleas  in  Ireland  from  1661  to  his  death  in  1670],  who  left  his 
estate  to  his  daughter,  but  made  the  gift  void  if  she  married  any 
Irishman  ;  Sir  Jerome  including  in  this  term  '  any  lord  of  Ireland, 
any  archbishop,  bishop,  prelate,  any  baronet,  knight,  esquire,  or 
gentleman  of  an  Irish  extraction  or  descent,  born  and  bred  in 
Ireland,  or  having  his  relations  or  means  of  subsistence  there,' 
and  expressly,  of  course,  any  '  Papist.'  "  "  True  Way  to  render 
Ireland  Happy  and  Secure;  or.  a  Discourse  wherein  'tis  shown 
'tis  the  Interest  both  of  England  and  Ireland  to  encourage  Foreign 


OF    IKELAND.  267 

from  the  necessity  of  planting  with  English  tenants,  and  libert}" 
to  take  Irish.  The  proprietors  who  had  established  friendships 
with  their  conquerors  secretly  became  tenants  under  them  to 
parts  of  their  former  estates,  ensuring  thereby  the  connivance 
of  their  new  landlords  against  their  transplantation. 

On  the  1st  June,  IGoo,  the  Commissioners  for  the  Affairs 
of  Ireland  (Fleetwood,  Lord  Deputy,  one  of  them),  being  then 
at  Limerick,  discovered  this  fraud.  "  We  found  the  officers," 
they  said,  "  objecting  in  several  places  that  some  of  our  own 
orders  obstructed  the  work  of  transplantation."  They  were 
made  on  behalf  of  Sir  W.  Fenton,  Sir  Hardress  Waller,  and 
other  English  proprietors.  The  \\ords  of  the  orders  were  so 
penned  as  gave  them  liberty  to  keep  Irish  proprietors  on  their 
estates.  But  the  words  were  disowned  by  the  Council  as  not 
within  their  intention.  "  I  clearly  see,"  he  concludes,  "  that 
\\e  must  encounter  more  and  more  difficulties  when  the  Ad- 
venturers and  Soldiers  are  in  possession.    But  if  the  Lord  hath 


Prote.stants  to  plant  in  Ireland;  in  a  Letter  to  the  Hon.  Robert 
Molesworth."     4to.     Dublin.     Andrew  Crook.     1697. 

It  is  not  a  little  curious  to  find  Irish  harpers  in  their  houses 
within  five  years  of  their  planting.  In  1663  the  army  lately 
planted  in  Ireland  formed  a  plot  to  seize  the  Castle  of  Dublin,  and 
to  overthrow  the  government,  being  discontented  at  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  Court  of  Claims.  Amongst  the  vast  mass  of  intelli- 
gence furnished  to  the  Duke  of  Ormond,  then  Lord  Lieutenant, 
is  the  following  conversation  between  Colonel  Edward  Warren  and 
an   Irish  harper  :• — 

"  Colonel  Edward  Warren,  being  at  Rathmolyon  in  the  barony 
of  Moyfenragh,  in  tlie  county  of  Meath,  discoursing  with  Richard 
Malone,  a  blind  harper,  aged  thirty-.six  years,  asked  him  how 
manj'  governments  he  remembered  in  his  tyme  ?  Malone 
answered  that  he  remembered  several,  naming  the  several  alter- 
ations during  these  twenty-one  years.  Whereunto  the  said  War- 
ren answered,  that  before  it  were  long  he  might  add  one  more 
government  to  the  rest."  "  Carte  MSS.,"  vol.  G.  G.,  p.  .'589.  En- 
dorsed in  the  Duke's  hand  :  "  Concerning  Cohjnel  Edward  War- 
ren." Wan-en  was  executed  with  Major  Alexander  Jephson,  15th 
July,  1663.  Their  dying  speeches  are  given,  ibid.,  vol.  vii.,  Ire- 
land^ pp.   248,   249. 


268  THE    CKOMWELLIAN    SETTLEMENT 

not  a  farther  scourge  for  us  here,  he  will  strengthen  our  hands 
to  the  carrying  it  out."^  They,  accordingly,  issued  a  peremp- 
tory order  revoking  all  former  dispensations  for  English  pro- 
prietors to  plant  with  Irish  tenants ;  and  they  enjoined  upon 
the  Governor  of  Limerick  and  all  other  officers  the  removing 
of  the  proprietors  thus  sheltered  and  their  families  into  Con- 
naught,  or  on  before  that  day  three  weeks. ^  But,  happily,  all 
penal  laws  against  a  nation  are  difficult  of  execution.  The 
officers  still  connived  with  many  of  the  poor  Irish  gentry,  and 
sheltered  them,  which  caused  Fleetwood,  then  Commander  of 
the  Parliament  forces  in  Ireland,  upon  his  return  to  Dublin, 
and  within  a  fortnight  after  the  prescribed  limit  for  their  re- 
moval was  expired,  to  thunder  forth  from  Dublin  Castle  a 
severe  reprimand  to  all  officers  thus  offending.  Their  neglect 
to  search  for  and  apprehend  the  transplantable  proprietors  was 
denounced  as  a  great  dishonour  and  breach  of  discipline  of 
the  army ;  and  their  entertaining  any  of  them  as  tenants  was 
declared  a  hindrance  to  the  planting  of  Ireland  with  English 
Protestants.  "I  do  therefore  [the  order  continued]  hereby 
order  and  declare,  that  if  any  officer  or  soldier  under  my 
command  shall  offend  by  neglect  of  his  duty  in  searching  for 
and  apprehending  all  such  persons  as  by  the  declaration  of 
30th  November,  1654,  are  to  transplant  themselves  into  Con- 
naught  ;  or  by  entertaining  them  as  tenants  on  his  lands,  or 
as  servants  under  him,  he  shall  be  punished  by  the  articles 
of  war  as  negligent  of  his  duty,  according  to  the  demerit  of 
such  his  neglect.  "2 

IJulv  4th,    1655,    Thurloe's    "State   Papers,"    vol.   iv.,    p.    612. 

2  A  (6),  p.  173. 

3  "  Book  of  Printed  Declarations  of  the  Commissioners  for  the 
Affairs  of  Ireland  "  (formerly  belonging  to  General  Fleetwood). 
British  Museum,  806  h.  14  (24). 


OF    TEELAND.  269 


OF    THE    FIVE    COUNTIES. 


But,  to  turn  to  that  district  included  within  the  Boyne  and 
the  Barrow,  on  the  east  coast  of  Ireland,  which  was  to  be  a 
pure  English  plantation,  to  counterbalance  the  Irish  one  on 
the  west,  encircled  by  the  Shannon  and  the  sea,  and  to  becoiTie 
a  new  English  Pale — here,  if  anywhere,  would  be  established 
that  model  of  English  life  and  manners,  the  great  object  of  all 
the  inhuman  laws  enacted  for  so  many  ages  by  the  govern- 
ment. But  first  a  word  upon  the  extent  of  the  district.  It 
was  contracted  to  narrower  limits.  Upon  consideration  that 
the  land  lying  north  of  Dublin,  between  the  Liffey  and  the 
Boyne,  was  the  ancient  residence  of  the  English — the  best 
tillage  and  grazing  land  in  the  kingdom,  and  part  of  that  level 
plain  that  extended  itself  from  the  walls  of  Dubhn  to  the  base 
of  the  Fews  mountains  that  overhang  Dundalk,  without  any 
fastnesses  for  Irish  to  harbour  in — it  was  not  thought  necessary 
to  keep  that  part  within  the  scheme,  and  so  much  of  the 
original  plan  was  abandoned.  It  was  now  confined  to  that  part 
of  the  county  of  Dublin  lying  south  of  the  Eiver  Liffey,  with  the 
counties  of  Wicklow,  Wexford,  Kildare,  and  Carlow.  Thence- 
forth the  territory  was  known  as  the  Five  Counties  south  of  the 
Liffey  and  within  the  Barrow,  or  (shortly)  the  Five  Counties. 
On  17th  July,  1654,  it  was  ordered  that  all  this  territory 
should  be  wholly  transplanted  of  Irish  Papists  by  the  1st  of 
May,  1655,  on  pain  of  being  taken  as  spies,  and  proceeded 
with  before  a  court  martial.  The  English  proprietors,  many 
of  them  officers  who  had  received  lands  in  the  counties  of 
Wicklow  and  Wexford  for  their  arrears,  fearing  to  be  de- 
prived of  their  tenants  and  servants,  and  left  without  means 
to  till  their  lands  or  save  their  crops,  presented  petitions  to 


270  THE    CEOMWELLIAX    SETTLEMENT 

the  governiiiont  against  the  measure,  as  the  time' for  carrying 
■out  the  order  approached.  ]\Ir.  Annesly,  who  brought  up  the 
petitions,  was  directed  to  be  present  at  a  meeting  of  the  Council 
on  19th  February,  1655,  to  offer  what  he  conceived  to  be  ma- 
terial in  their  support.*  He  urged  that  the  English  and  Pro- 
testant proprietors  and  planters  in  the  Five  Counties  were 
necessitated  to  employ  Irish  in  their  tillage  and  husbandry,  to 
make  some  profit  of  their  lands,  which  had  long  lain  waste  by 
the  rebellion.  After  several  debates  he  obtained  an  order  of 
reference  to  Sir  Hardress  Waller,  Colonel  Axtell,  Colonel 
Lawrence,  and  others,  to  consider  what  parts  should  be  totally 
cleared  of  Irish ;  in  what  parts  should  be  allowed  such  Irish 
tenants  as,  being  neither  proprietors  nor  swordmen,  might  be 
dispensed  from  transplantation;  and  how  the  rest  might  be 
laid  waste ;  and  how  the  towns  and  villages  where  such  Irish 
should  be  suffered  to  inhabit  might  be  disposed  of  with  most 
security  and  least  offence  to  the  neighbouring  English. ^  The 
order,  however,  was  not  withdrawn;  for  on  the  21st  May, 
1655,  the  clearing  was  suspended  until  1st  August  following, 
in  order  that  the  proprietors  might  have  tiine  to  provide  them- 
selves with  English  and  Protestant  tenants,  and  in  the  mean- 
time might  have  tenants  and  servants  to  reap  their  harvest. 
But  English  tenants  and  servants  were  not  to  be  had,  and  the 
officers  and  the  other  planters  were  loth  to  lose  their  Irish  ones  : 
they  connived  at  their  stay  beyond  the  1st  of  August,  and 
finally  got  liberty  to  keep  a  selection  of  them  approved  by 
Commissioners  specially  appointed  by  the  State,  on  some  very 
stringent  conditions.  The  proprietor  was  to  engage  that  such 
tenants  and  servants  as  he  should  be  permitted  to  retain  should 
become  Protestants  (and  Protestants  of  whose  real  conversion 
the  government  should  be  satisfied)  in  six  months;  and  as 
evidence  of  their  candid  and  genuine  compliance  with  being 

1  A  (5),  p.  37.  2  A  (5),  p.  95. 


OF    lEELAND.  271 

instructed  in  the  true  Protestant  religion,  they  were  to  come 
to  the  meeting-house  to  hear  the  Word  every  Lord's  Day,  if 
within  four  miles;  upon  every  other  Lord's  Day,  if  within  six 
miles;  if  further,  once  a  month.  Their  children  were  to  learn 
the  catechism  in  the  English  tongue,  without  book,  which 
the  minister  should  teach. i  But  the  government  seem  to  have 
forgotten  the  naming  of  the  children  with  English  names,  in- 
stead of  Dermot  and  Teig;  and  the  chimneys,  and  the  English 
deportment  in  houses,  lodging,  and  manners,  wherein  the 
English  exceeded  them. 2  But  probably  there  was  about  as 
much  use  in  the  one  as  the  other.  The  landlords  wanted 
their  labour,  and  not  English  piety  or  Anglo-Saxon  elegance. 
For  though  the  letter  of  one  of  the  officers  remains,  request- 
ing the  prayers  of  their  friends,  that  now  they  had  come  to 
possess  houses  they  had  not  built,  and  vineyards  they  had  not 
planted,  they  might  not  forget  the  Lord  and  his  goodness  to 
them  in  the  day  of  their  distress, 3  one  that  knew  them  well  a 
few  years  later  said,  he  had  hunted  with  them,  diced  with 
them,  drunk  with  them,  and  fought  with  them,  but  had  never 
prayed  with  them  ;*  and  another,  that  an  Irish  Protestant  was 
a  man  who  ate  meat  of  a  Friday,  and  hated  a  Papist. s 

.1  '•  Book  of  Printed  Declarations  by  the  Commissioners  for  the 
Affairs  of  Ireland."     British  Museum,   806  h.    14  (24). 

2  P.  248,    supra. 

3  "  Letter  of  Colonel  William  Allen,  Adjutant-General  of  the 
Army  and  Commissioner  of  Cromwell's  Court  of  Claims  in  Ire- 
land,^ dated  April  6th,  1654.  Thurloe's  "  State  Papers,"  vol.  ii., 

4  "Civil  Wars  of  Ireland."     By  W.  Cooke  Taylor,  LL.D.    vol    ii 
p.   64,   n.  3.     Two  vols.     12mo.     London:  1830.  '        '     '' 

5  A  Bandon  ProtesUvnt,  known  to  be  such,  "  'cause  I  ates  meat 
of  a  Jriday,  and  hates  a  Papist."  "  History  of  Bandon  "  by 
George  Bennett,  B.A.,   p.  352.     12mo.     Cork  •   1862 


272  THE   CKOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 


THE  TOWNS   CLEARED  OF  OLD  ENGLISH,   FOR  FRESHER 
ENGLISH    TO    INHABIT. 

The  Parliament,  by  the  Act  of  26th  September,  1653,  for 
satisfying  the  Adventurers,  the  Army,  and  the  pubhc  credit- 
tors,  reserved  all  the  forfeited  property  in  cities  and  boroughs 
for  the  State.  In  the  early  part  of  the  war,  in  hopes  to  induce 
merchants  and  traders,  English  and  foreign  (provided  they 
were  Protestants),  to  whom  houses  in  seaport  towns  were 
more  useful  than  lands,  to  advance  funds,  the  Parliament  of 
England  offered  the  principal  seaport  towns  in  Ireland  for 
sale;  Limerick,  with  12,000  acres  contiguous,  for  £30,000, 
and  a  rent  of  £625  payable  to  the  State ;  Waterford,  with 
1,500  acres  contiguous,  at  the  same  rate ;  Galway,  with  10,000 
acres,  for  £7,500,  and  a  rent  of  £520;  Wexford,  with  6,000 
acres,  for  £5,000,  and  a  rent  of  £156  4s.  4d.i  But  this  offer, 
though  tempting,  found  no  bidders  :  all  these  towns  were  still 
in  the  possession  of  the  Irish,  and  merchants  of  all  others  are 
least  inclined  to  buy  the  bear's  skin  before  the  bear  be  dead. 
The  cities  and  towns,  accordingly,  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
Parliament  of  England,  with  all  their  habitations,  the  popula- 
tions being  almost  entirely  of  English  descent. ^ 

Dublin,  Droghoda,  Waterford,  Cork,  and  Ijimerick,  were 
built  by  the  Danes. ^  The  Irish  ever  loved  the  freedom  of 
the  fields  and  hills.  And  it  has  been  the  complaint  (of  those 
who  wished  to  take  their  lands  or  to  tax  their  labour),  that 
they  never  gave  themselves  up  to  commerce  or  trade.    But  in 


1  Ordinance  of  14th  July,  1643.  Scobell's  "  Acts  and  Ordi- 
nances,"  p.   74. 

2  Take  Waterford: — "This  sea-town  had  no  natui'all  Irish  in 
it,  nor  would  admit  any  in  during  these  troubles."  "  News  from 
Dublin,"  9th  June,  ]647,  "Perfect  Diurnall  of  Passages  in  Par- 
liament,"  p.   1629. 

3  Giraldus  Cambrensis,    "  Topographia,"   cap.   xliii. 


OP    IRELAND.  278 

early    times    trade    is    usually    driven    by    foreign    exiles    or 
domestic  slaves.    Strong  nations,  with  all  the  arrogance  of  the 
powerful,  take  from  those  they  are  pleased  to  call  inferior 
races  (being  such  only  as  they  expect  no  retribution  from) 
their  country,  under  the  splendid  pretext  of  civilizing  them. 
And  to  deprive  them  of  friends,  and  aid,  and  sympathy,  they 
represent  them  as  irrehgious,  unruly,  and  unreasoning.       In 
later  periods  the  rich  repair  to  the  country,  and  drive  out  the 
rural   inhabitants   into   the   crowded   suburbs   of   cities    and 
towns,   under  the  plea  of  improving  it.      The  Irish  would 
neither  give  up  the  country  nor  become  slaves.    Indeed,  the 
foreigners  who  built  or  inhabited  the  towns  would  not  allow  - 
them  to  come  into  them,  had  they  been  so  inclined.    In  every 
Charter  of  Incorporation  of  towns  the  Irish  were  forbidden  to 
hold  office,  or  occupy  a  house.     Consequently  the  inhabitants 
in  1641  were  all  of  EngUsh  blood.    But  now  to  be  of  the  new 
English  religion  was  held  equivalent  to  being  an  Englishman ; 
to  belong  to  the  old,  still  in  general  use  in  Ireland,  and  in- 
troduced originally  by  the  English,  was  to  be  Irish.     And, 
under  this  distinction,  the  Parliament  of  England  determined 
to  clear  all  the  towns  of  Ireland  within  their  power  of  their 
former  inhabitants,  though  English  by  blood,  and  repeople 
them  afresh  with  English  of  the  birth  of  England.    The  town^ 
were  at  this  time  ruinous  by  the  death  or  desertion  of  the 
inhabitants. 

Upon  the  outbi-eak  in  Ulster  the  old  English  gentry  of  the 
Pale  fled  to  Dublin;  but  they  were  ordered  back  to  their 
country  seats,  and  thus  forced  to  join  the  Irish,  and  were  not 
again  admitted,  as  the  kingdom  now  became  two  camps.  The 
burgess  class,  however,  were  left  for  a  time  in  some  of  the 
towns,  and  remained  faithful  to  their  blood  and  national  tradi- 
tions, and  hated  and  despised  the  Irish  with  true  English 
heart.  They  thus  were  continued  in  Cork,  Youghal,  and  Kin- 
sale,   until  turned  out  by  Inchiquin  in   1644   (among  their 

X 


274  THE  CBOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

enemies,  as  they  called  the  Irish), ^  and  in  Dublin  and  Drog- 
heda,  until  1647,  when  Ormond  gave  up  Dublin  and  the 
sword,  when  they  were  immediately  expelled.  This  caused 
all  these  cities  and  towns  to  become  ruinous.  But  Dublin  had 
already  become  partly  ruinous  in  1645 ;  and  Ormond  had  to 
issue  a  proclamation  (7  Feb.,  1644-5),  ordering  the  soldiers  on 
pain  of  death  to  cease  from  pulling  down  the  deserted  houses 
to  make  fires  of  with  the  timber,  in  their  guards  and  quarters. ^ 
To  these  ruins  must  be  added  those  commanded  by  Ormond 
himself  in  1646,  when,  having  taken  the  field  to  oppose  the 
advance  of  Owen  0 'Neil's  forces  on  Dublin,  he  wrote  back  to 
the  council  (October  9th,  1646),  in  anticipation  of  being  forced 
to  retreat  thither  (as  soon  after  occurred),  that  the  walls 
should  be  cleared  of  all  incumbrances,  and  a  way  be  made 
beside  them,  both  without  and  within,  that  at  least  a  troop  of 
horse,  twenty  in  front,  might  commodiously  travel  and  serve. ^ 
Every  one  was  ordered  to  join  in  the  work;  and  the  Mar- 
chioness of  Ormond  herself  carried  baskets  of  earth  for  repair- 
ing the  fortifications,*  and  the  women  all, 

"  From  ladies  down  to  oyster  wenches, 
Laboured  like  pioneers  in  trenches." 

When  Ormond,  in  the  following  year,  gave  up  the  city  to 
the  Parliament,  so  rigorous  was  the  expulsion  of  the  Irish  in- 
habitants, that  Colonel  Michael  Jones,  the  Governor,  made 
no  exception  but  of  Sir  Thomas  Sherlock,  and  he  was  only 
to  stay  till  he  could  ship  himself  for  England.  This  signal 
favour  he  owed  to  his  having  hunted  and  hanged  100  Irish 
marauders  in  December,  1641,  in  company  with  Sir  W.  St. 
Leger,  and  defended  his  Castle  of  Butlerstown,  adjacent  to 

1  Supra,  pp.  174,  175. 

2  Broadside,  in  the  Haliday  Library,  Royal  Irish  Academy. 

3  "  Carte   Papers,"   vol.  xix.,    64. 

'Carte's  "  Life  of  Ormond,"  vol.  i.,  p.  585.  Folio  edition. 


OF  lEELAND.  275 

the  city  of  Waterford,  against  Lord  Mountganvt's  Irish  forces, 
until  they  took  it,  and  stripped  him  of  all,  and  turned  him  out 
of  doors  in  his  slippers  without  stockings,  leaving  him  only  a 
red  cap  and  green  mantle,  so  that  himself,  lady,  and  children, 
had  not  so  much  as  their  wearing  clothes  left,  nor  any  relief, 
but  depended  solely  on  their  friends.  His  losses  amounted  to 
Jt;4,000.  Six  weeks  after  he  escaped  by  night  to  Dublin  in  a 
bare  suit  and  mantle,  and  there  was  received  by  the  English  as 
one  that  had  been  their  constant  friend.  Even  Cromwell  (with 
whom  he  returned  to  Ireland),  pitied  him,  but  could  not  help 
him ;  for  he  had  signed  the  roll  of  Association,  though  only  by 
force  of  imprisonment,  and  in  order  to  escape.  He  would 
have  given  him  back  his  estate,  but  could  not : — it  had  passed 
to  the  Soldiers.^  Nor  could  the  King,  who  said  he  held  him- 
self bound  in  honour  and  justice  to  see  him  restored  :  ^  nor 
did  the  Act  of  Settlement,  which  provided  for  his  restitution. ^ 
Worn  out  by  poverty  and  despair,  he  soon  died  broken- 
hearted, and  his  son  (9  December,  1663),  had  allowance  from 
the  Council  of  the  small  sum  he  borrowed  to  bury  him.*  If 
the  cities  and  towns  were  made, thus  ruinous  within,  their  de- 
solation without  was  as  signal.  By  the  order  of  29  April,  1651 , 
all  the  habitations  of  the  Irish  within  a  circle  of  two  miles 
round  any  garrison  were  thrown  down,  and  no  Irish  suffered 

1  "  Report  of  Cooke,  Santhy,  and  Halsey,  Athlone  Commis- 
sioners, to  the  Council  of  Ireland,"  dated  26th  April,  1656;  and 
"  The  Council  of  Ireland  to  the  Lord  Protector,"  22nd  July,  1656. 
Thurloe's  "  State  Papers,"  vol.  v.,  p.  238. 

2  "  King's  Letter  to  Lords  Justices  of  Ireland,"  October  10th, 
1660.      "  Carte  Papers,"   vol.  xli.,  54. 

3  He  was  one  of  the  thirty-six  Nominees  in  "  the  King's  Decla- 
ration  for  the  Settlement  of  Ireland,"   of  30th   November,   1660, 
embodied   in   the   Act  of   Settlement,    14   &    15   Charles  II.    (A  D 
1662),  chap.   2. 

4  Treasurer  of  Ireland's  account,  Vol.  i.,  p.  343.  "  To  Paul 
Sherlock,  sonn  and  heire  of  Sir  Thomas  Sherlock,  deceased,  for  de- 
fraying the  charges  of  burying  the  said  Sir  Thomas,  as  by  Con- 
cordatum,  dated  9  December,   1663,  £50." 


276  THE   CROMWELLIAX   SETTLEMENT 

to  inhabit  within  these  precincts.  And  the  wives  and  chil- 
dren of  any  Irish  without  were  to  quit  in  fifteen  days  at 
latest,  and  join  their  husbands ;  and  any  outstaying  this  time, 
or  repairing  thither  were  to  be  treated  as  spies  and  enemies, 
and  to  suffer  death. ^    And  to  harbour  a  friend  was  death. 

Thus,  at  a  Court  Martial  held  23rd  September,  1652,  at 
Dublin  Castle,  under  the  presidency  of  Colonel  Arnop,  Dud- 
ley Loftus,  Advocate-General,  being  informant,  and  Murtagh 
Cullen  and  wife,  defendants,  it  was  put  to  the  vote  whether  it 
appeared  upon  the  evidence  that  one  Donogh  O'Derg  had 
been  harboured  by  the  said  Cullen  and  his  wife?  It  was  re- 
solved in  the  Affirmative,  and  Decreed  that  they  should  suffer 
death;  but  both  parties  after  sentence  pronounced  w^ere  per- 
mitted to  cast  lots,  when  the  Lot  of  Life  fell  to  the  said  Mur- 
tagh, and  the  Lot  of  Death  to  his  wife,  who,  being  with  child, 
was  reprieved  until  the  time  of  her  delivery. ^  During  the 
war  many  Irish  were  continued  under  protection  in  the 
towns — not  to  increase  the  enemy ;  but,  the  war  once  over, 
the  Parliament  resolved  to  clear  them  thoroughly,  and  re- 
people  them  from  England. 

At  the  same  time  that  proprietors  and  swordmen  were  to 
transplant  to  Connaught,  the  Burgher  Irish  were  ordered  to 
quit  the  towns,  and  (unless  transplantable  to  Connaught)  to 

1  "A  Declaration  for  the  Removing  of  the  Wives,  Children  and 
Families  of  such  persons  as  are  in  rebellion,  or  live  in  the 
Enemies'  Quarters,  out  of  the  garrisons  of  the  Parliament,  and 
demolishing  all  Cabins  or  Huts  in  or  near  the  said  garrisons. 
By  the  Commissioners  of  tlie  Parliament  for  the  Affairs  of 
Ireland. 

"  Dated  at  Kilkenny,  28th  April,  1651. 

Signed,     "  Edmund    Ludlow.         John  Jones. 

■    Miles  Corbet.  John  We.wer." 

"  Several  Proceedings  in  Parliament,  &c.,  p.  1456. 

2  Dudley  Loftus,  MSS.,  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral  Library 
(Marsh's),  Dublin,  v.  3,  2,  19. 


OF   lEELAND.  277 

seek  new  dwellings,  at  least  two  miles  distant  from  the 
walls. 

In  1654,  by  order  of  the  Committee  of  Transplantation,  no 
Irish  or  Papists  were  to  be  allowed  in  the  city  of  Kilkenny 
after  the  1st  of  May,  except  necessary  labourers  and  artificers, 
not  exceeding  forty,  and  these  to  be  persons  not  within  the 
rule  of  transplantation. 1 

On  the  8th  of  July  in  the  same  year  the  Governor  of 
Clonmel  was  authorized  to  grant  dispensations  to  forty-three 
persons,  in  a  list  annexed,  or  as  many  of  them  as  he  should 
think  fit,  being  artificers  and  workmen,  to  stay  for  such  time 
as  he  might  judge  convenient,  the  whole  time  not  to  exceed 
the  25th  March,  1655. ^  On  5th  June,  1654,  the  Governor  of 
Dublin  was  authorised  to  grant  licenses  to  such  inhabitants 
to  continue  in  the  city  (notwithstanding  the  declaration  for 
all  Irish  to- quit)  as  he  should  judge  convenient,  the  licenses 
to  contain  the  name,  age,  colour  of  hair,  countenance,  and 
stature  of  every  such  person;  and  the  license  not  to  exceed 
twenty  days,  and  the  cause  of  their  stay  to  be  inserted  in  each 
license. 2  Petitions  went  up  from  the  old  native  inhabitants  of 
Limerick,*  from  the  fishermen  of  Limerick  ;5  from  the  Mayor 
and  inhabitants  of  Cashel,^  who  were  all  ordered  either  to 
withdraw  to  a  distance  of  at  least  two  miles  (if  not  trans- 
plantable), or  to  transplant;  but,  notwithstanding  these 
orders,  many  of  them  still  clung  about  the  towns,  sheltered 
by  the  English,  who  found  the  benefit  of  their  services. 

Whilst  the  gentry  were  hurried  off  from  their  mansions  and 
demesnes,  which  the  officers  and  soldiers  were  in  haste  to 
enjoy  and  were  obliged  to  transplant  to  such  pittance  of  land 
as  should  be  assigned  to  them  in  Connaught,  the  population  of 
the  towns  who  lived  by  trade  or  labour,   such  as  apothe- 

1  A  (85),  p.  157.  2  lb.,  p.  479  3  lb.,  p.   430. 

Mb.,  p.  244.  5  lb.,  p.  363.  6  ib.,  p.  247. 


278  THE   CPiOlNIWELLIAN   SETTLEIMENT 

caries,  basketniakers,  butchers,  bakers,  carpenters,  chandlers, 
coopers,  harnessniakers,  masons,  shoemakers,  and  tailors, 
continued  to  reside  upon  their  holdings  and  make  themselves 
useful  to  their  new  masters.  What  little  trade  or  commerce 
was  driven  in  these  poor  ruinous  towns,  the  seats  of  former 
activity  and  plenty,  was  done  by  them  as  factors  or  agents 
for  English  officers,  as  having  more  skill  and  experience  in 
foreign  traffic,  the  towns  being  for  the  most  part  occupied  by 
strangers,  who  had  come  thither,  induced  by  getting  houses 
for  nothing.!  Thus,  on  the  15th  of  INIay,  1655,  the  Protestant 
inhabitants  of  Kilkenny  petitioned  against  this  practice;  and 
it  was  ordered  by  the  Commissioners  of  the  Parliament  ' '  for 
the  better  encouragement  of  an  English  plantation  in  the 
City  and  Liberties,"  that  all  the  houses  and  lands  lately  be- 
longing to  the  Irish,  and  now  in  the  possession  of  the  State, 
should  be  thenceforth  demised  to  Protestants  •  and  none 
others,  and  that  no  English  merchants  or  traders  should  drive 
any  trade  or  merchandize  in  the  City  or  Liberties  by  Irish 
agents  or  servants;  and  that  all  Irish  should  quit  Kilkenny 
within  twenty  days,  except  such  artificers  as  four  Justices  of 
Peace  should,  for  the  convenience  of  that  Corporation, 
license  to  stay  for  any  period  not  exceeding  one  year.^ 

Applications  were  frequently  made  in  favour  of  some  who 
were  found  particularly  useful.  Thus,  on  the  20th  March, 
1654,  on  the  certificate  of  Colonel  W.  Leigh  and  other  officers 
within  the  precinct  of  Waterford,  Dr.  Eichard  Madden  was 
dispensed  with  from  transplantation  into  Connaught ;  but  as  to 
his  desire  of  residing  in  Waterford,  it  was  referred  to  Colonel 
Lawrence,  the  governor  there,  to  reconsider  if  he  conceived  it 

1  "  Tlie  Roman  Catholics  of  Ireland,  their  Answers  relating  to 
tlie  Proposals  offered   in   order   to  the  Settlement  of  Ireland  by 
the    Commissioners   from   the    Convention    in    Ireland    in    1660." 
"  Carte   Papers,"   vol.   xlviii.,   6th   Paper. 
—2  A  (6),  p.  367. 


or  IKELAND.  279 

fit  his  request  should  be  granted.^  On  the  12th  September, 
1656,  application  was  made  to  the  Commissioners  for  the 
Affairs  of  Ireland  on  behalf  of  Dr.  Anthony  Mulshinogue, 
whose  good  affection  to  the  English  by  his  faithful  advice  and 
assistance  in  his  profession  was  proved  on  the  trial  of  the 
qualifications  of  the  ancient  natives  of  Cork,  by  the  certificate 
of  Sir  W.  Fenton  and  Major- General  Jephson,  and  several 
other  persons  of  quality  in  the  county  of  Cork,  who  prayed 
for  his  dispensation  from  transplantation,  desiring  that  his 
residence  among  them  might  be  permitted,  being  destitute  of 
physicians  of  his  ability.  Dr.  Mulshinogue  was  spared  from 
transplantation,  and  was  permitted  to  follow  his  practice  in 
those  parts,  but  not  to  dwell  in  any  garrison  there. ^ 

Yet  the  officers,  when  they  first  arrived,  vented  their 
calumnies  (according  to  the  national  custom)  against  the  Irish 
physicians — writing  to  their  friends  in  England  in  1651,  that 
for  want  of  a  sufficient  number  of  English  doctors  for  the 
army,  they  were  obliged  to  put  themselves  in  the  hands  of 
Irish,  "  which  was  more  [so  they  maliciously  said]  than  the 
adventures  in  the  field. "^  Testimony,  however,  to  the  ability 
and  integrity  of  this  profession  came,  as  if  to  confute  these 
calumnies.  In  Limerick,  Doctor  Thomas  Arthur  was,  at  this 
very  time,  attending  Colonel  Henry  Ingoldsby,  Cromwell's 
kinsman  (high  in  command  there),  and  most  of  the  officers  of 
the  Parliament  army.*  After  studying  at  Bordeaux,  Eheims, 
and  Paris,  he  returned  to  his  native  town.  On  6  November, 
1619,  he  visited  Dublin  in  the  train  of  the  Earl  of  Thomond, 
and  acquired  such  reputation  that  after  his  return  home  he 
was  frequently  sent  for  to  come  up  to  Dublin,  and  there  at- 
tended Sir  George  Sexton,  Viscount  Dunluce  (father  of  the 


1  A  (85),  p.  184.  2  A  (12),  p.  223. 

3  "  Whitelock's   Memorials,"    January,    1650-1,    p.    4.'36. 
*  "  Limerick,    its    History    and    Antiquities,"    p.    183,    n.       By 
]V[aurice  Lenihan,  Esq.     8vo.     Podges  and  Sniith,     Dublin  :   1866, 


280  THE   CKOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

Marquis  of  Antrim),  Chief  Justice  Sarsfield,  and  others  of  the 
highest  rank.  He  went  to  Carrickfergus  at  the  call  of  Sir 
Arthur  Chichester,  Vice-Treasurer  of  Ireland,  to  visit  his 
wife,  dying  of  dropsy. ^  He  was  of  old  English  blood — his 
ancestors  had  come  in  at  the  Conquest  ;2  and  he  was  loyal 
to  those  that  the  Irish  deemed  their  oppressors  and  tyrants. 
For  this  reason,  in  1642,  he  was  plundered,  and  fled  into 
Limerick,  as  Dublin  was  too  far  off  to  be  reached  without 
danger  to  his  life  from  the  Irish.  But  he  got  license  from 
the  Marquis  of  Ormond  and  Sir  John  Parsons  to  dwell  in 
Limerick,  though  then  rebels'  quarters.  He  was  driven  thence 
by  affronts,  and  forced  to  shelter  himself  elsewhere.  He  was 
excommunicated  by  the  Irish  national  clergy  in  1650,  and 
put  in  prison  for  counselling  the  men  of  Limerick  to  be  loyal.* 
On  21  July,  1656,  in  consideration  of  his  great  sufferings 
and  his  good  services  to  the  English,  and  having  parted  with 
divers  good  houses  and  castles  in  the  counties  of  Limerick, 
Tipperary,  and  Dublin,  the  Lord  Deputy  and  Council  recom- 
mended him  to  the  Loughrea  Commissioners  for  an  assign- 
ment of  land  with  a  house  on  the  Belt  or  Mile  Line  round  Con- 
naught,  for  his  present  subsistence  and  comfort  of  living.* 
When  Dublin  was  cleared,  Colonel  Hewson  was  Governor  of 
that  city — one  of  the  most  religious  men  in  the  army  (as  ap- 
pears by  the  amount  of  Bible  quotations  in  his  letters),  and 
therefore  fullest  of  hatred  against  the  Irish.  The  last  Papist 
that  dared  to  meet  his  eye  in  Dublin  was  a  chirurgeon,   a 

1  "  Fee-Book  of  a  Physician  of  the  17th  Century."  By 
Maurice  Lenihan,  Esq.,  Author  of  the  "  History  of  Limerick." 
— "  Kilkenny  Archajological  Journal,"  vol.  v.,  New  Series 
(January,   1867),  p.  10. 

2  Ibid. 

3  "  Petition  of  Thomas  Arthur,  Doctor  in  Physic,  to  the  King. 
24  September,  1664."  "  Collections  relating  to  the  Acts  of 
Settlement,"   vol.   D.,   p.    212.     Record   Tower,   Dublin  Castle, 

4  A  (30),  p.  169. 


OF  IKELAND.  281 

peaceable  man.i  Similar  calumnies  followed  the  poor  Irish 
midwives  :  imputations  against  their  want  of  skill  are  mixed 
with  suggestions  of  danger  to  Englishwomen  in  labour,  and 
children  in  the  birth,  "  from  the  evil  disposition  and  disaffec- 
tion, as  ixiight  be  presumed,"  of  the  Irish  midwives.  And 
Dr.  Petty  and  others  were  ordered  to  consider  of  the  evil,  and 
propose  a  remedy. ^  And  when  an  English  midwife  arrived 
in  Dublin,  all  officers,  civil  and  military,  were  ordered  for  her 
encouragement  to  be  aiding  and  assisting  her  in  the  perform- 
ance of  her  duty.^ 

1  "  19  June,   1651. 

"  Mr.  Winter,  a  godly  man,  came  with  the  Commissioners,  and 
they  flock  to  hear  him  with  great  desire  ;  besides,  there  is  in  Dub- 
lin, since  January  last,  about  750  Papists  forsaken  their  priests 
and  the  masse,  and  attends  the  public  ordinances,  I  having  ap- 
pointed Mr.  Chambers,  a  minister,  to  instruct  them  at  his  own 
house  once  a  week.  They  all  repaire  to  him  witli  much  affection 
and  desire th  satisfaction.  And  though  Dublin  hath  formerly 
swarmed  with  Papists,  I  know  none  (now)  there,  but  one  who  is 
a  chirurgeon,  and  a  peaceable  man.  It  is  much  hoped  the  glad 
tidings  of  salvation  will  be  acceptable  in  Ireland,  and  that  this 
savage  people  may  see  the  salvation  of  God ;  which  that  the  Lord 
may  accomplish  shall  be  the  desire  of 

"  Your  loving  friend, 

"  John  Hewson." 

"  Several!  Proceedings  in  Parliament,  from  26th  of  June  to 
3rd  day  of  July,   1651,"  p.   1412. 

2  A  (5),  p.  317. 

3  "  By  the  Commissioners  of  Parliument  for  the  Affairs 

of  Ireland. 

"  Whereas  we  are  informed  by  divers  persons  of  repute  and 
godliness,  that  Mrs.  Jane  Preswick  hath  through  the  blessing  of 
God  been  very  successful  within  Dublin  and  parts  about,  through 
tlie  carefull  and  skilfull  discharge  of  her  midwife's  duty,  and 
instrumental  to  helpe  sundry  poore  women  who  needed  her  lielpe, 
which  hatlie  abounded  to  the  comfourte  and  preservation  of  many 
English  women,  who  (being  come  into  a  strange  country)  had 
otherwise  been  destitute  of  due  helpe,  and  necessitated  to  expose 
their  lives  to  the  mercy  of  Irish  midwives,  ignorant  in  the  pro- 
fession, and  bearing  little  good  will  to  any  of  the  English  nation. 


282  THE   CROMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

These  orders  for  clearing  the  towns  had  to  be  frequently 
renewed,  as  the  inhabitants  were  wont  to  creep  back  again 
when  the  storm  had  blown  over.  In  the  year  1656  there  was 
a  printed  declaration  published,  renewing  the  order  that  all 
Irish  and  Papists  withdraw  to  a  distance  of  two  miles  from  all 
walled  towns  or  garrisons  before  26th  of  the  May  in  that  year, 
which  seems  to  have  been  executed  with  more  rigour  than 
usual;  for  on  the  2nd  of  August  the  Mayor  of  Dublin  was 
directed  to  report  the  progress  made,  because  many  trans- 
plantable persons,  owners  of  houses  in  the  city,  still  lingering 
in  Dublin,  were  found  on  the  18th  July  to  have  refused  to 
give  up  their  houses  to  the  new  English  lessees  of  the  State. 
On  24th  October  the  Mayor  was  directed  to  take  effectual 
means  to  remove  all  that  might  be  then  dwelling  in  the  city, 
and  all  places  within  the  line,  wdthin  forty-eight  hours  after 
publication  of  the  order. ^  And  on  19th  November  a  list  of 
the  names  of  all  not  removing  was  returned  to  the  Council, 
with  the  view  of  ordering  them  for  trial  by  court  martial. 

The  government,  however,  though  baffled,  still  kept  the 
great  work  in  view.     On  31st  December,  1656,  finding  that 

And  taking  notice  through  divers  examinations  and  depositions 
extant,  that  this  Mi"s.  Preswick  hath  of  late  received  divers  pub- 
lique  affronts,  and  that  violence  hath  been  used  by  some  evil 
disposed  persons,  to  her  great  horror  and  discouragement,  whereby 
she  hath  lost  opportunities  of  giving  desired  helpe  to  women  in 
labour  of  child  birth,  and  through  those  affrights  is  become 
timorous,  and  consequently  less  able  to  exercise  the  midwife's 
function,  much  to  the  dissatisfaction  of  divers  ;  these  are  therefor 
to  declare  that  in  case  any  person  shall  offer  any  affront  or  violence 
for  the  future  to  the  said  Mrs.  Preswick,  alias  Beere,  in  her  daily 
going  up  and  down  to  perform  her  public  trust  and  office  of  mid- 
wife as  aforesaid,  such  i^ersons  are  to  expect  a  severe  proceeding 
with  according  to  law.  And  all  justices  of  the  peace,  officers  civil 
and  military,  and  others  concerned,  are  to  take  notice,  and  be 
ayding  and  assisting  to  her  in  the  performance  of  her  duty  as 
aforesaid.     Dublin,  23rd  May,  1655. 

"  Thomas  Herbert,  Clerk  of  the  Council," 
A  (5),  p.  166,  1  A  (5),  p.  264, 


OF  IKELAND.  283 

divers  Irish  transphintable  into  Cunnaughfc  had  not  only 
neglected  to  remove,  but  had  continued  to  reside,  or  had  in- 
truded themselves  into  sundry  cities,  walled  towns,  and  garri- 
sons throughout  this  nation,  they  issued  several  special  orders, 
directed  to  the  governors  of  the  several  cities,  towns,  and  gar- 
risons in  the  three  provinces  to  send  up  lists  of  the  names  of 
all  such  persons,  in  order  probably  to  the  arrest  and  trial  of 
some  of  them  at  the  assizes,  where  numbers  were  often  found 
guilty  of  not  transplanting,  and  transported  to  theBarbadoes. 

The  consequence  of  clearing  the  towns  of  their  inhabitants 
was  to  leave  them  ruinous  :  the  few  English  were  not  enough 
to  occupy  them,  and  the  deserted  houses  fell  down,  or  were 
pulled  down  to  use  the  tiinber  for  firing.  Lord  Inchiquin, 
President  of  Munster,  M'as  charged  in  1647  with  having  given 
houses  in  the  city  of  Cork,  and  farms  in  the  suburbs,  to  his 
own  menial  servants,  as  barbers,  grooms,  and  others.  His 
answer  was,  that  upon  the  expelling  of  the  Irish  out  of  Cork, 
it  was  to  the  benefit  of  the  State  that  he  should  place  any  per- 
sons in  the  houses  on  the  sole  condition  of  upholding  them, 
which  otherwise,  being  waste  and  uninhabited,  would  have 
fallen  to  the  ground ;  and  though  by  this  means  many  of  the 
houses  were  preserved,  yet  for  want  of  inhabitants  about 
three  thousand  good  houses  in  Cork,  and  as  many  in  Youghal, 
had  been  destroyed  by  the  soldiers,  finding  them  empty,  and 
for  want  of  firing  in  their  guards. ^ 

For  such  a  scene  of  desolation  as  the  cities  and  towns  of 
Ireland  presented  at  this  period,  recourse  must  be  had  to  the 
records  of  antiquity  ;  and  there,  in  the  ruined  state  of  the  towns 
of  Sicily,  wdien  rescued  by  Timoleon  from  the  tyranny  of  the 

1  Pp.  5,  6,  "  Articles  humbly  presented  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons against  Murrough  O'Brien,  Lord  Baron  of  Tnc  hitiuiii,  and 
Lord  President  of  Munster,  subscribed  by  Lord  Broghill  and  Sir 
Arthur  Loftus  :  with  a  clear  Answer  thereto  made.  By  Richard 
Gething,  Secretary  to  the  Lord  President."  Small  4to,  Londgn  ; 
1647. 


284  THE   CROMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

Carthaginians,  there  is  to  be  found  a  parallel.  Syracuse,  when 
taken,  was  found  comparatively  destitute  of  inhabitants.  So 
little  frequented  was  the  market  place,  that  it  produced  grass 
enough  for  the  horses  to  pasture  on,  and  for  the  grooms  to  lie 
in  by  them  as  they  grazed.  The  other  cities  were  deserts,  full 
of  deer  and  wild  boars ;  and  such  as  had  this  use  for  it  hunted 
them  in  the  suburbs  round  the  walls.*  And  such  was  the  case 
in  Ireland.  On  the  20th  December,  1652,  a  public  hunt  by 
the  assembled  inhabitants  of  the  barony  of  Castleknock  was 
ordered  by  the  State  of  the  numerous  wolves  lying  in  the 
wood  of  the  ward,  only  six  miles  north  of  Dublin. ^ 

But  this  desolation  was,  as  usual,  only  preparatory  to  the 
improveinent  of  Ireland.  On  the  4th  of  March,  1657,  the 
Commissioners  for  the  Affairs  of  Ireland  pressed  upon  the 
government  in  England  the  improved  condition  of  affairs,  and 
that  the  towns  were  novf  ready  for  the  English,  and  urging 
them  to  make  it  public  in  that  country  that  they  had  been 
cleared  of  Irish,  as  appears  by  the  following  letter:  — 

"  To  Secretary  Thurloe. 

"Dublin  Castle,  Uh  March,  1656-7. 

"Eight  Honourable — The  Council,  having  lately  taken 
into  their  most  serious  consideration  what  may  be  most  for  the 
security  of  this  country,  and  the  encouragement  of  the  English 
to  come  over  and  plant  here,  did  think  fitt  that  all  Popish  re- 
cusants, as  well  proprietors  as  others,  whose  habitations  is  in 
any  port-towns,  walled-towns,  or  garrisons,  and  who  did  not 
before  the  15th  September,  1643  (being  the  time  mentioned 
in  the  Act  of  1653  for  the  encouragement  of  adventurers  and 
soldiers),  and  ever  since  profess  the  Protestant  religion, 
should  remove  themselves  and  their  families  out  of  all  such 

1  Plutarch,  "  Life  of  Tiinoleon."  2  a  (82),  p.  492. 


OF  lEELAND.  285 

places,  and  two  miles  at  the  least  distant  therefrom,  before 
20th  May  next;  and  being  desirous  that  the  English  people 
may  take  notice,  that  by  this  means  there  will  be  both 
security  and  conveniency  of  habitation  for  such  as  shall  be 
willing  to  come  over  as  planters,  they  have  commanded  me 
to  send  you  the  enclosed  declaration,  and  to  desire  you  that 
you  will  take  some  course,  whereby  it  may  be  made  known 
unto  the  people  for  their  encouragement  to  come  over  and 
plant  in  this  country. 

"  Your  humble  servant, 
"  Thomas  Herbert,  Clerk  of  the  Council."^ 


THE  CLEARING  OF  THE  CITY  OF  KILKENNY. 

But,  since  particular  instances  are  sometimes  found  to 
strike  the  mind  more  forcibly  than  general  calamities,  though 
the  general  calamity  is  simply  the  misery  of  individuals  mul- 
tiplied, it  may  be  worth  while  to  concentrate  attention  on 
three  towns,  such  as  Kilkenny,  Waterford,  and  Galway,  in 
order  better  to  comprehend  the  scenes  that  were  enacted  in 
every  town  in  Ireland,  betwen  1650  and  1660. 

The  towns  of  Ireland  were  English  fortresses,  and  always, 
until  1641,  considered  the  mainstay  of  the  English  interest  in 
Ireland.  In  many  of  them  there  is,  to  this  day,  a  suburb 
known  as  the  Irish  town.  It  lies  just  outside  the  principal 
gate.  In  modern  days  it  is  only  known  as  a  quarter  inhabited 
by  the  poorest  of  the  citizens.  But  the  name  serves  to  recall 
a  period  when  two  towns,  occupied  by  different  races,  stood 
beside  one  another;  the  one,  a  kind  of  fortress  or  military 
town,  wherein  dwelt  the  invaders,  with  their  wives,  families, 
and  servants ;  the  other,  an  assemblage  of  cabins  or  booths  at 
the  gate  of  the  fortress,  occupied  by  the  native  inhabitants, 

1  A   (30),  p.   246. 


286  THE   CEOIMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

who  supplied  them  with  such  wares  as  eggs,  milk,  butter, 
and  fish,  or  were  employed  by  them  as  masons,  carpenters, 
curriers,  carters,  and  day  labourers.  One  has  only  to  turn  to 
India  to  behold  at  the  present  day  a  state  not  very  dissimilar, 
where,  at  the  gate  of  the  English  cantonments,  occupied  by 
the  English  officers,  and  their  families,  and  the  troops  under 
their  command,  is  the  native  town,  or  sometimes  the  bazaar, 
at  which  the  garrison  deal  for  their  provisions.  Such,  in  a 
great  measure,  was  Kilkenny.  Round  the  Norman  Castle  of 
the  Butlers,  seated  on  a  cliS  above  the  Nore,  was  the  Eng- 
lish town,  enclosed  with  embattled  walls,  salient  towers,  and 
bastions.    Outside  the  gate  lay  the  Irish  town. 

It  was  founded  by  William,  Earl  Marshal,  representative 
of  Earl  Eichard,  Strongbow.  It  was  an  ancient  colony  from 
England  (to  use  the  language  of  King  James'  Charter  of  16th 
October,  1608,  making  it  a  city),i  which  retained  the  English 
laws,  language,  and  customs,  while  the  neighbourhood  had 
lapsed  into  Irish  barbarism,  and  had  ever  manfully  repelled 
and  prosecuted  the  King's  enemies.  The  citizens  were  proud 
of  their  old  English  blood;  and  the  fair  hair  and  clear  com- 
plexion of  the  women  of  Kilkenny  (due  perhaps  in  some 
degree  to  their  fires  of  smokeless  coal),  their  sweet  oval  faces, 
and  their  tall  and  graceful  figures,  plainly  tell  of  their  descent. 

The  burghers  were  all  English.  They  collected  the  names 
of  the  chief  of  them  in  this  distich, 

"  Archdekin,   Archer,   Cowley,  Langton,  Lee, 
Knaresborough,   Lawless,   Raggett,   Rothe,    and   Sliee."  2 

As  the  favourite  residence  of  the  Earls  of  Ormond,  it  be- 
came a  kind  of  second  capital  of  Leinster.     Here  met  the 

1  Memorial  of  the  family  of  Langton,  by  John  G.  A.  Prim, 
"  Kilkenny  Archaeological  Journal."  vol.  iv.,  New  Series  (April 
1864).  p.  72. 

2  Ibid. 


OF  lEELAND.  287 

first  convention  or  Parliament  of  English  of  the  birth  of  Ire- 
land, in  the  reign  of  Edward  III.,  to  resist  the  resumption 
of  grants  (in  other  words,  the  seizure  of  their  lands)  by  a 
Parliament  at  Dublin,  packed  with  English  Adventurers,  to 
carry  out  this  favourite  scheme.  "  How  be  it  (says  Sir  John 
Davis),  there  followed  upon  this  resumption  such  a  division 
and  faction,  between  the  English  of  birth  and  the  English  of 
blood  and  race,  as  they  summoned  and  held  several  Parlia- 
ments, apart  one  from  the  other,  "i  In  nearly  similar  circum- 
stances it  became  the  capital  of  the  Confederate  Catholics  in 
1642.  Here  sat  their  Supreme  Council  and  General  Assembly, 
the  Parliament  of  the  Irish,  while  the  Parliament  of  the 
English  sat  in  Dublin. 

On  the  27th  of  March,  1650,  Kilkenny  surrendered  to 
Cromwell.  For  three  years  longer  the  relics  of  the  in- 
habitants were  continued  in  dismal  protection,  waiting  for 
events. 

They  beheld  the  High  Court  of  Justice  assemble  (in  the 
place  where  the  Confederate  Assembly  sat  for  eight  years), 
with  such  ceremonies  as  were  used  in  England,  the  President 
being  attended  by  twenty-four  halberdiers, ^  and  by  the  Ser- 
jeant-at-Arms, with  the  great  mace  sent  down  under  military 
guard  from  the  Council  Chamber  at  Dublin  Castle, ^  and  other 
officers  of  the  court  with  their  staves  tipped  in  silver.  It 
was  a  great  Court  Martial  of  the  conquering  English  to  try 
the  vanquished  Irish,  consisting  as  it  did  of  near  an  hundred 
officers  of  Cromwell's  army,  with  a  few  lawyers  intermixed, 

1  "  A  Discoverie  of  the  true  Causes  why  Ireland  was  never 
entirely  subdued,  &c.,"  by  Sir  John  Davis,  p.  660.  "  Irish 
Tracts,"   by  Alexander  Thorn.     8vo.      Dublin:    1860. 

2  "  From  Kilkenny  in  Ireland,  October  14,  1652."  "  Mercur. 
Politicus,"  p.   1969. 

3  "  The  mace  to  be  taken  from  the  Castle  of  Dublin  to  Kil- 
kenny for  the  High  Court  of  Justice,  28tli  September,  1652." 
Governors  along  the  road  to  fvn-nish  guards  of  horse  to  convey 
Serjeant  Mortimer  in  coming  to  Kilkenny.     A   (82),   p.   340. 


288  THE   CROMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

the  decree  of  twelve  being  enough  to  sentence  to  death. i 
They  saw  the  gallant  Colonel  Walter  Bagnall,  Ormond's 
cousin,  led  out  from  this  slaughter  house  to  be  "  bulleted 
alive";  they  saw  Mrs.  Fitzpatrick,  the  mother  of  Colonel 
John  Fitzpatrick,  Ormond's  future  brother-in-law,  hanged, 
both  as  murderers— a  crime  of  which  they  were  far  less 
capable  than  their  judges— and  a  whole  crowd,  many  of  them 
equally  guiltless. 2  The  citizens  still  hoped,  probably,  that 
when  satiated  with  blood,  there  would  rise  for  them  a  day  of 
peace.  Two  years  more  elapsed,  and  they  were  commanded 
to  quit  the  town  and  give  place  to  a  fresh  colony  from  what 
has  been,  called  their  own  "  Cannibal  "  nation.3  Proprietors 
and  swordmen  were  to  transplant  to  Connaught ;  the  rest  to 
seek  shelter  where  they  might,  but  never  to  come  within  two 
miles  of  their  former  happy  home. 

Lady  Fanshaw  has  described  the  terrors,  and  tears,  and 
cries  of  men,  women  and  children,  the  inhabitants  of  Youghal, 
driven  from  their  ancient  habitations  in  October,  1649.' 
There  remains  no  record  by  any  of  the  banished  citizens  of 
Kilkenny  to  paint  their  woes;  or  to  tell 

"  What  sorrows  gloomed  that  parting  day 
That  tore  them  from  their  native  walks  away." 

But  amongst  them  was  one  widow  with  her  children,  who 
sought  refuge  with  others  in  Ballinakill,  a  town  in  the  Queen's 
County,  about  sixteen  miles  north  of  Kilkenny.  She  had 
been  the  wife  of  Michael  Langton,  deceased,  one  of  the  chief 

1  Commission,  dated  8th  September,  1652.  Library  of  Trinity 
College,   Dublin,  MSS.   F.   3,   18. 

2  "  Mercur.  Politicus,"  Dec.  27,  1652,  p.  2151. 

3  "  The  English  Interest  Anatomized,"  *c.  A.D.  1666.  MS. 
"  Carte   Papers,"   vol.   ccxxxii.,   p.   113. 

*  "  Memoirs  of  Lady  Fanshaw,  wife  of  the  Right  Honourable 
Sir  Richard  Fanshaw,  Bart.,  written  by  herself,"  p.  77.  8vo. 
London:  1829. 


OF  lEELAND  289 

old  burgher  families,  nearly  as  old  as  the  founding  of  Kil- 
kenny. Her  eldest  son,  Nicholas,  was  apprenticed  in  1649, 
to  a  merchant  in  Ross,  on  the  Eiver  Barrow,  then,  and  for 
ages  before,  a  port  rivalHng  Waterford  in  shipping.  But  being 
sent  by  his  master  as  supercargo  to  France,  the  ship  was  taken 
by  two  Sallee  Pickaroons,  and  he  was  kept  in  slavery  for 
three  years  and  four  months  on  the  coast  of  Barbary;  conse- 
quently, he  was  not  present  at  the  putting  forth  of  his  mother, 
his  sisters  and  the  family,  from  the  town.  But  he  rejoined  her 
on  escaping  from  the  Algerines,  at  Ballinakill,  to  find  his 
country  under  English  slavery  almost  as  bad  as  the  Algerine. 
There  he  dwelt  with  her  in  banishment  for  nine  years ;  there 
he  married,  and  had  sons  and  daughters  born  to  him  in  exile. 
For  there  he  copied  "  the  memorials  of  his  grandfather's  and 
father's  children  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  God  1658,"  "being 
the  fifth  year  of  our  banishment  by  Cromwell,"  as  he  him- 
self has  recorded,  adding  that  he  again  transcribed  them  in 
Kilkenny  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  God  1679,  being  the 
sixteenth  year  after  his  return  into  his  ancestors'  house,  and 
the  nineteenth  of  the  King's  Restoration. i 

It  may  be  easily  conceived  with  what  joy  the  exiled  and 
transplanted  Irish  must  have  heard  of  the  recall  of  the  King 
by  the  Convention  that  assembled  in  Dublin  in  February, 
1660.  They  prepared  to  recross  the  Shannon,  and  quit  their 
other  places  of  exile  to  get  back  to  their  ancient  homes.  But 
the  Convention,  composed  entirely  of  Cromwellian  officers, 
got  the  King,  by  the  advice  of  the  Parliament  of  England,  to 
issue  a  proclamation  (IJune,  1660),  suggesting  (most  falsely), 
that  the  Irish  had  broken  out  into  new  murthers  and  violence, 
robbing  and  despoiling  several  of  his  Majesty's  Protestant 


1  Memorials  of  the  Family  of  Langton,  of  Kilkenny,  by  John  G. 
A.   Prim,    "  Kilkenny  Archasological  Journal  "    (New  Series),   vol. 
iv.,  p.  85, 
Y 


290  THE   CEOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

subjects  there  planted,  and  disquieting  their  possessions.  The 
King,  therefore,  by  the  advice  of  the  Lords  and  Commons 
assembled  in  Parliament  at  Westminster,  declared  that  he 
held  it  his  duty  to  God  and  the  whole  Protestant  interest,  to 
order  that  all  Irish  rebels  remaining  in  England,  or  coming 
thither,  or  into  Ireland,  should  be  seized  and  proceeded 
against  as  traitors;  and  that  the  Adventurers  and  Soldiers 
should  not  be  disturbed^ — thus  implying  "  that  the  Irish  were 
up  in  arms,  when,  in  truth,  they  were  up  in  prison,"  as  was 
said.  For  the  Lords  Justices  and  Convention  had  alread}^  con- 
fined them  under  the  severest  penalties  to  their  then  abodes. 
The  exiled  inhabitants  of  Kilkenny  considered  themselves 
peculiarly  happy  in  having  a  powerful  patron  at  Court  in 
Ormond.  They  addressed  their  petition  privately  to  the  King. 
Their  ancestors,  they  informed  his  Majesty,  were  an  ancient 
English  colony,  planted  in  Kilkenny  by  William  Earl  Marshal, 
Earl  Palatine  of  Leinster  in  the  reign  of  King  John ;  and  that 
they  had  always  continued  true  subjects  to  the  Crown  of 
England,  and  a  terror  to  the  King's  enemies,  as  appeared  by 
their  many  charters.  Their  city  endured  a  seven  days'  siege, 
and  had  suffered  the  extremities  of  plague,  fire,  and  sword, 
and  four  several  storms  at  several  parts  of  the  city,  which  were 
repulsed.  But  after  a  great  breach  made  by  cannon  shot  of 
above  fifty  great  bullets,  all  for  standing  for  his  Majesty's  in- 
terest, at  last,  by  direction  of  the  Commander-in-Chief  of  his 
Majesty's  Forces  in  those  parts,  Sir  Walter  Butler,  Bart., 
Governor  of  the  city  and  castle  under  Lord  Ormond,  the  then 
Lord  Lieutenant,  they  surrendered  on  27th  March,  1650,  on 
terms  granted  by  the  late  Usurper,  of  the  governor  and 
soldiers  departing  with  bag  and  baggage,  and  security  of  the 
inhabitants  in  their  lives  and  estates.  After  that  rendition 
the  said  Usurper  left  with  their  then  citizens  and  their  mayor 

i  Printed  Proclamation.     BocUey's  Library.     S.  Jur.     Folio. 


or  lEELAND.  291 

their  ensigns  of  authority,  declaring  that  he  came  not  to 
destroy,  but  to  cherish  them.  Yet  Colonel  Daniel  Axtell, 
appointed  governor  under  the  Usurper,  out  of  his  innate 
quarter-breaking  mind  and  quality,  seized  the  city  charters 
and  ensigns,  and  dispersed  and  banished,  as  well  the  mayor, 
aldermen,  and  other  officers,  as  the  inhabitants,  forcing  them 
in  an  unseasonable  time  of  the  year  to  remove  from  their 
habitations,  and  to  sell  their  goods  at  an  undervalue.  Since 
which  time  they  lived,  and  do  live,  in  a  distressed  and  sad 
condition.  They  urged  that  it  was  against  the  honour  of  Eng- 
land (which  the  Usurper  protected  in  his  actions)  that  his 
capitulation  should  be  broken ;  and  in  conclusion,  that  it  ap- 
peared in  the  Old  Testament  that  the  breach  of  the  quarter 
given  by  Josue  to  the  Gibeonites  was,  some  hundred  years 
after,  severely  punished  in  the  posterity  of  King  Saul,  the 
breaker  of  that  quarter.  And  as  he  that  was  then  mayor  of 
the  city  was  yet  living  in  Connaught  in  a  distressed  condition, 
they  humbly  conceived  that  he  was  still  the  rightful  mayor, 
and  those  then  pretending  to  be  officers  of  that  corporation 
were  usurpers  upon  the  Petitioners'  rights.^  They  at  the 
same  time  addressed  Ormond,  "  while  still  in  durance  in  their 
old  prisons  of  misery,  poverty,  and  slavery,"  and  said  they 
doubted  not  that  God  had  preserved  him  for  the  good  of  the 
three  kingdoms,  and  especially  for  their  distressed  nation, 
where  he  had  drawn  his  first  breath.  And,  in  conclusion,  they 
told  him  they  "  had  presumed,  out  of  their  coverts  and  lurk- 
ing places,"  to  address  his  Majesty,  and  had  sent  the  address 
to  some  friends  in  London ;  but  that  it  would  die  unless  Or- 
mond gave  life  to  it  by  his  countenance  and  favour. 2     They 

1  "  The  Clearing  of  Kilkenny,  Anno  1651."  iJy  Jolin  P.  Pien- 
dergast.  Kilkenny  Arch.Lol.  Journal.  Vol.  iii.  (New  tSeries),  A.D. 
18G1,  p.  342. 

2  Ibid.,  p.  340.  Endorsed  in  Ormond's  hand,  *'  Irish  Inhabi- 
tants of  Kilkenny.     Reed  ]8th  Jm\e,  1661," 


292  THE    CKOMWELLIAN    SETTLEMENT 

little  knew  that  with  Orinond,  like  every  Englishman,  the 
preservation  of  the  English  interest  was  the  ultima  ratio 
regum,^  before  which  all  ties  of  family,  comitry,  humanity, 
go  down.  Their  first  rude  awakening  to  this  truth  must  have 
been  to  find  the  English  just  returned  from  banishment  worse 
than  the  Puritans;  for  those  that  were  spared  by  Cromwell 
were  driven  out  by  the  Royalists.  "  Worthy  cousin,"  wrote 
Eichard  Shee  from  Kilkenny,  the  first  Christmas  after  the 
King's  Restoration,  to  Patrick  Bryan,  "  the  lawyer,"  in  Lon- 
don, "  there  are  thirty-two  artificers  and  shopmen  whom  the 
late  Usurper  thought  fit  to  dispense  from  transplantation, 
and  are  now  commanded  by  strict  order  in  twenty  hours' 
warning  (given  them  last  Friday)  to  depart  with  their  families. 
The  poor  people,  with  sighs  and  tears,  desired  me  to  implore 
you  to  obtain  some  countermand  from  the  Duke  or  His  High- 
ness, for  which  they  will  always  remain  your  debtor.  Their 
distraction  [he  concluded]  hindered  this  request  to  b"e  sub- 
scribed with  their  own  hands.  "^ 


1  "  The  English  Interest  Anatomized,"  &c.,  ut  supra. 

2  Richard  Shee  "to  Patrick  Bryan,  at  his  Lodgings  at  Gray's 
Inn."  Dated  December,  1660.  "  Carte  Papers,"  vol.  ccxiv.,  ji. 
194.  "  Colonel  [Richard]  Talbot  tells  me  Mr  Bryan,  the  Lawyer, 
will  shortly  be  here.  I  presume,  by  him  the  Letter  in  form  from 
the  King  concerning  your  pretensions  will  come."  Ormond  to 
Secy  Bennett,  August  16,  1662.  "  Carte  Papers,"  ibid.  This  is 
probably  the  Mr.  Bryan  recommended  by  Axtell,  the  Commissioner 
of  Parliament  for  the  Affairs  of  Ireland,  to  the  Benchers  of  Lin- 
coln's Inn  : 

"  To  the  Society  of  LincoWs  Inn. 

"  Gentlemen, — Coming  into  these  parts  we  received  from  Colo- 
nel Axtell,  Governor  of  Kilkenny,  very  fair  testimony  of  the 
carriage   of  Mr  John  Brien,   of    [  ],l  in  the  County  of  Kil- 

kenny, Esq.  At  wliose  request  and  earnest  intreaty  we  recom- 
mend to  your  favour  the  bearer,  Mr  [  ]  2  Bryan,  his  eldest 
son,  who  (out  of  liis  love  to  good  literature  and  civil  education) 
humbly  desires  he  may  be  admitted  a  member  of  your  >Society. 
Whereunto  we  are  the  rather  induced  in  regard  the.  father  is  a 
gentleman  of  an  ancient  family  and  considerable  fortune,  and  one 


OF  IRELAND.  293 

In  the  year  1663,  some  of  the  late  mhabitants,  as  Walter 
Archer,  Esq.,  Sir  Eobert  Rothe,  John  Bryan  of  Jenkins- 
town,  Esq.,  Mary  Bryan,  and  Garret  Wall,  of  Coolnemuck, 
Esq.,  obtained  the  King's  Letters  for  being  restored  to  their 
houses  and  lands,  within  the  City  and  Liberties  of  Kilkenny, 
as  soon  as  they  should  obtain  decrees  of  Innocence  in  Court 
of  Claims.  1  For  the  Adventurers  and  Soldiers  had  so  con- 
trived the  Act  of  Settlement,  that  the  banished  Irish  were  not 
to  be  restored  to  their  dwellings  and  properties  in  towns,  even 
though  decreed  innocent. ^  They  were  given  to  the  Protestant 
Officers  who  served  the  King  in  Ireland  before  the  5th  of 
June,  1649,3  that  they  might  not  be  worse  off  than  the  Crom- 
wellian  Soldiery.  By  the  Act,  however,  the  King  might 
restore  Innocent  Papists  by  name.*  The  Forty-Nine  Officers 
now  insisted  that  they  must  be  first  decreed  innocent,  and  that 
the  King's  Letters  for  restoring  these  Papists  were  against 
the  security  of  the  English  interest,  against  the  words  of  the 
Act,  and  would  deprive  them  of  much  of  what  was  designed 


that  hath  been  active  against  the  enemy,  killed  a  Captain  of  the 
Tories,  and  did  some  other  good  services  to  the  Commonwealth  in 
this  nation. 

"  And,  besides,  the  Gentleman  is  young  and  seemingly  in- 
genuous ;  and  who  knows  but  the  Lord  may  give  him  a  self-con- 
vincing spirit  to  the  forsaking  the  blindness  of  his  father's  house, 
and  reducing  him  unto  the  way  of  truth  ?  Which  is  the  many 
motives  that  put  us  upon  this  motion,  which  we  commit  to  your 
consideration,  and  rest,  Gentlemen,  Yours,  &c. 

"  [Edmund  Li'dlow.]  3     [Miles  Corbet.]  *     [J.  Weaver.]  "  s 
A  (2),  p.  302. 

1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  blank  in  the  entry. 

1  The  King  to  the  Commissioners  of  the  Court  of  Claims,  June 
1,   1663.      "  Carte  Papers,"   vol.  xliii.,    110. 

2  The  King's  Declaration  of  30th  November,  1660,  for  the  Settle- 
ment of  Ireland,  clause  xviii.,  embodied  in  Act  of  Settlement,  14 
and  15  Charles  II.,  chap.  2  (A.D.  1662). 

3  King's  Declaration.     Ibid.,  clause  viii. 
*Id.,   clause   xviii. 


294  THE  CEOMWELLIAN  SETTLEMENT 

for  their  arrears;  and  they  appKed  to  Ormonde  to  support 
their  objection,  which  he  did.^  The  Commissioners  were 
ordered  by  the  Council  to  suspend  the  giving  of  any  decrees  of 
innocence  to  Papists  possessed  of  house  property  in  towns  ;2 
and  by  the  Act  of  Explanation  (A.D.  1665),  the  King  sur- 
rendered his  power.*  By  the  same  Act  of  Parliament,  all 
Innocents  were  for  ever  concluded.     Hear  their  cry  ! 

"It  will  be  (wrote  their  advocate)  a  paradox  to  posterity 
that  the  most  merciful  King, that  pardoned  the  murderers  of 
his  royal  father,  should  now  give  an  irrevocable  sentence  of 
death  against  so  many  thousand  Innocents.  I  cannot  foretell 
what  opinion  will  be  had  hereafter  of  this  English  interest; 
but  it  seems  it  is  now  become  the  Ultima  Ratio  Regum ,  when 
no  other  can  be  given,  and  the  No7i  Plus  Ultra  to  all  human 
ratiocination. 

"  The  English  interest  alone  is  privileged  to  endure  no  com- 
panion. It  is  the  only  interest  on  earth  that  cannot  subsist 
without  the  neighbours'  ruin;  that  cannot  be  preserved  with- 
out destroying  all  the  rest  of  mankind  where  it  is  concerned. 
May  we  not,  therefore,  justly  call  it  an  unsocial,  unchristian, 
and  inhuman  interest?  Nay,  a  monster  in  nature — for  it  fat- 
tens itself  with  its  own  blood.  For  it  appeareth  that  a  great 
part  of  the  Irish  natives  now  destroyed  upon  account  of  secur- 
ing the  English  interest  are  of  English  extraction,  descended 
from  ancient  English  colonies,  who  first  brought  over  that  in- 
terest, and  maintained  it  here  to  our  times.  If  this  Cannibal 
English  interest  gives  no  better  quarter  to  the  children  of 
English,  what  can  strangers  expect?     If  the  interest  of  Eng- 


1  Orraond  to  Secretary  Sir  H.  Bennett,  June  13,  1663.     "  Carte 
Papers,"   vol.   cxliii.,  p.   141. 

2  Order  of  Council,   dated  27tli  July,    1663.      "  Carte  Papers," 
vol.  xliv.,  p.  404. 

3  17th  and  18th  Charles  II.,  chap  ii.,  sect.  221. 


OF  lEELAND.  295 

land  cannot  be  maintained  in  Wexford,  Kilkenny,  and  Galway, 
without  extirpating  the  old  natives,  whose  English  ancestors 
built  those  cities,  and  surrounded  them  with  walls  for  the  pre- 
servation of  that  interest,  what  security  can  the  race  of  the 
now  Adventurers  and  Souldiers  have  hereafter  in  Ireland.^ 
Or  what  security  can  they  propose  to  themselves  that,  within 
an  age  or  two  at  the  most,  new  colonies  shall  not  come  out  of 
England  to  dispossess  them  of  their  estates,  upon  the  account 
of  settling  a  newer  English  interest, ^  just  as  their  fathers  do 
now  dispossess  the  offspring  of  the  last  English?  Neither 
can  these  new  English  Colonies  (that  shall  come  over  one 
hundred  years  hence,  to  extirpate  the  posterity  of  the  now 
Adventurers  and  Souldiers),  have  any  security  for  their  chil- 
dren; so  that  to  the  world's  end  (according  to  this  new  form 
of  government),  the  English  interest  can  never  be  settled  in 
Ireland,  nor  in  any  other  subdued  country.  "^ 


THE    CLEARING   OF   WATERFORD. 

As  Kilkenny  was  purely  of  English  foundation,  so  Water- 
ford  owed  its  foundation  to  the  Danes.  And  no  sooner  did 
the  English  get  possession  of  it,  in  the  days  of  King  Henry  II., 
than  they  thrust  forth  the  Danes,  to  people  it  with  English, 
just  as  they  expelled  the  descendants  of  those  new  colonists, 
in  1654,  to  repeople  it  with  newer  English.  When  Kobert 
Walsh  was  indicted  at  Waterford,  in  1384,  for  killing  John, 
son  of  Ivor  M'Gilmore,  and  pleaded  that  he  was  Irish,  and 
that  it  was  no  felony  to  kill  an  Irishman,  the  King's  Attorney 

1  See  p.  7,  n.  2,  supra. 

2  He  seems  to  have  foreseen  the  Incumbered  Estates  Act. 

3  "  The  English  Interest  Anatomized  ;  And  the  fallacie  of  ar- 
guments drawn  from  Obhgation  and  Necessity  for  tlie  present 
Settlement  of  Ireland.  Sufficiently  demonstrated  in  a  letter  from 
an  Irish  gentleman  to  his  friend  in  England.'-  [Anno.  1665]. 
"  Carte  Papers,"  vol.  ccxxii.,  p.  113. 


296  THE  CEOMWELLIAN  SETTLEMENT 

(John  fitz  John  fitz  Eobert  La  Poer)  repHed,  that  M'Gilmore 
was  an  Ostman  of  Waterford,  descended  of  Gerald  M'Gilmore, 
and  that  all  his  (Gerald's)  posterity  and  kinsmen  were  entitled 
to  the  law  of  Englishmen,  by  the  grant  of  Henry  fitz  Empress, 
which  he  (Mr.  Attorney)  produced.  And  issue  being  joined, 
the  jury  on  their  oaths  found,  that  at  the  first  invasion  of  the 
EngHsh,  Eeginald  the  Dane,  then  ruler  of  Waterford,  drew 
three  great  iron  chains  across  the  river,  to  bar  the  passage  of 
the  King's  fleet;  but  that,  being  conquered  and  taken  by  the 
English,  he  was  tried  and  hanged,  by  sentence  of  the  King's 
court  at  Waterford,  with  all  his  officers,  for  this  crime.  They 
further  found  that  King  Henry  II.  banished  all  the  then  in- 
habitants of  the  town  (except  Gerald  M'Gilmore,  who  joined 
the  English,  and  then  dwelt,  so  the  jury  found,  in  a  tower  over 
against  the  Church  of  the  Friars  Preachers,  very  old  and 
ruinous  at  the  time  of  the  trial),  and  assigned  them  a  place 
outside  the  town  to  dwell  at,  and  there  they  built  what  was 
then  (Anno  1384),  called  the  Ostmantown  of  Waterford. ^ 
And  the  same  seems  to  have  taken  place  at  Dublin  at  the  first 
invasion;  for  King  James  I.  (25th  May,  1609), 2  in  urging 
the  city  of  London  to  inhabit  the  ruined  city  of  Derry,  re- 
minded them  how  Dublin,  being  desolate  by  the  slaughter  of 
the  Ostmen,  was  given  by  King  Henry  II.  to  the  city  of 
Bristol,  and  (to  their  everlasting  commendation)  was  rein- 
habited  by  the  men  of  that  city.^  And  Waterford  was  pro- 
bably repeopled  from  the  same  source. 


1  Plea  Roll  of  3rd  to  7th  year  of  Edward  II.  Membrane  18  (old 
number,  83).  From  the  transcript  made  by  the  Record  Com- 
missioners of  1810 — 1825.     See  also  supra,  p.  22,  n. 

2  "  Close  Roll  of  Chancery,  7th  and  8th  Charles  I.  (1632—33). 
Calendar  of  Patent  and  Close  Rolls,  of  King  Charles  I.,  page  620. 
By  James  Morrin,  Clerk  of  the  Enrolments."  8vo.  Dublin: 
Alexander   Thom,    Her   Majesty's   Stationer,    1836. 

3  Hence,  perhaps,  the  Ostmantown  (or  Oxmantown)  of  Dublin. 


OF  lEELAXD.  297 

It  thenceforth  continued  to  be,  what  Sir  WilHam  Temple 
desired  (A.D.  1668),  that  Dubhn  should  for  ever  be  kept,  a 
chaste  English  town.i  Not  in  the  vulgar  sense ;  for  at  the  time 
of  Sir.  W.  Temple's  wish,  Dublin,  in  Mr.  Justice  Clodpole's 
opinion  (so  Ormond  said),  was  but  the  lesser  Sodom  ;2  but  pure 
of  Irish.  With  the  degenerate  Poers  of  Donile,  and  their  Irish 
confederates  the  O'Driscols  of  Baltimore,  the  mayor  and 
citizens  of  Waterford,  in  1368  and  1415,  waged  stout  war. 
Yet  this  did  not  hinder  the  Mayor  and  a  chivalrous  party  of 
his  citizens  from  going  by  sea  on  Christmas  eve  (A.D.  1453), 
well  armed,  to  Baltimore,  and  presenting  themselves  to 
O'Driscol  and  his  family  at  their  Christmas  dinner  in  the  hall. 
They  soon  relieved  them  of  their  terrors,  by  telling  them  they 
had  come,  not  to  injure  them,  but  to  carol  and  to  dance.  And 
having  enjoyed  his  hospitality,  they  brought  O'Driscol  and 
his  family  back  with  them  to  Waterford,  to  partake  of  the 
city  festivities,  and  to  dance  on  St.  Stephen's  Day.* 

This  city  got  liberty  from  Parliament,  by  25  Henry  VI. 
(A.D.  1447),  to  war  against  the  Poers  and  the  Welshmen, 
their  wild  neighbours,  as  Irish.'*  The  Parliament  seemed  to 
consider  it  a  kind  of  English  oasis  in  a  desert  of  Irish.  For 
in  the  year  1477  they  found  that  in  all  the  counties  round  the 
city  there  were  no  English  demeaning  themselves  as  English, 
but  dressing  and  acting  like  the  Irish ;  and  that  Eichard  Power 
had,  for  twenty  years,  been  sheriff  of  the  county,  and  had 
robbed  and  murdered  French,  English,  Spanish,  Portuguese, 
and  Flemish  merchants.     The     Mavor  and  Commons  were, 


1  "  Life  of  Sir  H.  Coventry,  by  T.  Peregrine  Coiu'tnev,"  vol.  i., 
pp.  382—384.     2  vols.     8vo.     London :  1836. 

2  Ormond    to    Lord  Kingston,    16    December,    1674.         "  Carte 
Papers,"   vol.   1.,   p.    123. 

3  MSS.  Library  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  F.   3,   16. 
*  Unpublished  Irish  Statutes. 


298  THE  CROMWELLIAN  SETTLEMENT 

therefore,  authorized,  by  16  and  17  Edward  IV.  (A.D.  1477), 
to  elect  a  sheriff  for  the  county.^  In  1647,  this  sea  town  (so 
the  EngHsh  newswriters  reported)  had  no  natural  Irish  in  it, 
nor  would  admit  any  during  these  troubles. ^  It  was  considered 
by  the  Kings  of  England  so  true,  that  it  got  from  them  the 
name  of  the  city  of  Unspotted  Loyalty,  which  it  bears  as  the 
motto  to  its  arms  to  this  day.' 

In  1650  (6th  August)  it  surrendered  to  Ireton,  after  so 
gallant  a  defence  by  General  Preston,  that  he  obtained  terms 
to  march  out  under  safe  conduct  to  Athlone,  standards  flying, 
trumpets  sounding,  pistols  and  carbines  loaded.*  But  in  due 
time  it  shared  the  fate  of  its  sister,  Kilkenny.  Its  merchants, 
the  Lombards,  the  Lincolnes,  the  Lynnets,  the  Geraldines, 
were  dispersed  and  banished ;  its  thronged  streets  became  de- 
solate, its  houses  dilapidated,  and  the  breast  of  its  broad  river 
shipless.  Ireton  now  (16th  February,  1650-1),  approved  of 
Colonel  Eichard  Lawrence's  proposals  for  the  raising  in  Eng- 
land of  a  regiixient  of  1,200  Footmen,  for  the  planting  and 
guarding  of  the  city.^  None  (or  but  a  few)  came.  In  1650  (10th 
December),  Waterford  (as  well  as  Limerick,  Galway  and  Cork), 
so  the  Commissioners  for  Ireland  informed  the  Lord  Protector 
and  Council  of  State,  had  become  ruinous,  the  houses  falling 
down,  and  by  indigent  people  pulled  down.^  But  at  length 
came  the  Eestoration;  and  the  King's  gracious  Declaration  of 
30th  November,  1660,  drawn  by  the  Cromwellians,  where  the 
King  is  made  to  comfort  himself  that  God,  who  had  wrought 

1  Unpublished  Irish  Statutes. 

2  "  Perfect  Diurnal  of  Passages  in  Pai-liament,"    "  News  from 
Dublin,"  9th  June,  1647,  p.   1629. 

3  "  Urbs  Intacta." 

*  "  The   Articles   of   Siirrender  in    Several   Proceedings   in   Par- 
liament, from  22nd  to  29th  August,  1650."     No.  48,  p.  710. 
3  Ibid.,   p.   1129. 
6  A  (30),  p.  217. 


OF  IBELAND.  299 

so  much  for  him  in  England,  would  bring  his  work  to  the 
same  perfection  in  Ireland,  and  not  suffer  his  good  subjects 
to  weep  in  one  kingdom,  while  they  rejoiced  in  the  other. i 
Some  of  the  banished  merchants  of  Waterford,  hearing  these 
happy  tidings  beyond  the  seas  at  Ostend,  St.  Malos,  Nantz, 
and  Kochelle,  in  France,  and  at  St.  Sebastian  and  Cadiz  in 
Spain,  on  behalf  of  themselves  (and  of  others,  in  far-off 
Mexico),  petitioned  (April  19,  1661),  to  be  allowed  to  return, 
and  to  exercise,  in  their  native  abode,  the  skill  they  had  gained 
in  traftiquing  during  their  eleven  years'  banishment,  since  the 
surrender  of  the  city  to  Ireton,  and  the  confiscation  of  their  pro- 
perties. God  had  blessed  their  efforts.  They  had  been  enabled 
to  relieve  such  of  His  Majesty's  distressed  officers  and  follow- 
ers as  came  in  their  way.  And,  if  they  were  now  restored  to 
their  little  properties  in  Waterford,  they  would  bring  thither 
their  stock,  and  exercise  their  insight  and  experience  in  their 
native  city.^  No  answer  appears  to  have  been  made  to  their 
prayer.  In  1664  (1st  August),  seven  other  merchants,  in 
behalf  of  themselves  and  others,  in  all  about  twenty,  young 
men  dispersed  beyond  the  seas,  petitioned  Ormonde  from 
St.  Malos.  They  had  acquired  by  their  industry,  in  the  thirteen 
years  last  past,  a  reasonable  stock,  but  much  more  in  expe- 
rience and  trafhque ;  their  insight  into  cominerce  being  such 
as  they  might  boldly  aver  it  to  exceed  that  of  all  their  pre- 
decessors in  that  city,  and  equal  to  that  of  all  the  merchants 
then  in  Ireland ;  and  that  their  being  gathered  together  in  one 
city  would,  in  process  of  time,  render  Waterford  as  flourishing 


1  Clause  v.,  embodied  in  the  Act  of  Settlement,  14  and  15  Char- 
les II.  (A.D.  16G2),  chap.  ii. 

2  "  The  petition  of  Mathew  Porter,  Nicholas  Geraldin,  Jasper 
Grant,  Nicholas  Lee  the  younger,  James  Lincolne,  Mathew 
Everard,  and  Luke  Hore,  banisht  mercliants  of  Waterford,  now 
residing  beyond  the  seas."     "  Carte  Papers,"  vol.  xxxiii.,  p.  35G. 


300  THE  CBOMWELLIAN  SETTLEMENT 

as  ever  it  was,  and  second  only  to  Dublin.  They  hoped  the 
Duke  of  Ormond  would  not  deem  the  inconvenience  greater 
than  the  benefit,  if  they  should  return  home,  and  practise  in 
their  native  soil  the  knowledge  they  had  acquired  in  foreign 
nations.  (And  sure  His  Grace  had,  in  his  person,  received  such 
many  advantages  from  his  outlandish  experience,  not  to  regard 
the  like  in  its  degree  in  others?)  They  would  be  leaders  of 
the  rest.  Their  estates  were  not  above  £800  a  year;  and  if 
restored.  His  Majesty  would  soon  regain  the  loss  of  their  re- 
turn.^ In  answer  they  were  bidden  to  send  over  one  of  their 
number,  and  they  should  be  furnished  with  Letters  of  Marque 
against  the  apprehended  war  with  the  Hollanders. ^ 

They  replied  (31  January,  1664-5),  that  they  would  be 
willing  to  equip  and  send  forth  privateers  from  Waterford,  if 
allowed  to  return  and  enjoy  their  properties  and  freedoms. 
These,  they  said,  were  their  hopes;  but  they  were  balanced  by 
their  fears,  grounded  on^  the  hard  usage  of  those  that  were  at 
home,  who  were  so  far  from  being  allowed  the  freedom  of  citi- 
zens, that  they  were  daily  threatened  to  be  expelled  the  town, 
and  were  as  ill  dealt  with  as  under  Cromwell. ^ 

Their  allusion,  no  doubt,  was  to  the  scenes  that  took  place 
two  years  before  (with  threats  since  of  repetition),  when  the 
gentry,  at  the  Restoration,  having  quitted  their  former  tillage 


1  "  Letter  to  Sir  Nicholas  Plunket  (towards  Ormond),  one  of 
the  Agents  for  the  Affairs  of  Ireland,  dated  St.  Malos,  1  August, 
1664."  Signed,  "  James  Lincolne,  Nicholas  Lee,  Junior,  Mathew 
Porter,  Mathew  Everard,  Nicholas  Geraldin  Redmon,  Luke  Hore, 
Jaspar  Grant."  P.S. — "  They  who  are  not  concerned  in  Estates 
are,  Anthony  Carew,  of  Ostend ;  Valentin  Morgan,  of  Saint  Sabas- 
tian ;  Francis  White,  of  Calls  ;  Andrew  Geraldin,  of  Nantz  ;  Wil- 
liam Lee,  of  Rochell ;  Nicholas  and  Theobald,  of  Saint  Malos ; 
Walter  Poore,  in  Mexico,  and  divers  others,  &c.,  Peeter  Lynett." 
"  Carte  Papers,"   vol.   xxxiii.,   p.   351. 

2  Ibid.,  p.  353. 

3  Mathew  Porter  to  Ormond.  Dated  "  Saint  Malos,  the  last 
of  January,   1664 — 5."     "  Carte  Papers,"  vol.  xxxiv.,  p.  22. 


OF  IRELAND.  301 

in  Connaught,  repaired  for  relief  and  habitation  to  other 
parts  of  the  kingdom,  and  there  took  farms.  On  the  7th  of 
December,  1661,  a  Committee  of  the  Commons,  then  sitting 
in  Dubhn,  waited  on  the  Lords  Justices  at  7  o'clock  at  night, 
with  a  letter  alleged  to  be  dropped  from  a  priest's  pocket,  near 
Trim,  importing  a  conspiracy  of  the  Irish. ^  Whereupon  they 
issued  a  proclamation,  dated  10th  December,  1661,  ordering 
all  Transplanters  back  to  Connaught,  and  all  merchants  and 
tradesmen  to  depart  the  towns  (even  those  who  had  been  tole- 
rated there  by  the  late  Usurpers),  on  twenty-four  hour's  warn- 
ing, with  their  wives,  children,  and  goods  and  families,  which 
was  executed  with  so  much  rigour,  as  many  women  (some  of 
them  big  with  child),  staying  at  Waterford  beyond  the  day 
prefixed  for  their  banishment,  were,  in  the  depth  of  winter, 
dragged  through  the  streets,  and  thrust  out  of  the  town. 2 

The  objections  to  the  restoring  of  these  poor  banished 
merchants  of  Waterford  (and  other  towns)  was,  that  they 
were  then  planted  with  English  who  had  brought  trade  and 
manufacture  into  the  kingdom. ^  But  Sir  Nicholas  Plunket 
answered,  that  they  would  prove  (if  allowed)  that  the  cor- 
porations never  had  less  trade,  nor  in  man's  memory  been  so 
poor  and  decayed  as  then.  The  reason  (he  said)  being  plain, 
that  most  of  those  transported  thither  were  such  as  had  not 

1  "  The  More  ample  Accompt,"  &c.,  pp.  2  to  5.  By  F.  Peter 
Walsh.  Dated  London,  3  February,  1661-2.  12mo."  London: 
1662. 
■  2  "  Tlie  Petition  of  Divers  Roman  Catholics  of  Ireland  to  His 
Majesty,  desiring  that  they  might  have  liberty  to  live  in  any 
County  or  Corporation  in  Ireland,  being  by  orders  of  the  Lords 
Justices,  commanded  into  Connaught."  [January,  1662?].  Liber 
H.,  "  Collections  concerning  the  Act  of  Settlement,"  p.  22. 
Record  Tower,  Dublin  Castle.  And  see  for  description,  "  The 
More  Ample  Accompt,"  vhi  supra;  and  "The  Clearing  of  Kil- 
kenny," "  Richard  Sliea's  Letter  to  Patrick  Ryan,"  suprd,  p.  292. 

3  "  His  Majesty's  Declaration  for  the  Settlement  of  Ireland  of 
30th  November,  1660,"  clause  xviii.  Embodied  in  Act  of  Settle- 
ment,  13  and  14  Chas.    II.   (A.D.   1062),  chap.   2. 


302  THE   CROMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

stock  or  means  to  drive  on  trade,  and  went  thither  in  hopes 
to  have  dwelHng  houses  without  rent  for  their  habitations. ^ 


THE  CLEARING  OF  GALWAY. 

Galway  seems  to  have  been,  even  before  the  Enghsh  con- 
quest, the  seat  of  foreign  traders.  And  some  time  after  the 
invasion  of  Henry  II.,  the  town  is  found  inhabited  by  a  num- 
ber of  families,  all  of  French  and  English  blood,  who  refused 
to  intermarry  with  the  Irish.  Their  relations  with  the  native 
race  may  best  be  understood  by  one  of  the  corporation  by- 
laws, which  enacts  (A.D.  1518)  that  none  of  the  inhabitants 
should  admit  any  of  the  Burkes,  M'Williams,  Kellys,  or  any 
other  sept  into  their  houses,  to  the  end  "  that  neither  0  ne 
Mac  should  strutte  ne  swagger  throughe  the  streets  of  Gall- 
way.  "^  In  1641  the  townspeople  were  all  English.  Eichard 
Martin,  one  of  the  principal  inhabitants,  in  announcing,  from 
Galway,  the  outbreak  of  the  Irish  in  the  neighbourhood,  to 
Lord  Ormond,  informs  him  (December,  1641)  that  the  town  is 
disfurnished  with  arms  and  munitions,  so  that  to  defend  those 
maiden  walls  they  had  but  naked  bodies.  And  in  allusion  to 
a  rumour  current  that  they  would  be  allowed  none,  he  says, 
God  forbid  it  should  be  true.  "  If  it  be  (said  he)  we  are  very 
unfortunate  to  be  hated  by  some  powerful  neighbours  for  be- 
ing all  English;  and  to  have  over  four  hundred  years'  con- 
stant and  unsuspected  loyalty  without  the  help  of  a 
garrison  (until  the  last  year,  when  there  was  no  need  for  it) 
forgotten  and  buried.  "^ 


1  "  The  Roman  Catholics  of  Ireland,  their  Answers  relating  to 
the  Proposals  offered  in  order  to  the  Settlement  of  Ireland  by  the 
Commissioners  from  the  Convention  of  Ireland  in  1660."  "  Carte 
Papers,"  vol.  Ixviii.,  Paper  6th. 

2  "  History  of  Galway,"  p.  20.     By  James  Hardiman.     4to. 

3  "  Carte  Papers,"  vol.  ii.,  p.  117. 


OF  IKELAND.  303 

Galway  was  the  last  fortress  of  the  Irish  in  the  war  of  1641, 
and  surrendered  to  Ludlow  on  the  20th  March,  1652,  on  ar- 
ticles, securing  the  inhabitants  their  residences  within  the 
town,  and  the  enjoyment  of  their  houses  and  estates.  The 
taxation  was  soon  so  great,  that  many  of  the  townspeople 
quitted  their  habitations,  and  removed  their  cattle,  unable  to 
endure  it.i  Consequently  the  contribution  fell  the  heavier  on 
the  remaining  inhabitants.  This  tax  was  collected  from  them 
every  Saturday  by  sound  of  trumpet;  and  if  not  instantly 
paid,  the  soldiery  rushed  into  the  house,  and  seized  what  they 
could  lay  hands  on.  The  sound  of  this  trumpet,  every  re- 
turning Saturday,  shook  their  souls  with  terror,  like  the  trum- 
pet of  the  day  of  judgment. ^  On  the  15th  March,  1653,  the 
Commissioners  for  Ireland,  remarking  upon  the  disaffection 
thus  exhibited,  confiscated  the  houses  of  those  that  had  de- 
serted the  town.  Those  that  fled  were  wise  in  time.  On  23rd 
July,  1655,  all  the  Irish  were  directed  to  quit  the  town  by  the 
1st  of  November  following,  the  owners  of  houses,  however, 
to  receive  compensation  at  eight  years'  purchase;  in  default, 
the  soldiers  were  to  drive  them  out.*  On  30th  October  this 
order  was  executed.  All  the  inhabitants,  except  the  sick 
and  bedrid,  were  at  once  banished,  to  provide  accommodation 
for  such  English  Protestants  whose  integrity  to  the  State 
should  entitle  them  to  be  trusted  in  a  place  of  such  impor- 
tance; and  Sir  Charles  Cooto  on  the  7th  November  received 
the  thanks  of  the  government  for  clearing  the  town,  with  a  re- 
quest that  he  would  remove  the  sick  and  bedrid  as  soon  as  the 


1  A   (82),  p.  704. 

2  "  Pii  Antistitis  Icon,  (^'C."  "  The  Portrait  of  a  Pious  Bishop, 
or  the  Life  and  Death  of  tlie  INfost  Reverend  Francis  Kirwan. 
Bishop  of  Killala."  By  John  Lynch,  Archdeacon  of  Tuam.  Saint 
Malos,  A.D.  1669.  Translated' by  the  Rev.  C.  P.  Meehan.  J. 
Duffy.      12mo.     Dublin:    1848. 

3  Ibid.,  p.  136. 


304  THE   CEOIMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

season  might  i">ermit,  and  take  care  that  the  houses  while 
empty  were  not  spoiled  by  the  soldiery.^  Among  the  sick 
and  bedrid  was  not  counted  Eobert  French,  a  cripple,  though 
not  able  to  stand  or  sit  without  the  assistance  of  another.  He 
was  helped  out  of  the  town  by  George  French,  and  they  be- 
took themselves  to  a  village  in  the  country.  They  had  con- 
verted all  their  little  substance  into  money,  in  hopes  to  bestow 
the  same  in  some  bargain  of  advantage  to  them.  But  their 
banishment  was  peculiarly  unfortunate.  On  the  10  June, 
16(34,  in  the  dead  time  of  the  night,  they  were  plundered  of 
£44  12s.  in  money,  and  of  gold  rings,  spoons,  and  other 
things,  to  the  value  of  £20,  and  of  their  evidences,  and  writ- 
ings of  great  value,  by  four  unknown  and  disguised  horsemen, 
who,  upon  fresh  pursuit,  could  not  be  discovered  in  the 
country — only  of  late  one  of  them  was  hanged  in  Galway. 
Ever  since  they  were  in  a  miserable  condition,  living  on  the 
charity  of  friends.  They,  accordingly,  asked  liberty  of  the 
Lord  Lieutenant  and  Council  to  live  again  and  abide  in  Gal- 
way, out  of  the  danger  of  further  plundering. 2 

Mathew  Quin,  and  Mary  Quin  (otherwise  Butler)  his  wife, 
asked  liberty  of  the  Lord  Lieutenant  to  clear  the  graveyard  of 
St.  Francis's  Abbey,  without  the  w^alls,  in  the  north  Fran- 
chises of  the  town  'of  Galway,  of  the  stones  laid  in  heaps  upon 
the  graves  by  the  late  usurped  power.  It  was  the  burial 
place  of  the  petitioners  and  their  ancestors  since  the  reign  of 
James  I.,  and  of  very  many  inhabiting  the  town  and  country 
near  it.     The  late  Abbey  was  demolished  by  the  usurpers.^ 

1  "  History  of  Galway,"   p.   137,   n.     By  James  Hardiman. 

2  "  The  humble  Petition  of  Robert  French  and  George  French." 
Fiat  by  Ormonde.  Dated  Dublin  Castle,  21  May,  1G69.  "  Carte 
Papers,"  vol.  cxliv.,  p.  41. 

3  Their  Petition.  Fiat  by  Ormonde.  Dated  Dublin  Castle,  21 
May,  16GG.  "  Carte  Papers,"  vol.  cxliv.,  p.  41.  For  Lord 
Forbes's  and  the  Adventurers'  desecration  of  St.  Mary's  Church, 
and  digging  up  the  graves  in  1642,  see  p.  75,  supra. 


OF  IKELAND.  .305 

and  the  monuments  defaced  and  taken  away,  and  the  stones 
laid  down  in  great  heaps  upon  the  graves.  So  that  the  inha- 
bitants who  ought  to  be  buried  there  cannot  be  interred  in 
their  ancestral  vaults  and  graves  without  great  charge  and 
trouble^  By  such  desolation  the  town  was  made  ready  for 
newer  English  to  inhabit. 

On  22  July,  1656,  the  Commissioners  for  Ireland  moved 
his  Highness,  the  Lord  Protector,  and  Council  of  State,  that 
some  considerable  merchants  of  London  might  be  urged  to 
occupy  it,  to  revive  its  trade  and  repair  the  town,  which  was 
falling  into  ruin,  being  almost  depopulated,  and  the  houses 
falling  down  for  want  of  inhabitants.  But  the  City  of  London 
had  known  enough  of  Ireland.  Star-chambered  in  1637  for 
their  neglect  at  Derry,  and  "censured  in"  £70,000,  and  their 
Charter  suspended,  and  their  whole  plantation  effaced  by  the 
Irish  war  in  1641,  they  would  venture  no  more.  The  Lord 
Protector  and  Council,  therefore,  turned  to  two  less  ex- 
perienced cities. 

There  was  a  large  debt  of  £10,000  due  to  Liverpool  for 
their  loss  and  sufferings  for  the  good  cause.  The  eminent  de- 
servings  and  losses  of  the  city  of  Gloucester  also  had  induced 
the  Parliament  to  order  them  £10,000,  to  be  satisfied  in  for- 
feited lands  in  Ireland.  The  Commissioners  of  Ireland  now 
offered  forfeited  houses  in  Gal  way,  rated  at  ten  years'  pur- 
chase, to  the  inhabitants  of  Liverpool  and  Gloucester,  to 
satisfy  the  respective  debts,  and  they  were  both  to  arrange 
about  the  planting  of  it  with  English  Protestants.  To  induce 
them  to  accept  the  proposal,  the  Commissioners  enlarged  upon 
the  advantages  of  Galway.    It  lay  open  for  trade  with  Spain, 


1  "To  Mr.  Henry  Waddington,  Receiver  of  His  Highness's 
Revenue  in  the  Precinct  of  Galway,  £50  on  account,  being  by  him 
to  be  issued  according  to  orders  from  Colonel  Thomas  Sadleir,  for 
and  towards  demolishing  the  Abbey  near  Galway.  26  February, 
1656-7."  Treasury  Warrants,  p.  91, 
Z 


306       '    THE   CEO^IWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

the  Straits,  the  West  Indies,  and  other  phices ;  no  town  or  port 
in  the  three  nations,  London  excepted,  was  more  considerable. 
It  had  many  noble  miiform  buildings  of  marble,  though  many 
of  the  houses  had  become  ruinous  by  reason  of  the  war,  and 
the  waste  done  by  the  impoverished  English  dwelling  there. 
No  Irish  were  permitted  to  live  in  the  city,  nor  within  three 
miles  of  it.  If  it  were  only  properly  inhabited  by  Enghsh,  it 
might  have  a  more  hopeful  gain  by  trade  than  when  it  was 
in  the  hands  of  the  Irish  that  Hved  there. ^  There  was  never 
a  better  opportunity  of  undertaking  a  plantation,  and  settling 
manufactures  there  than  the  present,  and  they  suggested  that 
it  might  become  another  Derry. 

The  bait  took.  On  17th  February,  1657-8,  the  houses  in 
Flood-street,  Key-street,  Middle-street,  Little  Gate-street, 
south  side  of  High-street,  and  other  parts  adjoining,  valued  to 
£1,518  8s.  Ski.  by  the  yearj  were  set  out  to  the  well-affected 
inhabitants  of  Gloucester. ^  Others  of  like  value  were  set  out 
to  those  of  Liverpool. 3  But  no  new  Gloucester  or  Liverpool 
arose  at  Galway.  Nor  did  her  ancient  crowds  of  shipping  re- 
turn to  her  bay. 

For  it  is  a  comparatively  easy  thing  to  unsettle  a  nation 
or  ruin  a  town,  but- not  so  easy  to  resettle  the  one,  or  to  re- 
store the  other  to  prosperity,  when  ruined.*  And  Galway, 
once  frequented  by  ships  with  cargoes  of  French  and  Spanish 
wines,  to  supply  the  wassailings  of  the  0 'Neils  and  O'Donels, 
the  O'Garas  and  the  O'Kanes,  her  marble  palaces  handed 
over  to  strangers,  and  her  gallant  sons  and  dark-eyed  daugh- 
ters banished,  remains  for  200  years  a  ruin;  her  splendid  port 
empty,  while  her  "hungry  air"  in  1862  becomes  the  mock 
of  the  official  stranger. ^ 

1  A  (30),  p.  255;  ibid.,  p.  315.     2  A  (81),  p.  260.     3  ibid.,  p.  281. 
*  "  The  Great  Case  of  Transplantation  Discussed,"  p.  26.     4to. 
London  :    1655. 

s  Sir  Robert  Peel,  Bart.,  Secretary  for  Ireland. 


OF  iHELAND.  307 


CHAPTER    VII. 

THE    THREE    BUUDEXSOME    BEASTS. 


DESOLATIOX    OF    IRELAND. 

Ireland,  in  the  language  of  Scripturo,  now  lay  void  as  a  wil- 
derness. Five-sixths  of  her  people  had  perished.  Women 
and  children  were  found  daily  perishing  in  ditches,  starved. 
The  bodies  of  many  wandering  orphans,^  whose  fathers  had 
embarked  for  Spain,  and  whose  mothers  had  died  of  famine, 
were  preyed  upon  by  wolves.  In  the  years  1652  and  1053, 
the  plague  and  famine  had  swept  away  whole  counties,  that 
a  man  might  travel  twenty  or  thirty  miles  and  not  see  a  living 
creatuiie.  Man,  beast,  and  bird  were  all  dead,  or  had  quit 
those  desolate  places.  The  troopers  would  tell  stories  of  the 
places  where  they  saw  a  smoke,  it  was  so  rare  to  see  either 
smoke  by  day,  or  fire  or  candle  by  night.  If  two  or  three 
cabins  were  met  with,  there  were  found  there  none  but  aged 
men,  with  women  and  children;  and  they,  in  the  words  of  the 
prophet,  "  become  as  a  bottle  in  the  smoke;  their  skins  black 
like  an  oven,  because  of  the  terrible  famine."  They  were  seen 
to  pluck  stinking  carrion  out  of  a  ditch,  black  and  rotten ;  and 
were  said  to  have  even  taken  corpses  out  of  the  grave  to  eat. 

1  "  Upon  serious  consideration  had  of  the  great  multitudes  of 
poore  swarming  in  ail  parts  of  tliis  nacion,  occasioned  by  the  de- 
vastation of  the  country,  and  by  tlie  habits  of  licentiousness  and 
idleness  wliich  the  generality  of  the  people  have  acquired  in  the 
time  of  this  rebellion  ;  insomuch  that  frequently  some  are  found 
feeding  on  carrion  and  weeds — some  starved  in  the  highways, 
and  many  times  poor  children  who  lost  their  parents,  or  have 
been  deserted  by  them,  are  found  exposed  to,  and  some  of  them 
fed  upon,  by  ravening  wolves  and  other  beasts  and  birds  of 
prey."  "  Printed  Declaration  of  the  Council,  12th  May,  1653." 
A  (84),  p.   138, 


308  THE   CKOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

A  party  of  horse  hunting  for  Tories  on  a  dark  night  discovered 
a  light;  they  thought  it  was  a  fire  which  the  Tories  usually 
made  in  those  waste  counties  to  dress  their  food  and  warm 
themselves ;  drawing  near,  they  found  it  a  ruined  cabin,  and 
besetting  it  round,  some  alighted  and  peeped  in  at  the  win- 
dow. There  they  saw  a  great  fire  of  wood,  and  sitting  round 
about  it  a  company  of  miserable  old  women  and  children,  and 
betwixt  them  and  the  fire  a  dead  corpse  lay  broiling,  which  as 
the  fire  roasted,  they  cut  off  collops  and  ate.^  Such  was  thv3 
depopulation  of  Ireland,  that  great  part  of  it,  it  was  believed, 
must  lie  waste  many  years — much  of  it  for  many  ages.^  But 
these  great  wastes  were  haunted  by  these  burdensome  beasts, 
that  troubled  the  comfort  of  the  English.  In  the  first  united 
Parliament  of  the  Three  Kingdoms,  at  Westminster,  in  1657, 
Major  Morgan,  member  for  the  county  of  Wicklow,  deprecated 
the  taxation  proposed  for  Ireland,  by  showing  that  the  coun- 
try was  in  ruins;  and,  besides  the  cost  of  rebuilding  the 
churches,  courthouses,  and  markethouses,  they  were  under  a 
very  heavy  charge  for  public  rewards,  paid  for  the  destruction 
of  three  beasts.  "  We  have  three  beasts  to  destroy  (said  Major 
Morgan),  that  lay  burthens  upon  us.  The  first  is  the  wolf,  on 
whom  we  lay  five  pounds  a  head  if  a  dog,  and  ten  pounds  if  a 
bitch.  The  second  beast  is  a  priest,  on  whose  head  we  lay  ten 
pounds, — if  he  be  eminent,  more.  The  third  beast  is  a  Tory, 
on  whose  head,  if  he  be  a  public  Tory,  we  lay  twenty  pounds ; 
and  forty  shillings  on  a  private  Tory.  Your  army  cannot  catch 
them  :  the  Irish  bring  them  in ;  brothers  and  cousins  cut  one 
another's  throats. "^ 

1  The  description  of  an  eye-witness — "  The  Interest  of  Ireland 
in  its  Trade  and  Wealth  Stated,"  Part  ii.,  p.  86.  By  Colonel 
Richard   Lawrence.     12mo.     Dublin:    1682. 

2  "  The  Interest  of  England  in  the  well  Planting  of  Ireland 
with  English,"  p.  .'U.  Bv  Colonel  Richard  Lawrence.  Small  4to. 
Dublin:    1656. 

3  "  Burton's   Parliamentary  Diary,"   10th  June,   1657. 


OF  lEELAND.  309 


FIRST  BURDENSOME  BEAST,   THE   WOLF. 

When  the  Great  Jehovah  in  his  inscrutal)le  wisdom  directed 
the  sons  of  Israel  to  return  to  the  land  of  Canaan,  where  they 
had  been  humbly  and  hosjntably  entertained  for  many  years, 
and  charged  them  to  kill  all  the  inhabitants  without  mercy, 
and  divide  their  ancient  inheritance  by  lot,  he  warned  them 
against  destroying  them  too  suddenly.  "  Thou  shalt  smite 
them,  and  utterly  destroy  them;  but  thou  must  not  consume 
them  at  once,  lest  the  beasts  of  the  field  increase  upon  thee.  "^ 
In  Ireland,  from  too  rapidly  exterminating  the  people,  the 
wolves  multiplied  in  the  great  scopes  of  land  lying  waste  and 
deserted  in  all  parts  of  the  country,  and  increased  till  they  be- 
came so  serious  a  public  nuisance,  by  destroying  the  sheep  and 
cattle  of  the  English,  that  various  measures  had  to  be  taken 
against  them.  Ireland  had  of  old  been  celebrated  for  her  wolf 
dogs,  which,  with  her  equally  celebrated  hawks,  were  consi- 
dered fit  presents  for  kings.  The  officers  quitting  for  Spain  in 
1652,  proud  of  their  dogs,  were  found  to  be  taking  them  with 
them ;  but  the  tidewaiters  at  the  different  ports,  now  crowded 
with  these  departing  exiles,  were  directed  to  seize  the  dogs,  on 
account  of  the  increasing  number  of  the  wolves,  and  send 
them  to  the  public  huntsman  of  the  precinct. ^ 

Public  hunts  were  regularly  organised,  and  deer  toil  brought 
over  from  England,  and  kept  in  the  public  store  for  setting 
up  while  driving  the  woods  with  hounds  and  horn  for  these 
destructive  beasts  of  prey.^      Irishmen  were  occasionally  em- 


1  Deuteronomy,   eliap.   vii. 

2  A  (82),  p.  202. 

3  "  Whereas  some  money  hath  been  issued  on  account  to  Colo- 
nel Daniel  Abbott  and  others,  for  providing  of  toyles  for  taking 
of  wolves,  which  have  been  brouglit  over  for  publique  use ;  and 
understanding  that  part  tliereof  is  at  present  at  Greenhill,  near 
Kiktullen;  ordered  tliat  Captain  Tomlins,  Comptroller  of  the 
Traine,    do   forthwitli    take   care   that    the    said    toyles    and    other 


310  THE   CEOMWELJAAX   SETTLEMENT 

ployed,  and  furnished  with  i)asses  to  go  with  guns  to  kill  them 
in  particular  districts,  as  in  the  county  of  Wicklow.^  This 
curse,  one  of  the  consequences  of  the  great  desolation,  the  go- 
vernment charged  upon  the  priests.  Eor  if  the  priests  had 
not  been  in  Ireland,  the  trouble  would  not  have  arisen,  nor 
the  English  have  come,  nor  have  made  the  country  almost  a 
ruinous  heap,  nor  would  the  wolves  have  so  increased. ^  By  a 
similar  process  of  reasoning  it  is  proved  that  it  is  the  Irish  that 
have  caused  the  ruin,  the  plundering,  and  desolation  of  the 
country  from  the  days  of  the  first  invasion  for  so  many  ages. 
By  a  printed  declaration  of  29th  June,  1653,  repubhshed 
on  1st  July,  1656,  the  commanders  of  the  various  districts 
were  to  appoint  days  and  times  for  himting  the  wolf ;  and  per- 
sons destroying  wolves  and  bringing  their  heads  to  the  Commis- 
sioners of  the  Eevenue  of  the  precinct  were  to  receive  for  the 
head  of  a  bitch  wolf,  £6;  of  a  dog  wolf,  £5;  for  the  head  of 
every  cub  that  preyed  by  himself,  40s. ;  and  for  the  head  cf 
every  sucking  cub,  10s. ^  The  assessments  on  several  counties 
to  reimburse  the  treasury  for  these  advances  became,  as  ap- 

materials  thereto  belonging  be  broiiglit  from  Greenhill,  or  any 
other  place,  and  laid  into  the  publique  stores,  and  there  kept 
until  further  direction  shall  be  given  concerning  the  same. 
Dated  at  Dublin,  29th  August,  1659. 

"  Thos.   Herbert,   Clerk  of  the  Council." 
A  (17),  p.  45.  . 

1  "  Ordered  that  Richard  Toole,  with  Morris  M'Wdham,  his 
servant,  with  their  two  fowling  pieces,  and  half  a  pound  oV 
powder  and  bullet  proportionable  be  permitted  to  pass  quietly 
from  Dublin  into  the  counties  of  Kiklare,  Wicklow,  and  Dublin, 
for  the  killing  of  wolves.  To  continue  for  the  space  of  two  months 
from  the  date  of  the  order.  Dublin,  1  November,  1652."  A  (82), 
p.  454. 

2  "  Declaration  of  the  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Ireland  [Cromwell! 
in  answer  to  the  Declaration  of  the  Irish  Prelates  and  Clergy  in 
a  Conventicle  at  Clonmacnoise.  Printed  at  Corke,  and  now  re- 
printed at  London.  Ed.  Griffin,  at  the  Old  Bayley,  March  21, 
1650." 

3  A  (84).  p.  255.  Republished  7th  July,  1656.— '•'  Book  of 
Printed  Declarations  of  the  Commissioners  for  the  Affairs  of 
Ireland."     British  Museum. 


OP  IRELAND.  Bll 

pears  from  Major  IMorgan's  speech,  a  serious  charge.  In  cor- 
rohoration  it  appears  that  in  ]\Iarch,  1655,  there  was  due  from 
the  precinct  of  Galway  £243  5s.  4d.  for  rewards  paid  on  this 
account.  But  the  most  curious  evidence  of  their  numbers  is 
that  lands  lying  only  nine  miles  north  of  Dublin  were  leased 
by  the  State  in  the  year  1653,  under  conditions  of  keeping  a 
hunting  establishment  with  a  pack  of  wolf  hounds  for  killing 
the  wolves,  part  of  the  rent  to  be  discounted  in  wolves'  heads, 
at  the  rate  in  the  declaration  of  29tli  June,  1653.^  Under  this 
lease  Captain  Edward  Piers  was  to  have  all  the  state  lands  in 
the  barony  of  Dunboyne,  in  the  county  of  Meath,  valued  at 
£543  8s.  8d.  at  a  rent  greater  by  £100  a  year  than  they  then 
yielded  in  rent  and  contribution,  for  five  years  from  1st  of 
May  following,  on  the  terms  of  maintaining  at  Dublin  and 
Dunboyne  three  wolf  dogs,  two  English  mastiffs,  a  pack  of 
hounds  of  sixteen  couple  (three  whereof  to  hunt  the  wolf 
only),  a  knowing  huntsman  and  two  men,  and  one  boy. 
Captain  Piers  was  to  bring  to  the  Commissioners  of  Eevenue 
at  Dublin  a  stipulated  number  of  wolves'  heads  in  the  first 
year,  and  a  diminishing  number  every  year;  but  for  every 
wolf  head  whereby  he  fell  short  of  the  stipulated  number,  £5 
was  to  be  defalked  from  his  salarv.^ 


SECOND  BURDENSOME  BEAST,   THE  PRIEST. 

On  the  8th  December,  1641,  both  Houses  of  Parliament  in 
England  passed  a  joint  declaration,  in  answer  to  the  demand  of 
the  Irish  for  the  free  exercise  of  their  religion,  that  they 
never  would  give  their  assent  to  any  toleration  of  the  Popish 
religion  in  Ireland,  or  in  any  other  of  his  Majesty's  dominions.^ 
Cromwell's  manifesto,  too,  cannot  be  foi-gotten,  tiiat  where  tlie 

1  A  CiO),  p.  ;}0.  2  A  (82),  p.  GSG. 

3  4th   "  Rashworth's  C'olloetions,"  p.  455. 


312  THE   CEOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

Parliament  of  England  had  power  the  Mass  should  not  be 
allowed  of  .^  Pym  had  previously  boasted  that  they  would  not 
leave  a  priest  in  Ireland. ^  Such  a  measure  was  the  proper  com- 
plement of  the  declaration;  for  what  could  priests  be  about 
but  spreading  their  religion  if  they  staid?  For  them,  during 
the  war,  there  was  no  mercy ;  when  any  forces  surrendered 
upon  terms,  priests  were  always  excepted ;  priests  were  thence- 
forth out  of  protection,  to  be  treated  as  enemies  that  had  not 
surrendered.  Twenty  pounds  was  offered  for  their  discovery, 
and  to  harbour  them  was  death. ^  This  obliged  them  to  fly, 
and  to  hide  until  they  heard  of  some  body  of  swordmen  being 
ready  to  sail  for  Spain.  Thereupon  it  was  their  custom  to 
get  the  officers  commanding  to  apply  for  leave  to  transport 
them  together  with  his  troops.*       Occasionally  they  would 

1  "  Declaration  of  the  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Ireland,  in  Answer  to 
the  Acts  of  the  Popish  Clergy  at  Clonmacnoise.  Printed  at  Cork, 
and  reprinted  in  London.     March,  1650."     4to. 

2  "  Nalson's  Historical  Collections." 

*  "  INTELLIGENCE    FROM   IRELAND. 

"  Dublin,  11  November,  1650. 
"  SiR,^ — You  will  hear  from  AVaterford  more  certain  news,  and 
from  Munster,  than  from  hence.  The  Toryes  are  very  busye  in 
these  parts,  and  it  is  probable  they  will  increase ;  for  all  the 
Papists  are  to  be  turned  out  of  this  city ;  and  for  the  Jesuits, 
priests,  fryers,  munks,  and  nunnes,  201i  will  be  given  to  any  that 
can  bring  certain  intelligence  where  any  of  them  are.  And  who- 
soever doth  harbour  or  conceal  any  one  of  them  is  to  forfeit  life 
and  estate. 

"  Your  humble  servant, 

"  Evans  Vavghan." 

"  Several  Proceedings  in  Parliament  from  21st  to  28th  Novem- 
ber, 1650,"   p.  912. 

*  "  Colonel  Teelin,  who  has  licence  to  transport  one  thousand 
Irish  for  the  service  of  the  King  of  Spain,  to  have  liberty  to  take 
away  all  priests  in  Ireland  that  send  in  their  names.  26  January, 
1654."     A  (83),  p.  85. 

"  Colonel  Edmund  O'Dwyer  being  licensed  to  transport  3500 
Irish,  for  the  service  of  the  Prince  de  Conde;  ordered  that  he  be 
permitted  to  enlist  and  transport  such  Priests,  Jesuits,  and  other 


OF  IRELAND.  313 

apply  for  protection,  while  waiting  to  transport  themselves  of 
their  own  accord.^ 

To  be  proscribed,  however,  was  nothing  but  what  they 
were  vised  to  from  the  days  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  There  were 
statutes  in  force  in  England  making  the  exercise  of  their  re- 
ligion death. 2  Yet,  as  Spenser  remarked,  they  faced  all 
penalties  in  performance  of  their  duties.  They  spared  not  to 
come  out  of  Spain,  from  Rome,  and  from  Rheims,  by  long 
toil  and  dangerous  travelling  thither,  where  they  knew  the 
peril  of  death  awaited  them,  and  no  reward  but  to  draw  the 
people  imto  the  Church  of  Rome.^  The  laws  occasionally 
slept ;  but  were  revived  by  proclamation   when  the  fears  or 


persons  in  Popish  orders,  who  are  still  in  Ireland,  and  shnll  give 
in  their  names.     4th  November,  1653." 
A  (84),  p.  112. 

1  "  Whereas,  John  Barnewall,  priest,  is  desirous,  in  conformity 
with  the  late  Declaration  of  the  said  Commissioners  of  Parlia- 
ment, to  depart  this  nation  into  some  of  the  parts  beyond  the  seas 
in  America ;  ordered  that  he  be  permitted  to  reside  in  this  nation 
till  the  7th  of  April  next,  he  acting  nothing  to  the  prejudice  of 
the  Commonwealth,  nor  exercising  his  priestly  function  in  the 
interim :  provided  the  said  John  Barnewall  do  at  at  the  expiration 
of  the  term  abovesaid  depart  this  nation,  according  to  tlie  inten- 
tion of  the  said  proclamation.  Dated  at  Dublin,  the  7  Fchruanj, 
1653." 

A   (82),   p.   585. 

"  That  the  Governor  of  Dublin  do  cause  all  such  priests  in  the 
jails  as  are  not  under  suspicion  of  murder,  to  be  delivered  on 
board  the  ship  '  Globe,'  commanded  by  William  Hazlewood,  to  be 
by  him  convej'ed  and  landed  at  Cadiz  or  Malaga.  Dublin :  24 
July,   1654." 

A   (83),   p.   503. 

"  Ordered   that  the   Mayor   of   Dublin   be   desired   forthwith   to 
press  a  fitt  and  able  vessel  in  this  port  for  the  transportation  of 
such  a  number  of  the  Popish  clergy  as  are  to  go  with  Lieutenant- 
General  Farrell  for  Spain.     Dublin,  19th  February,  1652 — 3." 
A   (82),   p.  639. 

2  Ibid.,  p.  585. 

3  "  Spenser's  View  of  Ireland,"   p.  584. 


314  THE   CliOMWELLlAN   SETTLEMENT 

anger  of  the  government  or  peoj^le  of  Englund  were  aroused, 
as  by  the  Powder  Plot,  though  the  Irish  had  no  part  in  it. 
And  then  the  priests  had  to  fly  to  the  woods  or  mountains,  or 
to  disguise  themselves  as  gentlemen,  soldiers,  carters,  or  la- 
bourers. They  had  no  fear  that  any  of  the  Irish  would  betray 
them  for  all  the  large  rewards  offered.  But  pregnant  women 
and  others,  hastening  on  foot  out  of  the  Protestant  parts 
towards  those  places  where  priests  were  known  to  be  har- 
boured, was  frequently  the  cause  of  their  being  apprehended. 
In  this  way  Connor  O'Dovan,  Bishop  of  Down,  was  tracked, 
taken  and  committed  prisoner  to  the  Castle  of  Dublin,  in 
1611.^  Barnaby  Eich  at  this  very  time  represents  a  student 
of  Trinity  College  as  meeting  a  priest,  his  acquaintance,  in  the 
streets  of  Waterford :  he  asks  the  priest  what  means  his 
ruffling  suit  of  apparel,  his  gilt  rapier,  and  dagger  hanging  by 
his  side,  more  gentleman-like  than  priest-like  ?  He  accounts 
for  his  disguise  by  the  proclamation  of  1605,  forbidding  a 
priest  to  remain  in  the  re  aim.  ^ 

Until  the  month  of  December,  1641,  the  Roman  Catholic 
worship  was  tolerated  in  Dublin.  But  no  sooner  had  the  new 
regiments  arrived  from  England,  than  they  profaned  the 
chapels,  broke  or  burnt  the  images,  seized  the  monks,  and 
(writes  a  Capuchin  friar,  himself  one  of  the  victims)  would 
have  slain  them,  onlv  that  the  Lords  Justices  sent  them  off  in 


1  P.  .340,  ''  Analec'ta  sacra  nova  et  mira  de  Rebus  Catholicorum 
in  Hibernia,  pro  Fide  et  Religione  Gestis,  divisa  in  tres  Partes. 
.  .  .  CoUectore  et  Relatore  T.  N.  Philadelplio,  Colonite,  1617," 
p. '581.     12nio.     (By  Rothe,   R.C.   Bishop  of  Ossory.) 

2  P.  1,  "A  Catholic  Conference  between  Sir  Thady  Mac 
Marall,  a  Popish  Priest  of  Waterford,  and  Patrick  Plaine,  a 
young  student  of  Trinity  College,  by  Dublin.  Wherein  is  deli- 
vered the  maimer  of  execution  that  was  used  upon  a  Popish 
Bisliop  and  a  Popish  Priest  that  for  several  matters  of  treason 
were  executed  at  Dublin,  the  1st  of  February  last,  A.D.  1611. 
By  Baruabie  Rycli,  Gent.,  Servant  to  the  King's  Most  Excellent 
Majesty."     12mo.     London:    1612. 


OF  IBKLANi).  B15 

two  shiploads  to  France.^  The  secular  clergy  were  again  con- 
nived at,  on  account  of  the  loyalty  of  the  old  English  of  Dub- 
lin, till  the  surrender  of  the  city  b}^  Orniond  to  the  Parliament, 
in  July,  1647.2  '\^i^q  ^ew  Governor,  Colonel  Michael  Jones, 
(brother  of  Dr.  Henry  Jones,  Bishop  of  Clogher,  no  longer 
Prelate,  but  Presbyterian,  and  soon  after  Scoutmaster- 
General  to  Cromwell's  army),  ordered  all  Papists  to  quit  the 
city;  and  declared  it  death  for  any  to  sleep  within  the  walls, 
or  within  two  miles  of  them,  or  to  harbour  a  Priest.^ 

After  Cromwell's  arrival  all  penalties  were  increased,  and 
the  Declarations  against  Priests  more  strictly  executed. 

Nicholas  French,  Bishop  of  Ferns,  fled  from  the  massacre 
of  Wexford,  and  escaped  to  the  mountains,  and  passed  more 
than  five  months  there,  with  other  refugees,  among  the  wan- 
dering creaghts,  often  sleeping  on  the  bare  ground  in  the  open 
air,  in  frost.  Once,  when  the  wood  was  surrounded,  he  burst 
through  the  closing  lines  of  soldiers  and  escaped  by  the  swift- 
ness and  stoutness  of  his  horse.*  Father  James  Ford  dwelt  (in 
1654)  in  an  island  in  a  large  bog,  surrounded  by  students, 
who    built    huts    around    him,    and    became    his    scholars. ^ 


1  "  Letter  of  Fr.  Nicholas,  SuiDerior  of  the  Capuchins  of  Dublin. 
Pictavii,  12  July,  1G42."  "  Memoirs  of  the  Most  Reverend  Oliver 
Phinket,  Primate,  &c.  By  the  Rev.  Patrick  F.  Moran,  D.D." 
Introduction,  p.   xi.     James  Duffy.     Svo.     Dublin:   1861. 

2  "  Inhabitants  of  Dublin  and  Droglieda  adhering  to  the  Royal 
Autliority  till  1647,  and  since  expulsed  from  their  habitations  and 
estates  in  the  time  of  usurped  power  (or  their  heirs  and  widows, 
if  dead),  to  be  restored  to  their  former  houses,  lands,  and  free- 
doms." Act  of  Settlement,  14  &  15  Charles  II.  (A.D.  1662),  chap, 
ii.,  sect.  178. 

3  "  Relatio  quarundum  Notabilium,  etc."  "  Report  of  certain 
remarkable  Kvents  in  Ireland,  from  1641  to  1650,  in  the  archives 
of  the  Irish  College  at  Rome."  Moran's  Life  of  Primate  Plun- 
ket,  p.  xii. 

*  "  Litt.  Nicol.  Fernens.  Fp.  ad  Internuntium."  Letter  of 
Nicholas  French,  Risliop  of  Ferns,  to  tlie  Intermnicio.  Dated 
Antwerp,  January,  167.'5.  "  Moran's  liife  of  Archbishop  Plunket," 
p.  xxiii. 

s  "  Status  Soc.  J.  an.  1651."  Condition  of  the  Society  of  Jesus 
in  the  year  1654.      Ibid.,   p.   99. 


316  THE  CBOMWELLIAN  SETTLEMENT 

Father  Christopher  Netterville  laj  hid  for  an  entire  year  in 
the  family  burial  vault,  and,  being  near  seized,  had  to  hide 
himself  in  a  quarry,  and  there  continued  his  ministrations. ^ 
The  Priests  assumed  all  disguises.  Jesuits  as  peasants  or 
beggars  visited  the  towns,  and  now  in  one  house,  now  in 
another,  said  mass.^ 

The  few  survivors  of  the  Franciscans  and  Capuchins  lived 
(1650-1654)  as  shepherds,  herdsmen,  and  ploughmen. ^  A 
Capuchin  father,  in  his  letter  from  Waterford  to  his  Superior 
at  Rome  (30th  June,  1651),  stated  that  he  passed  freely 
about  the  city,  being  gardener  to  the  chief  Protestant  there, 
and  sometimes  acting  as  coal  porter  at  the  quay.*  This  was 
Father  Nugent;  and  Colonel  Lawrence,  Governor  of  Water- 
ford  (alluded  to),  used  to  tell  in  after  times  how  zealous  he 
was  in  attending  family  prayer  and  public  meeting.  So  much 
so,  that  Mr.  John  Cook,  Chief  Justice  of  Munster,  resident 
at  Waterford,  with  a  fine  mansion  in  the  city,  and  anotlier  at 
Kilbarry,  beside  the  town,  for  his  country  house^  (both  taken 
from  the  former  owners),  pleased  with  his  piety,  borrowed 

1  "  Status  Rei  CatliolicJe,  <kc."  Condition  of  Catholic  Affairs 
in  1654.  In  the  Archives  of  the  Irish  College  at  Rome.  Ibid., 
p.   xlix. 

2  "  Missio  Soc.  Jesu  in  Hib."  Mission  of  the  Society  of  Jesns 
in  Ireland  to  the  year  1055.     Ibid.,  p.  xxxviii. 

3  "  Petition  presented  to  the  Sacred  Congregation  in  1654." 
"  Moran's   Life   of  Primate   Oliver   Plunket,"   p.    xxxviii. 

*  Ibid.,   p.   xxix. 

5  "  Provided  that  this  Act  (for  Satisfaction  of  Adventurers  and 
Sokliers)  shall  not  extend  to  the  dwelling-house  of  John  Cook,  one 
of  the  Justices  for  the  province  of  Munster,  situate  in  the  city 
of  Waterford,  nor  to  the  farm  of  Kilbarry,  being  two  ploughlands 
and  a  half  lying  within  the  liberty  of  the  said  city,  or  to  the  farm 
of  Barnhaley,  in  the  county  of  Cork,  which  are  in  his  possession, 
and  are  hereby  settled  on  him  and  his  heirs  for  ever,  for  his  good 
and  faithful  services  in  Ireland,  and  in  lieu  of  all  arrears  of  pen- 
sion due  unto  him  for  the  same."  Act  (of  Satisfaction),  dated  26 
September,  1653,  last  clause.  Scobell's  "  Acts."  Cook's  estate 
was  granted  to  Sir  George  Lane  by  the  Act  of  Settlement,  14  &  15 
Charles  II.   (A.P.   1662),   chap,  ii.,   sect.   8. 


OF  lEELAND.  317 

him  from  Colonel  Lawrence  to  attend  him  into  England. ^ 
This  Chief  Justice  Cook  was  a  most  sweet  man,  and  a  great 
comfort  to  the  godly,  both  to  their  souls,  bodies,  and  estates, 
and  did  much  good,  both  in  his  Circuits  and  about  Wexford 
(where  he  had  other  forfeited  lands),  and  was,  in  all  things, 
a  great  blessing  to  that  nation. ^ 

He  has  left  a  most  interesting  account  of  the  preservation 
from  shipwreck  of  the  ship  carrying  himself  and  his  wife,  and 
Colonel  Saunders,  and  others,  and  the  Lord  Lieutenant- 
General's,  and  Major-General's  (Cromwell's  and  Ireton's) 
baggage  from  Wexford  to  Kinsale,  through  his  prayers.  He 
pressed  his  dear  Saviour  not  to  drown  him.  "If  thou 
drownest  those  that  love  thee,"  he  said,  "what  wilt  thou  do 
with  thine  enemies?"  He  then  had  a  vision  of  two  hours' 
duration,  and  thought  he  was  with  his  sweet  Redeemer  in  a 
large  upper  chamber,  where  was  a  long  table  with  two  candles, 
two  trenchers,  and  tobacco  and  pipes;  and  a  many  shipinen 
that  had  barks  at  Wexford,  come  to  beg  their  safety.  Cook 
asked  Christ  for  the  lives  of  all  in  their  ship.  "In  what 
ship,"  said  He.  "The  Hector,"  said  Cook.  "It  is  a  bad 
name  (said  He)  for  such  as  serve  me :  '  Hector  '  is  for 
Heathens.  But  you  shall  be  as  safe  as  if  you  were  in  Codd's 
boat, 3  or  in  the  Governor's  house  at  Wexford."  He  then 
asked  for  the  safety  of  the  Lieutenant-General's  and  Major- 
General's  goods.  "But  they  are  not  there,"  said  Christ. 
"No!  Lord,"  said  Cook,  "they  are  fighting  thy  battles." 
During  the  early  part  of  this  five  days'  agony,  it  almost  split 
Cook's  heart  to  think  what  the  Malignants  would  say  in  Eng- 

1  "  Foxes  and  Firebrands."     Part  II.  p.   139.     Second  Edition. 
Dnblin:  1682.     [By  Robert  Ware,  son  of  Sir  James  Ware.] 

2  "  Several   Proceedings  in  Parliament,  S:c.,  from  lOtli   to  17th 
April,   1G.51,"   p.   1241. 

3  "  A   boat   in   Wexford   that   we   went   in    towards  the   ship   in 
the  bay,  and  were  driven  back  several  times  "  (says  Cook). 


318  THE   CROMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

land  wiicn  tliey  heard  that  he  and  his  wife  were  dro\vned^ — 
not  foreseeing  how  much  they  would  laugh  some  ten  years 
afterwards,  when  he  was  hanged.  For  he  was  executed  as  a 
Regicide  for  having  acted  as  Solicitor-General  for  the  people 
of  England  at  the  King's  trial.     And  the  Royalists  thereupon 

sang  u  Yind  out  the  man,  quoth  Phito,2 

That  is  the  greatest  sinner  : 
If  Cook  be  lie,  then  Cook  shall  be 
The  cook  to  cook  my  dinner."  3 

Father  Nugent,  after  staying  for  a  while  with  JMr.  Chief 
Justice  Cook,  returned  to  his  old  master.  Colonel  Lawrence. 
But  at  the  restoration  he  became  parish  priest  of  Leixlip, 
near  Dublin,  a  few  miles  beyond  Chapelizod,  then  the  sum- 
mer residence  of  the  Lord  Lieutenant.  For  it  was  purchased 
by  the  Duke  of  Ormond,  with  the  manor  and  lands,  from  Sir 
]\Iaurice  Eustace,  when  Ormond  formed  the  Phoenix  Park. 
There  Colonel  Richard  Lawrence  was  made  by  the  Duke  of 
Ormond  manager  of  the  Cloth  mills  he  had  set  up ;  and  as 
often  as  Father  Nugent  passed  him,*  he  never  failed  to  laugli 
at  the  Colonel,  considering  how  he  had  played  the  dissembler 
with  him  as  if  he  had  been  one  of  the  Colonel's  own  frater- 
nity, who  was  an  Anabaptist. ^ 

1  "  A  True  Relation  of  Mr.  John  Cook's  Passage  by  sea  from 
Wexford  to  Kinsale,  in  that  great  Storm,  January  5th  [1649 — 50]. 
AVherein  is  related  the  Strangeness  of  the  Storm  and  the  frame 
of  his  spirit  in  it.  Also  the  A'ision  that  he  saw  in  his  sleep,  and 
how  it  was  revealed  that  he  sliould  be  preserved,  which  came  to 
pass  miraculously."  Printed  at  Cork,  and  Reprinted  at  London. 
8vo.     1650. 

2  The  Satan,  Devil,  or  King  of  the  Infernal  Regions,  among  the 
ancient  Greeks  and  Romans. 

3  "  Collection  of  Loyal  Songs,"  vol.  ii.,  p.  13.  See  "  Hudibras," 
by  Dr.  Zackary  Grey,  vol.  ii.,  p.  344,  n. 

4  No  place  is  assigned  in  "  Foxes  and  Firebrands;"  but  there 
can  be  little  doubt  that  it  was  at  Chapelizod,  from  the  circum- 
stances above  mentioned. 

5  "  This  the  Colonel  himself  cannot  deny;  for  he  told  the  author 
this  story  on  the  28th  of  March,  1682,  besides  to  others  yet  living 


OF  IRELAND.  319 

Thus  disguised  and  harboured  by  the  people,  it  was  no 
easy  matter  to  come  at  the  Irish  Priests.  And  though,  many 
had  obtained  permission,  at  their  own  request,  to  transport 
themselves  to  foreign  parts,  they  were  found  to  have  deferred 
their  departure.  The  government,  accordingly,  on  6th  Janu- 
ary, 1652-53,  by  Declaration,  introduced  the  sanguinary 
Enghsh  Statute,  27th  EHzabeth  (A.D.  1585),  aiid  declared 
all  Roman  Catholic  Priests  to  be  guilty  of  high  treason,  and 
their  relievers  felons.*  But  they  suspended  the  effect  for 
twenty  days,  and  gave  them  this  time  to  reach  the  ports. 
This  was  pubHshed  at  Clonmel  on  21  January,  1652-3.  And 
Mr.  Justice  John  Cook,  at  a  general  sessions  held  before  him 
at  Clonmel,  cried  out  aloud  from  the  bench  that  all  Irishmen 
living  on  23rd  October,  1641,  or  born  since  in  Ireland  to  that 

in  the  city  of  Dublin,  who  can  testify  this  narrative  for  truth." 
"  Foxes  and  Firebrands,"  Part  ii.,  p.  139. 

1  "  Order  for  hanishing  all  Priests. 

"  Whereas,  it  is  now  manifest  from  many  years'  experience  that 
Jesuits,  Seminary  Priests,  and  persons  in  Popish  Orders  in  Ire- 
land, estrange  the  affections  of  tlie  people  from  due  obedience  to 
the  English  Connnonwealth,  and  under  pretence  of  religion  excite 
them  to  rebellion,  which  gave  rise  to  the  barbarous  murders  of 
1641,  and  the  destructive  war  which  followed.  And  whereas  many 
persons  who  obtained  leave  to  transport  themselves  beyond  the 
seas  do  nevertheless  delay  their  departure.  Now,  that  such  per- 
sons may  have  no  further  opportunity  of  leading  people  astray, 
from  which  no  ordinary  admonition  can  withhold  them,  though 
they  thus  expose  their  lives  to  danger,  and  threaten  to  ruin  this 
miserable  nation,  they  are  all  to  withdraw  in  twenty  days;  but 
outstaying  this  time,  or  returning  after  they  have  once  withdrawn, 
they  will  be  subjected  to  the  penalties  of  the  27th  Elizabeth. 
Given  at  Dublin,   6th  January, "1652-3. 

"  Signed,      Charles  Fleetwood.       Edmund  Ludlow. 
Miles  Corbet.  John  Jones." 

"The  Rise,  Growth,  and  Fall  of  the  Family  of  the  Geraldines, 
Earls  of  Desmond  ;  to  which  is  added  the  Persecution  of  the  Irish 
by  the  Englisli.  Collected  out  of  various  works  by  Friar  Dominic 
de  Rosario  O'Daly,  Head  of  tlie  Dominican  Order  in  Portugal. 
Printed  at  Lisbon  A.D.  1655,  p.  225.  Translated  by  the  Rev.  C.  P. 
Meehan,  and  republished  at  Dublin  by  James  Duffy."  12mo.  1847. 


320  THE   CROMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

same  day,  were  all  traitors  by  an  order  made  at  Derby 
House. ^  Under  this  measure  more  than  one  thousand  priests 
were  sent  into  exile,  and  amongst  them  all  the  surviving 
Bishops  but  one,  the  Bishop  of  Ivilmore,  who,  weighed  down 
by  age  and  infirmities,  as  he  was  unable  to  perform  his 
functions,  so  too  he  was  unable  to  fly.^ 

Five  pounds  was  the  reward  payable  to  any  person  lodg- 
ing a  priest  in  gaol.*  It  was  under  this  provision  that  the 
heavy  burdens  complained  of  by  Major  Morgan  were  incurred. 
The  numbers  of  priests  lodged  in  gaol,  and  the  frequency  of 
the  rewards,  attest  the  activity  of  the  pursuit.  Such  orders 
as  the  following  are  abundant: — 10th  August,  1657 — Five 
pounds,  on  the  certificate  of  Major  Thomas  Stanley,  to 
Thomas  Gregson,  Evan  Powel,  and  Samuel  Ally  (being  three 
soldiers  of  Colonel  Abbot's  regiment  of  Dragoons),  for  the 
arrest  of  Donogh  Hagerty,  a  Popish  priest,  by  them  taken, 
and  now  secured  in  the  county  gaol  of  Clonmel  ;*  to  be  equally 
distributed  between  them.  To  Arthur  Spunner,  Robert 
Pierce,  and  John  Bruen,  five  pounds,  to  be  divided  equally 
among  them,  for  the  good  service  by  them  performed  in 
apprehending  and  bringing  before  the  Eight  Honourable  the 
Lord  Chief  Justice  Pepys,  the  21st  of  January  last  (1657), 
one  Edmund  Duin,  a  Popish  priest. ^  To  Lieut.  Edward 
Wood,  on  the  certificate  of  WilHam  St.  George,  Esq.,  J. P., 
of  the  county  of  Cavan,  dated  6th  November,  1658,  twenty- 
five  pounds,  for  five  priests  and  friars  by  him  apprehended, 


1  "  Memorials  of  the  War  of  1041.  Written  in  tlie  year  1657, 
by  James  Kearney,  of  Fethard,"  p.  4.  "Carte  Papers,"  vol.  Ixiv., 
p.  4.32. 

2  "  Brevis  Relatio,  &c.,  by  Dr.  William  Burgatt,  agent  of  the 
Irish  Clergy  in  Rome  (afterwards  Archbishop  of  Cashel)."  Pre- 
sented to  the  Sacred  Congregation.  Dr.  Moran's  "  Life  of  Primate 
Oliver   Plunket,"   p.   xlii. 

3  A  (82),  p.  635;  A  (90),  p.  396. 

*  Treasury  Orders,  p.  9.  s  Ibid.,   p.   120, 


OF  IKELAND.  321 

viz.  :  Thomas  M'Kernan,  Turlough  O'Gowan,  Hugh 
McGeown,  Turlough  Fitzsymons,  who  upon  examination 
confessed  themselves  to  be  both  priests  and  friars.^  13th 
April,  1657,  To  Sergeant  Humphry  Gibbs,  and  Corporal 
Thomas  Hill  (of  Colonel  Leigh's  company),  ten  pounds  for 
apprehending  two  Poi^ish  priests  (viz.  Maurice  Prendergast, 
and  Edmund  Fahy),  who  were  secured  in  the  gaol  of  Water- 
ford;  and  being  afterwards  arraigned,  were  both  of  them 
adjudged  to  be  and  accordingly  were  transported  into  foreign 
parts. 2 

In  prison  their  condition  may  be  realized  by  such  orders  as 
the  following  : — "  4th  Aiigust,  1654.  Ordered,  on  the  petition 
of  Roger  Begs,  priest,  now  prisoner  in  Dublin,  setting  forth 
his  miserable  condition  by  being  nine  months  in  prison,  and 
desiring  liberty  to  go  among  his  friends  into  the  country  iov 
some  relief;  that  he  be  released  upon  giving  sufficient 
security  that  within  four  months  he  do  transport  himself  to 
foreign  parts,  beyond  the  seas,  never  to  return,  and  that 
during  that  time  he  do  not  exercise  any  part  of  his  priestly 
functions,  nor  move  from  where  he  shall  choose  to  reside  in, 
above  five  miles,  without  permission. ^  Ordered,  same  date, 
on  the  petition  of  William  Shiel,  priest,  that  the  said  William 
Sheil  being  old,  lame,  and  weak,  and  not  able  to  travel  with- 
out crutches,  he  be  permitted  to  reside  in  Connaught  where 
the  Governor  of  Athlone  shall  see  fitting,  provided,  however, 
he  do  not  remove  one  mile  beyond  the  appointed  place  with- 
out licence,  nor  use  his  priestly  functions."* 

At  first  the  place  of  transportation  was  Spain.  Thus:  — 
"  1st  of  February,  1653.  Ordered  that  the  Governor  of  Dublin 
take  effectual  course  whereby  the  priests  now  in  the  several 
prisons  of  Dublin  be  forthwith  shipped  with  the  party  going 

1  Treasury  Orders,  p.  300.  2  Tbid. 

3  A  (4),  p.  3G4.  4  A  (82),  p.  513. 

a2 


322  THE   CEOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

for  Spain ;  and  that  they  be  dehvered  to  the  officers  on  ship- 
board for  that  purpose  :  care  to  be  taken  that  under  the  colour 
of  exportation  they  be  not  permitted  to  gointo  the  country."^ 

"  29th  May,  1654.  Upon  reading  the  petition  of  the  Popish 
priests  now  in  the  jails  of  Dublin;  ordered,  that  the  Governor 
of  Dublin  take  security  of  such  persons  as  shall  undertake 
the  transportation  of  them,  that  they  shall  with  the  first 
opportunity  be  shipped  for  some  parts  in  amity  with  the 
Commonwealth,  provided  the  five  pounds  for  each  of  the 
said  priests  due  to  the  persons  that  took  them,  pursuant  to 
the  tenor  of  a  declaration  dated  6th  January,  1653,  be  first 
paid  or  secured.  "^ 

But  no  orders  could  keep  them  from  ministering  to  their 
flocks.  Of  this  there  are  many  instances.  4th  January,  1655, 
there  was  paid  to  Captain  Thomas  Shepherd  the  sum  of  five 
pounds,  pursuant  to  the  declaration  of  6th  May,  1653,  for  a 
party  of  his  company  that  on  27th  November  last  took  a 
priest,  with  his  appurtenances,  in  the  house  of  one  Owen 
Birne,  of  Cool-ne-Kishin,  near  Old  Leighlin,  in  the  county  of 
Catherlogh,  which  said  priest,  together  with  Birne,  the  man 
of  the  house,  were  brought  prisoners  to  Dublin. ^  On  the  8th 
of  the  same  month,  Eichard  and  Thomas  Tuite,  Edmund 
ftnd  George  Barnwell,  and  William  Fitzsimons,  all  names 
i)elonging  to  what  would  now  be  called  the  Catholic  gentry, 
maintained  the  castle  of  Baltrasna,  in  the  county  of  Meath, 
in  defence  and  rescue  of  a  priest  supposed  to  have  repaired 
thither  to  say  mass.  For  this  they  were  arrested,  and  their 
goods  seized.  To  these  Cornet  Greatrex  and  his  soldiers  laid 
claim,  on  the  ground  of  a  forcible  entry  of  the  said  castle, 


1  A  (82),  p.  629.  2  A  (85),  p.  418. 

3  A  (10),  p.  7.     Orders  of  Council,  Late  Auditor-General's  Re- 
cords, Custom  House  Buildings,  vol  x.,  p.  204. 


OF  lEELAND.  823 

kept  against  them  with  arms  and  ammunition  by  such  who 
maintained  a  priest  in  his  idolatrous  worship,  in  opposition 
to  the  declaration  of  the  State  in  that  behalf  .^ 

As  nothing  could  hitherto  hinder  them  from  administering 
to  their  flocks,  the  Commissioners  for  Ireland  began  to  trans- 
port them  to  Barbadoes,  to  prevent  them  from  returning  to 
their  own  and  their  people's  destruction.  On  8th  December, 
1655,  in  a  letter  from  the  Commissioners  to  the  Governor  of 
Barbadoes,  advising  him  of  the  approach  of  a  ship  with  a 
cargo  of  proprietors  deprived  of  their  lands,  and  then  seized 
for  not  transplanting,  or  banished  for  having  no  visible  means 
of  support  (though  the  charity  of  the  Irish  never  yet  failed 
such  victims  of  the  law,  \^•hethcr  of  high  or  low  degree),  they 
add  that  amongst  them  were  three  priests ;  and  the  Commis- 
sioners particularly  desire  they  may  be  so  employed  as  they 
may  not  return  again  where  that  sort  of  people  are  able  to  do 
much  mischief,  having  so  great  an  influence  over  the  Popish 
Irish,  and  of  alienating  their  affections  from  the  present 
Government. 2  Yet  these  penalties  did  not  daunt  them,  or 
prevent  their  recourse  to  Ireland.  In  consequence  of  the 
great  increase  of  priests  towards  the  close  of  the  year  1655,  a 
general  arrest  by  the  justices  of  peace  was  ordered,  under 
which,  in  April,  1656,  the  prisons  in  every  part  of  Ireland 
seem  to  have  been  filled  to  overflowing.  On  3rd  of  May  the 
governors  of  the  respective  precincts  were  ordered  to  send 
them  with  sufficient  guards  from  garrison  to  garrison  to  Car- 
rickfergus,  to  be  there  put  on  board  such  ship  as  shoidd  sail 
with  the  first  opportunity  to  the  Barbadoes. ^  One  may 
imagine  the  pains  of  this  toilsome  journey  by  the  petition  of 
one  of  them.  Paid  Cashin,  an  aged  priest,  apprehended  at 
Maryborough,   and  sent  to  Philipstown  on  the  way  to  Car- 

lA   (6),    p.    in;   ibid.,    p.    ()5,   67. 

2  A  (30),  p.  115.  3  A  (10),  p.  ■•02. 


324  THE   CEOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

rickfergus,  there  fell  desperately  sick,  and,  being  also  ex- 
tremely aged,  was  in  danger  of  perishing  in  restraint  for  want 
of  friends  and  means  of  relief.  On  27th  of  August,  1656,  the 
Commissioners  having  ascertained  the  truth  of  his  petition, 
they  ordered  him  sixpence  a  day  during  his  sickness ;  and  (in 
answer  probably  to  this  poor  prisoner's  prayer  to  be  spared 
from  transportation),  their  order  directed  that  it  should  be 
continued  to  him  in  his  travel  thence  (after  his  re- 
covery) to  Carrickfergus,  in  order  to  his  transportation 
to    the    Barbadoes.i 

At  Carrickfergus  the  horrors  of  approaching  exile  seem 
to  have  shaken  the  firmness  of  some  of  them;  for  on  23rd 
September,  1656,  Colonel  Cooper,  who  had  the  charge  of  the 
prison,  reporting  that  several  would  under  their  hands  re- 
nounce the  Pope's  supremacy,  and  frequent  the  Protestant 
meetings,  and  no  other,  he  was  directed  to  dispense 
with  the  transportation  of  such  of  them  as  he  could 
satisfy  himself  would  do  so  without  fraud  or  design,  on 
their  obtaining  Protestant  security  for  their  future  good 
conduct. 2 

But  even  in  Barbadoes  the  Government  did  not  seem  to 
consider  them  secure,  or  perhaps  the  cost  of  transporting 
them  may  have  been  too  heavy.  For  on  27th  February,  1657, 
they  referred  it  to  His  Excellency  to  consider  where  the 
priests  then  in  prison  in  Dublin  might  be  most  safely  dis- 
posed of ;  and  thenceforth  the  Isles  of  Arran,  lying  out  thirty 
miles  in  the  Atlantic,  opposite  the  entrance  to  the  Bay  of 
Galway,  and  the  Isle  of  Innisboffin,  off  the  coast  of  Conne- 
mara,  became  their  prisons. ^  In  these  storm-beaten  islands 
they  dwelt  in  colonies  during  the  three  concluding  years  of 
the  Commonwealth  rule  in  Ireland,  in  cabins  built  for  them 
by  the  Government,  and  maintained  on  an  allowance  of  six- 

1  A  (12),  p.  217.  a  A  (10),  p.  179.  3  ib.,  p.  277. 


OF  IKELAND.  325 

pence  a  day.^  Yet  still  in  all  parts  of  the  nation  there  was 
found  a  succession  of  these  intrepid  soldiers  of  religion  to 
perform  their  sworn  duties,  meeting  the  relics  of  their  flocks 
in  old  raths,  under  trees,  and  in  ruined  chapels, 2  or  secretly 
administering  to  individuals  in  the  very  houses  of  their 
oppressors,  and  in  the  ranks  of  their  armies. 


THIRD  BURDENSOME  BEAST,  THE  TORY. 

The  great  aim  of  the  transplantation  was  to  give  security 
to  the  English  planters. ^  For  this  forty  thousand  of  the  most 
active  of  the  old  English  and  Irish  nobility  and  gentry  and 
commons,  who  had  borne  arms  in  the  ten  years'  war  were 
forced  to  abandon  wife  and  children,  home  and  country,  and 
embark  for  Spain;  for  this  their  deserted  wives  and  children, 
and  all  the  remaining  landed  proprietors,  their  families  and 

1  "  To  Col.  Tho9.  Sadleir,  Governor  of  Galway,  the  sum  of 
£100  upon  account,  to  be  by  him  issued  as  he  shall  conceive 
meet  for  the  maintenance  of  such  Popish  priests  as  are  or  shall 
be  confined  in  the  island  of  Buffin,  after  the  allowance  of  six- 
pence per  diem  each.  And  for  building  of  cabbins,  and  other 
necessary  accommodation  for  them.  Dated  3rd  Jidy,  1657." 
Treasury  Warrants,   p.   352. 

2  In  the  bishops'  returns  appended  to  Primate  Boulter's  Report 
to  the  Lords'  Committee  on  the  present  state  of  Popery  in  Ire- 
land (A.D.  17.32),  it  is  common  to  find  masses  said  in  huts,  in 
old  forts,  and  at  moveable  altars  in  the  fields.  An  English 
tourist  writes  in  1746:^ — "The  poorer  sort  of  Irish  natives  are 
Roman  Catholics,  who  make  no  scruple  [toleration  was  advanc- 
ing at  this  time]  to  assemble  in  the  open  fields.  As  we  passed 
yesterday  in  a  by-road,  we  saw  a  priest  under  a  tree,  with  a 
large  assembly  about  him,  celebrating  mass  in  his  proper  habit; 
and  though  at  a  great  distance  from  him  we  heard  him  dis- 
tinctly." Chetwood's  "  Tour  Through  Ireland,"  p.  163.  12mo. 
London  :    1746. 

3  "  To  the  end,  therefore,  that  the  country  of  Ireland  may  be 
planted  and  settled  with  security  unto  such  as  shall  plant  and 
inhabit  the  same."  Preamble  to  the  Act  for  the  Satisfaction 
of  Adventurers  and  Souldiers,  passed  27th  »September,  1763. 


326  THE   CROMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

next  heirs, ^  their  tenants,  with  their  wives,  sons,  and 
daughters,  were  forced  into  Connaught.  With  this  view, 
the  country  was  laid  waste,  wherever  crops  or  cattle  were 
liable  to  afford  support  to  the  Irish  who  had  not  submitted 
to  be  transplanted  or  transported;  in  order  that  those  to 
whom  caves  and  inaccessible  mountains  had  afforded  a  re- 
treat, might  find  no  nourishment  of  any  kind ;  and  whole 
districts  were  put  out  of  protection,  so  that  men  or  women 
found  there  were  to  be  shot  as  spies  and  enemies,  unless  they 
had  a  pass  or  ticket  of  protection. 

Thus,  the  Committee  for  transplanting  the  Irish  declared 
(29  December,  1653),  the  whole  county  of  Kerry,  and  the 
adjacent  fast  countries  in  Cork  and  Limerick,  to  be  out  of 
protection  as  to  Irish  and  Papist,  in  order  to  prevent  any 
relief  to  Tories,  and  hinder  incursions  into  the  English  plan- 
tations; also  the  five  counties  within  the  line  of  the  Liffey, 
south  of  Dublin,  and  the  Barrow,  and  such  parts  of  Leitrim, 
Cavan,  and  Fermanagh,  as  lie  between  Lough  Erne  and  the 
Shannon,   and  the  West  Sea.^     Eound  their  garrisons  they 

1  "  And  whereas  the  children,  grandchildren,  brothers, 
nephews,  uncles,  and  next  pretended  heirs  of  the  persons 
attainted,  do  remain  in  the  provinces  of  Leinster,  Ulster,  and 
Munster,  having  little  or  no  visible  estates  or  subsistence,  but 
living  only  and  coshering  upon  the  common  sort  of  people  who 
were  tenants  to  or  followers  of  the  respective  ancestors  of  such 
persons,  Avaiting  an  opportunity,  as  may  justly  be  supposed,  to 
massacre  and  destroy  the  English  who  as  adventurers  or  souldiers, 
or  their  tenants,  are  set  down  to  plant  upon  the  several  lands  and 
estates  of  the  persons  so  attainted,"  they  are  to  transplant  or  be 
transported  to  the  English  plantations  in  America.  Act  for 
Attainder  of  the  Rebels  in  Ireland,  passed  1656.  Scobell's  "Acts 
and  Ordinances." 

2  "  Places  to  be  wholly  cleared  of  Irish  and  Papist."  A  (85), 
p.  16.  "  Places  in  Connaught  out  of  Protection."  The  follow- 
ing places  as  known  harbours  for  the  enemy,  and  other  bloody 
and  mischievous  persons,  who  from  thence  take  advantage,  &c., 
ordered  to  be  out  of  protection :  — All  the  country  of  Leitrim 
(except  the  baronies  of  Leitrim,  Mohill,  and  Dromaheere),  in 
Roscommon,    Hanly's   Country,    Ardagh,    and   Fenhowie;    all   the 


OF  lEELAND.  327 

defined  a  line,  where  they  supposed  no  Tories  could  venture. 
The  inhabitants  of  the  neighbourhood  were  ordered  to  retire 
within  it,  under  pain  of  being  out  of  protection,  but  they  were 
first  allowed  to  sow  their  spring  corn,  that  when  ripe,  the 
garrison  might  cainp  out  and  guard  the  reaping  and  inning  of 
it.  Thus  the  inhabitants  of  Shanganah  and  Loughlinstown, 
five  miles  south  of  Dublin,  were  (21  March,  1652-3),  to  have 
six  weeks'  time  to  remove  themselves  within  the  line,  in 
order  to  sow  their  spring  corn,  and  to  have  two  persons  to 
watch  their  growing  crop  and  dwellings.  And  Colonel  Hew- 
son  was  to  grant  them  tickets  of  protection,  to  secure  them 
against  being  shot  by  the  English. ^  And  the  inhabitants  of 
the  barony  of  Carlow,  and  part  of  Idrone  were  (10th  May, 
1652)  to  have  so  much  of  their  corn  in  unprotected  places 
spared,  as  Colonel  Pretty  should  advise. ^ 

The  Irish  had  been  encouraged  to  keep  fighting,  in  order 
to  effect  a  diversion  in  favour  of  Charles  II. 's  attempt  to 
recover  England  by  the  aid  of  the  Scots.  But  that  scheme 
being  ended  by  the  battle  of  Worcester  (3rd  September, 
1651),  the  King  advised  them  to  make  terms  for  themselves.^ 
This,  however,  they  were  reluctant  to  do,  because  no  terms 
were  to  be  expected  except  slavery  or  banishment.    Broghill 


county  of  Mayo  (except  Kihnaine,  Carrovv,  and  Tyrawley) ;  in 
Galway,  the  bai'onies  of  Moycullen,  Ballinahinchy,  the  half 
baronies  of  Ross,  of  Borrishool,  of  Arran,  of  KuUihane ;  the 
parishes  of  Breanagh,  Kilkerrin,  Moylagh,  in  the  barony  of 
Tyaquin ;  the  parish  of  Ballinakelly,  in  the  barony  of  Longford ; 
in  Sligo,  the  barony  of  Coolavin  (except  the  Randes) ;  the  inhabi- 
tants to  be  warned  by  Sir  Charles  Coote,  President  of  Connaught, 
to  remove  by  15th  March  next;  in  default,  themselves,  their 
cattle,  and  goods,  to  be  treated  as  enemies.     A  (82),  p.  134. 

1  A  (82),  p.  722.  2  Ibid.,  p.  224. 

3  "  A  Breefe  of  the  Defence  made  in  Answer  to  the  objections 
offered  to  invalidate  the  Peace  granted  to  the  Irish  in  1648," 
Lib.  H.,  p.  75.  "  Collections  relating  to  the  Act  of  Settlement," 
Record  Tower,    Dublin  Castle, 


J28  THE   CEOMWELLIAN    SETTLEMENT 

now  proposed  to  the  Commissioners  of  Parliament  (2nd 
January,  1651-2),  and  his  proposal  was  adopted,  that  such 
of  the  Irish  souldiers  as  should  come  in  and  deliver  up  one 
or  more  field  officers  of  their  party,  to  be  proceeded  against 
according  to  justice,  should  be  received  into  protection,  and 
be  assigned  some  place  of  security  out  of  the  Parliament's 
quarters,  to  defend  themselves  from  the  enemy. ^  But  none 
of  them  were  capable  of  this  treachery.  Upon  the  surrender 
of  the  Leinster  army,  under  the  articles  signed  at  Kilkenny 
(12th  May,  1652),  the  Commissioners  of  Parliament  called 
upon  the  rest  of  the  Irish  (22  May,  1652),  to  lay  down  their 
arms  on  or  before  the  30th  June  following ;  and  to  enforce  it 
put  £500  on  Lord  Muskerry's  head,  £300  on  Lord  Mount- 
garret's,  £300  on  Colonel  Eichard  Grace's,  £200  on  Lord 
Iveagh's,  £200  on  Colonel  David  Koch's  (son  of  Maurice 
Lord  Koch,  of  Fermoy),  and  like  sums  on  the  head  of  every 
commander  standing  out  after  that  day  (all  named),  to  be 
Tjaid  to  any  of  their  soldiers  bringing  in  their  heads. ^ 

This  was  the  favourite  resource  of  the  English,  who  had 
long  dealt  with  Irish  heads  as  playthings;  sometimes,  how- 
ever, rather  expensive  and  dangerous  ones ;  for  they  were  not 
the  men  to  give  their  heads  for  the  washing. ^  In  Edward 
IV. 's  day,  any  one  cutting  off  the  head  of  an  Irishman  found 
within  the  English  Pale,  or  four  obedient  counties  of  Meath, 
Louth,  Kildare,  and  Dublin,  unaccompanied  by  an  English- 
man, and  bringing  it  to  the  Portrieve,  or  Mayor  of  Trim, 
Ardee,  Naas,  or  Dublin,  to  spike  up  on  the  Castle  Walls,  or 
over  the  Gates,  was  to  receive  twopence  from  every  town- 
land. ^     In   the   Treasurer's   accounts   of   Queen  Elizabeth's 


1  A  (82),  p.  105. 

2  Ibid.,   pp.    237-239,    and   p.   313. 

3  "In  truth  it  never  shall  be  said 

I  for  the  washing  gave  my  head," — "  Hudibras," 


OF  IEELa!^D.  329 

day,  "Head  Money"  appears  as  a  heavy  item.  But  the 
Irish  soldiers  were  too  true  to  be  tempted  to  murder  their 
officers  by  these  vile  bribes.  They  had  no  more  success  than 
Broghill's  scheme.  The  different  parties  came  in  one  after 
another,  and  made  regular  capitulations  for  themselves  and 
their  forces,  and  (for  the  most  part)  accepted  banishment 
and  transportation  to  Spain. 2 

The  Parliament  of  England  had  now,  indeed,  stripped 
Ireland  bare.  Her  swordmen  transported;  her  nobles  and 
gentry  transplanted  to  Connaught,  or  banished,  and  their 
former  inheritances  measured  out  for  the  families  of  English 
Adventurers  and  soldiers  to  occupy.  Now,  indeed,  it  might 
be  said  of  Ireland — 


"  Oh   Ireland,   base   and   shameless   woman ! 
Like  hooded  harlot  false  and  vile  : 
With  breast  to  every  stranger  common, 
No  mother's  love  is  in  thy  smile. 

''  Thy  bosom,  Erin,  soft  and  swelling, 
No  milk  affords  thy  offspring  now; 
For   in   thy   arms   securely   dwelling, 
Are  litters  of  a  foreign  sow. 

"Where  are  thy  young  men,  lion-hearted? 
Their  fathers  where,   who  once  were  free? 
Are  all  the  brave  and  sage  departed, 
By  force  or  fraud  exiled  from  thee?" 

This  last  was  the  real  purpose  of  the  English  in  transport- 
ing the  swordmen  to  Spain.  But,  though  all  the  leaders  of 
the  Irish  people  might  be  taken  off,  the  nation  survived  in 


1  Statute  oth  Edward  IV.  (A.D.  1465),  chapters  12,  13,  14,  15. 
In  the  printed  Statutes  only  chap.  12  is  given, 

2  See  "  The  Departure  of  the  Swordmen  for  Spain,"  p.  86, 
siiprd. 

3  Translated  from  the  Irish.  "  The  Keene  of  tlie  South  of 
Ireland,"  p.  8.  12mo.  London:  1845.  For  the  Percy  Society. 
Edited  by  T.   Crofton  Croker. 


330  THE   CROMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

the  peasants.  The  Enghsh  thought  that  the  rehcs  of  the 
Irish  would  now  submit,  and  make  the  best  of  it.  They  were 
accustomed  only  to  their  own  submissive  rural  classes,  who 
represent  the  defeated  and  subdued  Saxons,  as  their  gentry 
do  by  their  pride  and  bearing  (though  not,  perhaps,  by  blood) 
the  conquering  Normans.  They  little  knew  the  hearts  full  of 
the  noblest  fire  that  beat  under  the  poorest  rags  in  Ireland, 
nor  the  unconquerable  mind  of  the  inhabitants  of  those  frail 
dwellings  of  wattle  covered  with  collops  or  long  stripes  of 
tvirf.  Here,  however,  after  500  years  of  conquest,  dwelt  an 
unsubdued  people, *  impatient  of  English  laws,  much  more 
of  suppression  and  servitude. 2 

Under  a  rude  outside  they  were  endued  with  one  of  the 
acutest  and  freest  minds  in  Europe.  Each  of  these  men, 
bearing  his  great  heart  above  despair,  watched  for  vengeance 
on  the  enemies  of  his  race,  and  waited  for  the  resurrection  of 
his  country. 

They  scorned  the  preaching  of  their  priests  and  gentry  of 
English  blood.  They  knew  them  to  be  as  truly  English  at 
heart  as  the  children  of  the  old  Romans,  though  born  in 
Britain,  were  still  Romans. »  When  the  only  hope  of  safety 
for  both  naturalized  English  and  native  Irish  was  a  union  to 
support  King  Charles  II.,  the  Irish  refused  it.  They  would 
not  be  parties  to  placing  their  country,  as  the  gentry  desired, 
under  the  rule  of  a  people  that  for  ages  had  injured  them 
and  scorned  them.  Father  Christopher  Plunket,  a  friar  of 
English  race,  was  employed  to  the  Irish  party  in  1650.  He 
reported  that  they  would  rather  pull  God  out  of  His  throne. 


1  King  James  I.  to  Sir  Arthur  Chichester   (A.D.   1613).     Close 
Kolls  of  Chancery.     Morrin's  "  Calendar,"   p.   625. 

2  "  Sir    Arthur    Chichester    to    the    Lords    of    the    Council    in 
England.     2nd  Febraury,   1609-10."     Ibid.,   p.   639. 

3  See  Lord  Dunsany's  Letter,   su2Jrd,   p.   256,   n. 


OF  lEELAND.  331 

cr  throw  themselves  headlong  into  the  sea,  than  become 
loyal  to  the  Crown  of  England. ^  They  knew  that  the  King 
of  England  would  be  the  puppet  of  the  Parliament.  And 
they  had  ever  known  the  Parliament  as  a  body  of  conspira- 
tors against  the  religion,  property,  liberties,  good  fame,  and 
very  existence  of  the  Irish  people. 

The  Irish,  thus  defeated  by  the  overpowering  force  of 
England,  or  rather  by  the  coldness  for  the  contest  of  their 
half-hearted  leaders,  most  of  them  of  the  old  English  blood, 
who  feared  the  victory  for  the  nation  more  than  conquest  by 
the  enemy,  now  dispersed  themselves  in  -woods  and  moun- 


1  "  So  far  hatli  the  spirit  of  ambition  and  dissension  invaded 
the  hearts  of  some  of  that  nation,  that  they  will  sooner  pull 
God  out  of  his  throne,  or  throw  themselves  headlong  into  the 
sea,  than  become  loyal  to  the  Crown  of  England.  They  have 
sent  three  legats  to  Leopoldus  [Dnke  of  Lorraine]  since  the 
last  of  August,  presenting  him  the  kingdom  of  Ireland  upon 
very  slight  terms — a  ridiculous  thing,  but  very  malicious,  if  it 
have  an  event,  as  it  is  thought  it  will;  and  that,  by  ways,  I 
cannot  commit  to  paper.  There  were  also,  since  June  last,  up- 
wards of  22  Agents  sent  hither,  to  Low  Countries  and  Germany, 
to  gather  moneys  in  the  Confederate  (Catholics  of  Ireland's 
name ;  which  they  have  done  in  abundance.   • 

"  The  chief  est  of  them  was  one  Francis  Edmonds,  James 
Dillon,  Sir  Laurence  the  priest,  and  one  of  our  order  named 
M'Gruorck,  who,  to  colour  his  practices,  or  rather  that  he  might 
more  efficaciously  work  upon  Prelates  and  Noblemen's  purses, 
made  two  great  rolls  of  parchment,  which  he  commonly  shewed 
in  all  places  where  he  begged;  in  on  of  these  rolls  he  placed 
such  as  were  defenders  and  supporters  of  the  Catholic  religion 
in  Ireland — to  wit,  Owen  O'Neill,  and  a  very  few  more  in  the 
other  he  placed  all  heretics,  and  such  as  studies  the  ruin  of  the 
Catholic  religion — viz.,  the  Council  (neniine  excrpto)  and  most 
of  the  nobility  and  gentry  of  the  whole  kingdoin.  Tliese  and 
the  foul  aspersions  cast  upon  you  in  Paul  King's  libel,  took  such 
impression  in  the  breasts  of  Prelates,  noblemen,  and  religious  in 
these  parts,  that  they  think  absolutely  that  all  our  Council, 
nobility,   &c.,   are  but  mere  heretics,   &c." 

"  Extract  of  n.  Letter  from  Christopher  Plunket,  a  Franciscan 
Friar,  to  Sir  Nicholas  Plunket,  from  Bruxells,  or  Bruges,  without 
date,  but  accompanied  with  other  letters  of  the  24th  of  April, 
1650,  taken  22  June,  1650."      "  Carte  Papers,"  vol.  xxvii.,   p.  5. 


332  THE   CEOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

tains  and  bogs,   and  thence  fell  down  like   wolves  on  the 
usurpers  of  their  homes  and  country.    These  were  the  Tories. * 

1  For  want  of  an  organized  treasury,  it  was  customary  to- 
wards the  close  of  the  war  of  1641,  to  assign  the  different  regi- 
ments "  a  month's  means  "  in  such  and  such  a  barony.  Par- 
tisan bands  under  no  command  were  connived  at,  and  lived  at 
free  quarters;  but  this,  at  last,  became  such  an  evil  that 
Ormonde  issued  a  proclamation  against  them,  ordering  them  to 
enlist  in  His  Majesty's  army  or  be  deemed  traitors.  In  the  pro- 
clamation is  the  first  public  use  of  the  term  "  Tory."  The  fol- 
lowing petition  exhibits  the  evils  of  this  state  :  — 

"  The  humble  Petition  of  Edmund  Wale,  Esq. 

"  Most  humbly  shewing  to  your  Excellency  a  scantlet  of  his 
late  sufferings  and  pressures  offered  unto  him  by  some  of  his 
neighbours  and  other  Idle  Boys.  First,  that  albeit  your  Peti- 
tioner was  mightily  impoverished  by  the  heavy  contribution  and 
eight  days  entertainment  for  horse  and  man,  to  a  party  con- 
sisting of  150  horse,  forced  from  him  by  Cromwell's  army,  as  by 
the  annexed  may  appear,  whereby  he  lost  his  whole  substance  in 
corn,  to  the  value  of  £200.  Yet  your  Petitioner's  farm  of  Knock- 
bally  Meagher  and  Tomonin  [on  the  Devil's  Bit  mountain?], 
being  a  remote  nook  of  the  county  of  Tipperary,  between  voods 
and  bogs,  and  always  since  the  access  of  Cromwell's  army  into 
the  said  county,  as  a  place  of  safety  frequented  by  several 
crews  of  Idle  Boys  adhering  to  Thomas  O'Meagher,  of  Bolibane, 
Captain  Brann  O'Birne,  and  several  others  who,  cessing  and 
quartering  themselves  on  your  Petitioner  and  his  tenants  in  the 
said  Lands,  plundered,  eat  up,  and  consumed  all  their  liveli- 
hood, whereby  your  Petitioner's  Tenants  were  altogether  beg- 
gared and  banisht.  Secondly,  that  the  said  Idle  Boys,  by  the 
procurement  of  the  said  Thomas  O'Meagher,  about  the  8th  day 
of  April  last,  fired  and  burned  your  Petitioner's  House  in  the 
baon  [bawn?]  of  Moydromma;  and  the  said  Brann  O'Birne, 
accompanied  with  at  least  140  armed,  came  in  a  hostile  manner 
on  the  13th  of  the  said  month,  and  broke  open,  pulled  down, 
and  rased  j'our  Petitioner's  Stone  House  at  Knockbally  Meagher, 
and  took  of  your  Petitioner's  cattle  12  Muttons  and  2  principal 
Beefs.  Thirdly,  that  in  the  like  hostile  manner,  one  Captain 
Dowdal,  beside  £4  contribution  (as  he  termed  it)  by  him  forced 
from  your  Petitioner,  with  a  party  of  Musketeers  in  his  com- 
pany, about  the  24th  of  March  last  pillaged  your  Petitioner  of 
a  Horse,  price  £40  sterling,  with  a  sword  and  a  fowling  piece, 
and  afterwards  pillaged  him  of  42  muttons,   price  £20,  at  least. 

"  Lastly,  that  Florence  Fitzpatrick,  Daniel  Ro  O'Phelan, 
Donogh  O'Felan,  Gillpatrick  DuUanie,  Edmond  M'Ferlagh,  and 
Simon  Hill,  with  divers  other  armed  men,  both  horse  and  foot, 
in  like  hostile  manner,   on  the  8tli  of  this  month,    preyed   and 


OF  IRELAND.  333 

The  Parliament  had  for  ages  made  the  kilhng  an  Irishman 
no  murder,  and  the  taking  his  lands  no  robbery.^  Yet  this 
retribution  of  the  Tories  on  the  Cromwelhans  was  of  course 
always  called  outrage  and  murder;  and  for  their  preys  they 
were  called  robbers.  As  such  they  were  solemnly  hanged, 
being  something  akin  to  that  which  so  tickled  the  fancy  of 
the  Laughing  philosopher  of  old :  but  here  it  was  not  the  big 
thieves  (as  he  described  it),  leading  the  little  thieves,  but 
the  plunderers  leading  the  plundered,  to  the  gallows. 

In  1647  war  was  still  raging,  and  incursions  were  made  into 

pillaged  your  Petitioner  and  his  said  poor  Tenants  of  the  only 
remnant  and  small  relief  left  them  by  all  former  pillagers,  to  the 
number  of  73  cows  and  five  garrans ;  and  what  thej'  killed  not  of 
them  they  imbeazled  and  distributed,  as  well  among  themselves 
as  to  Donogh  O'DuUany,  Dermot  O'Costigan,  and  others,  leaving 
your  Petitioner  without  any  manner  of  relief.  The  prenaises  con- 
sidered, and  inasnuich  as  the  said  proceedings  were  done  and 
committed  on  your  Petitioner  in  apparent  contempt  of  your 
Excellency's  order  of  protection,  by  him  from  time  to  time  pro- 
duced, and  shown  to  the  said  parties  severally,  and  are  not  only 
to  his  loss  and  damage  at  least  £1000  sterling  but  even  to  his 
utter  ruin  and  banishment  from  house  and  home,  if  not  relieved. 
It  mav  please  your  Excellency  strictly  to  require,  &c.  Dated 
24  May,  1650.'''  "  Carte  Pixpers,"  Vol.  clvii.,  p.  125.  By 
his  proclamation  dated  from  "  Clare  [Castle],  25  September, 
1650,"  Ormonde  orders  all  these  loose  and  ill-disposed  persons 
that  pillage  the  protected  inhabitants  of  Leinster,  and  will  not 
submit  to  any  commands,  living  upon  the  people  of  the  country, 
and  that  "  are  termed  Toryes  or  Idle  Boys,"  to  enlist  in  His 
Majesty's  armj',  or  be  deemed  traitors.  "  Carte  Papers,"  vol. 
clxii.,  p.  358. 

1  "  The  Irish  (says  Sir  J.  Davis)  were  not  only  disabled  to 
bring  any  Actions,  but  they  were  so  far  out  of  the  protection 
of  the  law,  as  it  was  often  adjudged  no  felony  to  kill  a  '  meer  ' 
Irishman  in  time  of  peace.  That  they  were  reputed  Aliens 
appears  by  many  sundry  records,  wherein  judgment  is  demanded 
if  they  shall  be  answered  in  actions  brought  by  them."  He  then 
gives  the  pleadings  in  28  Ed.  III.,  where  Simon  Neal  brought 
an  action  against  William  Newhigh  for  breaking  and  entering 
his  close  at  Clondalkin,  near  Dublin,  being  the  mode  of  defend"- 
ing  one's  possession. 

Newlagh  pleaded  that  Neal  was  not  one  of  the  Five  bloods; 
but  it  was  found  he  was  one  of  the  O'Neals  of  Ulster,  entitled 
to  English  law,  and  he  kep't  his  land,  wliich  otherwise  he  had 
lost.  "  Discoverie  why  Ireland  was  never  Entirelv  Subdued  " 
p.    638.  '  ' 


-6M  THE   CROMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

the  Irish  quarters  by  the  English,  and  into  the  English  quar- 
ters by  the  Irish,  and  cattle  carried  off  by  each  side.  This 
Colonel  Michael  Jones,  Governor  of  Dubhn,  declared  could 
not  be  by  the  Irish  unless  by  the  connivance  of  their  kindred 
and  friends,  and  tenants  living  protected  within  the  English 
quarters.  It  was  conquerors'  logic.  If  questioned,  it  would 
be  made  good  by  the  sword.  No  Papist  dared  deny  it.  He 
accordingly  issued  his  Declaration  (of  2nd  November,  1647), 
making  the  Irish  in  the  English  quarters  responsible  for  the 
outrages  committed  on  the  persons,  goods,  and  estates  of  the 
Protestants  by  their  kindred  from  the  enemies'  quarters. 
But  the  poor  kindred,  hving  "under  protection"  (the  pro- 
tection of  protectors  who  could  not,  or  did  not  protect  them), 
were  soon  stripped  bare.  Colonel  Hewson,  who  succeeded 
Colonel  Michael  Jones  as  Governor  of  Dublin,  issued  another 
proclamation  on  25  February,  1649-50,  declaring  that  such 
was  the  neglect  and  contempt  of  the  former  proclamation  by 
the  protected  Irish  that  there  were  daily  murders,  robberies, 
and  other  most  cruel  outrages  committed  by  the  Tories  and 
rebels  coming  into  the  English  quarters  without  control  or 
pursuit  of  the  Papist  inhabitants.  That  it  was  through  their 
fault  he  could  and  would^  if  they  doubted  it, 

convince  tliem  by 


Infallible  artillery." 

The  kindred,  he  stated,  were  difficult  to  be  found  out,  and 
when  found  were  not  worth  the  finding. 

He  accordingly  ordained  that  all  the  inhabitants  within 
the  English  quarters  (being  Papists),  that  should  suffer  any 
of  the  said  Tories  and  rebels  to  pass  through  any  of  their 
baronies,  should  contribute  rateably  with  those  of  the  barony 
where  the  outrage  was  committed,  unless  within  ten  days 
they  made  the  criminals  amenable.  For  a  Cromwellian 
Lieut. -Colonel,   Major,   or  Captain  murdered  the  fine  on  a 


OF  IRELAND.  835 

barony  was  an  hundred  pounds;  for  other  persons  twenty 
pounds.  It  mattered  not  that  it  was  death  for  a  Papist  to 
have  arms.  He  was  thus  in  danger  to  be  shot  by  the  Irish 
if  he  resisted,  or  if  he  ran  to  raise  the  hue  and  cry,  or  to  be 
stript  by  the  Enghsh  if  he  didn't. ^ 

The  levies  under  Colonel  Jones's  declaration  were  styled 
"  Kincogues,  "2  or  "kindred  monies";  those  under  Colonel 
Hewson's,  "prey  monies."  Thus,  a  band  of  Tories,  in  the 
county  of  Cork,  rushed  down,  and  carried  back  with  them  to 
the  hills  the  cows  of  some  new  imported  English.  There- 
upon, on  26th  December,  1653,  John  Percival  and  his  Eng- 
lish tenants  were  ordered  to  be  repaired  their  losses,  either 
by  the  kindred  of  the  Tories  committing  the  outrage,  if  any 
such  should  be  found  within  the  Precinct,  or  against  the 
Papist  inhabitants  of  the  adjacent  baronies,  or  against  both 
the  kindred  and  the  baronies,  as  should  be  thought  by  the 
Commissioners  of  the  Revenue  of  the  said  Precinct  most 
agreeable  to  justice.* 

1  Proclamation  of  Colonel  Jones,  Governor  of  Dublin,  for 
robberies  committed  by  the  Tories  ...  within  the  English  quar- 
ters, to  be  answered  by  the  kindred  of  such  as  commit  them. 
Dated   2nd    November,    1647. 

Proclamation  of  Colonel  Hewson,  Governor  of  Dublin,  making 
the  inhabitants,  whether  of  kin  or  not  of  kin,  and  the  inhabi- 
tants of  the  baronies  through  wliicli  tlie  Tories  passed,  respon- 
sible.    25th  February,  165U.     MSS.  Trin.  Coll.  Dub.,  F.  3,  18. 

Instructions  for  putting  the  above  in  execution  by  tlie  Com- 
missioners for  the  Administration  of  Justice,  and  Commissioners 
of  Revenue.     A  (82),  p.  72. 

2  "  Kincogues,"  from  "  cin  "  (crime,  debt,  and  liability),  and 
"  comrogus  "  (kindred,  relations).  By  the  Brehon  law,  unless 
the  tribe  outlawed  an  offender,  one  of  their  kindred,  they  were 
collectively  liable  for  his  crime.  (The  statement  of  the  late  John 
O'Donovan,  LL.D.).  Among  the  statutes  objected  to  by  Spenser 
was  tne  11th  Edw.  IV.,  cliap.  4,  whereby  the  custom  of  Kin- 
cogish  (as  he  calls  it)  was  made  law.  By  that  statute  every 
head  of  every  sept,  and  every  head  of  every  kindred,  shoidd  be 
bound  to  bring  forth  every  one  of  that  sept  or  kindred  charged 
with  any  crime.     Spenser's  "  View  of  Ireland,"   p.  451. 

8  A  (85),  p.  lU.  Reparation  to  be  made  for  English  killed  by 
Tories  in  county   of  Cork   (at  Lord   Broghill's   instance),    by   the 


336  THE   CROMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

At  the  end  of  eighteen  months  from  the  time  when  the 
rebels  were  declared  to  be  subdued,  and  the  war  or  rebeUion 
to  be  appeased  or  ended,  and  this  great  island  for  the  first 
time  brought  under  the  rule  of  the  Parliament  of  England, 
the  means  of  the  people  under  protection  were  exhausted; 
and  the  government,  which  always  lives  upon  the  sweat  and 
gold  of  the  labouring  classes,  found  its  resources  and  supplies 
to  fail,  and  that  they  must  change  the  system. 

Accordingly,  they  issued  their  proclamation  (11th  Feb- 
ruary, 1653-4),  and  thereby  declared  that  the  inhabitants  of 
this  nation  were  so  impoverished  by  paying  for  preys  and 
outrages  done  by  their  kindred  in  arms,  that  the  contribution 
was  in  many  places  destroyed.  They  therefore  forbade  pay- 
ment for  any  past  losses  unless  suffered  since  the  month  of 
May  previous;  and  that,  for  the  future,  none  should  be  de- 
mandable  unless  claimed  within  one  month  after  the  injury 
suffered.^ 

These  finings  of  the  baronies  having  come  to  an  end,  what 
measures,  it  may  be  asked,  did  the  Cromwellian  Government 
adopt  in  case  of  murders?  In  the  month  of  March,  1655, 
eight  of  Doctor  Petty 's  surveyors,  engaged  in  the  county  of 
Kildare  upon  the  survey  of  the  confiscated  estates  of  the 
exiled  or  imprisoned  Irish  gentry,  called  the  Down  Survey, 
were  surprised  by  a  party  of  Tories,  headed  by  Blind  Donogh 
O'Derrig,  or  Doyle,  and  carried  into  the  woods,  and  there, 

next  of  kin  of  such  Tories  in  the  Precinct,  21st  July,  1653, 
A  (82),  p.  327.  British  inhabitants  of  Donaghedy  to  be  re- 
imbursed by  the  Irish  inhabitants  of  Strabane  for  losses  by  the 
incursion  of  the  Irish  in  March  last.  23rd  December,  1652. 
Ibid.,  p.  495.  Papist  inhabitants  of  the  barony  of  Dunboyne  to 
pay  £185  decreed  to  H.  Mills  and  W.  Kennedy;  the  said  inhabi- 
tants of  Dunboyne  to  recover  contributions  against  the  Papist 
inhabitants  of  Ratoath  and  Deese,  through  which  the  enemy 
passed ;  or  against  any  harbourers  of  said  Tories,  or  who 
neglected  to  raise  the  hue  and  cry.  A  (84),  p.  276,  &c.,  &c. 
1  A   (82),   p.    617. 


OF  lEELAND.  337 

after  a  kind  of  drum-head  court  martial  (where  they,  pro- 
bably, received  a  more  orderly  trial  and  better  justice  than 
thousands  of  the  countrymen  of  Blind  Donogh),  were,  so  the 
English  called  it,  barbarously  murdered.^  Kewards  of  £30 
were  offered  for  Blind  Donogh's  head ;  £20  for  his  lieutenant's, 
Dermod  Kyan;  and  £5  a  piece  for  those  of  his  men.^  They 
seem  all  to  have  been  taken  in  the  very  hovise  whence  they 
carried  the  surveyors  to  the  woods.  For  another  murder  the 
whole  town  of  Timolin  were  ordered  to  transplant  at  once  to 
Connaught.i  But  they  seem  to  have  been  sheltered  by  the 
officers  of  the  neighbourhood,  as  well,  probably,  because  of 
their  innocence  as  their  usefulness ;  for  the  Governor  received 
a  reprimand  for  his  slackness,  and  an  order  to  see  the  trans- 
plantation carried  out.  At  the  same  time  the  Government 
issued  a  proclamation  complaining  of  the  little  effect  of  their 
previous  orders  and  declarations,  for  the  prevention  of  the 
many  murders  and  spoils  committed  on  the  poor  inhabitants 
of  this  nation  by  Tories,  Irish  rebels,  and  other  desperate  per- 
sons. The  Irish  had  been  driven,  they  said,  from  garrisons, 
castles,  and  places  of  strength,  to  bogs  and  woods.  There 
they  lurked,  watching  for  opportunities  to  commit  murders 
and  outrages,  which,  through  the  blessing  of  the  Lord  might 
be  prevented,  if  the  Irish  inhabitants  of  this  nation  did  not 
(contrary  to  the  proclamations  published)  privately  succour 
them;  while  sundry  persons  not  giving  such  relief  were  daily 
taken  out  of  their  houses  in  the  night  time,  and  sometimes 
set  upon  as  they  travel  upon  the  highway,  or  are  surprised  by 
these  desperate  persons,  and  carried  into  woods  and  bogs, 
and  there  murdered  or  kept  in  a  miserable  manner,  in  cold, 
nakedness,  and  hunger,  and  their  houses  burned,  and  their 
goods  carried  away  until  they  pay  a  ransom. 


1  Supra,  p.  20G.  2  A  (5),  p.  241.  3  A  (30),  p.  42, 

B2 


838  THE   CEOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

For  a  remedy,  four  persons  of  the  neighbourhood,  of  the 
Irish  nation  and  Popish  rehgion,  were  to  be  taken,  and  after 
twenty-eight  days  transported  to  the  Enghsh  plantations  in 
America,  if  the  criminals  were  not  previously  made  amen- 
able; and  all  the  Irish  inhabitants  of  the  Popish  religion  of 
the  barony  were  to  be  transplanted  except  such  as  might 
prove  their  Constant  good  affection  to  the  tyrants  of  their 
country.  But  no  laws  bind,  no  punishments  can  restrain 
outraged  nature.  The  hatred  of  the  Irish  to  their  tyrants 
increased  with  their  increasing  severity.^ 

Denis  Brennan  and  Murtagh  Turner,  persons  lately  in  the 
army  and  pay  of  the  State,  troopers  of  Colonel  Hewson  (pro- 
bably conformers  to  English  rehgion),  being  engaged  near  the 
Castle  of  Lackagh,  in  the  same  county  of  Kildare,  repairing 
houses  of  some  of  the  transplanted  inhabitants,  were  barbar- 
ously murdered,  to  the  great  terror  of  the  rest  of  the  peace- 
able inhabitants  of  the  county. ^  All  the  Irish  of  Lackagh  of 
the  Popish  religion  (except  four  who  were  hanged  for  the 
benefit  of  the  rest),  to  the  number  of  thirty-seven — being 
three  priests,  twenty-one  women,  and  thirteen  men,  were,  on 
27th  November,  1655,  delivered  to  Captain  Colman,  of  the 
Wexford  frigate,  for  transportation  to  the  Barbadoes.*  The 
names  of  the  priests  were  James  Tuite,  Robert  Keegan,  and 
John  Foley.  There  was  also  the  wife  of  Blind  Donogh,  and 
the  whole  family  of  Mr.  Henry  Fitzgerald,  of  Lackagh  Castle.* 
Mr.  Fitzgerald's  case  was  one  of  great  hardship.  He  and  his 
wife,  Mrs.  Margery  Fitzgerald  (both  of  the  house  of  Kildare) 
were  fourscore  years  and  upwards,  and  no  one  could  charge 
them  with  being  Tories  or  countenancing  them,  and  they 
could  scarcely  be  deemed  guilty  of  not  running  after  them 


1  Dated  at  Dublin,  19th  April,  1655.   "  Perfect  Proceedings  of 
State,  &c.,  p.  4676. 

2  A  (5),  p.  260.  3  Ibid.,  p.  295.  *  Ibid.,  p.  303. 


OF  IRELAND.  339 

with  the  hue  and  cry.  The  Tories,  too,  had  frequently 
despoiled  them.  Yet  they,  with  their  son  Maurice,  their 
daughters  Margery  and  Bridget,  Mary,  the  widow  of  their 
eldest  son,  Henry,  with  their  man  servant  and  maid  servant, 
had  to  lie  in  prison  till  the  ship  could  be  got  ready  to  carry 
them  with  the  rest  of  this  miserable  cargo. ^  They  were 
assigned  to  the  correspondents  of  Mr.  Norton,  a  Bristol 
merchant  and  sugar  planter,  who  was  to  be  at  the  charge  of 
transplanting  them  to  the  Indian  Bridges,  now  called 
Barbadoes. 

But  these  severities  only  exasperated  the  Tories,  who 
were  quickened  to  action  by  the  sight  of  their  ancient  gentry 
begging  at  the  usurpers'  doors.  What  must  they  not  have 
felt  to  see  Lord  Roche  of  Fermoy  and  his  daughters  reduced 
to  beggary,  and  forced  to  walk  on  foot  to  Connaught,^  to  end 
their  days  there  in  some  cabin,  while  their  ancient  inherit- 
ance was  divided  between  the  cornet  of  some  English  regi- 
ment of  horse  and  his  troop  ? 

"  That  such  a  worthy  man  as  he 
Should  thus  be  put  to  shift ; 
Being  late  a  lord  of  high  degree, 
Of  living  quite  bereft.  "3 

What  the  feelings  of  John,  the  brother  of  Christian, 
Anstace,  and  Kate  Roche,  daughters  of  Jordan  Roche  of 
Limerick,  to  behold  his  sisters  reduced  from  the  affluence  of 
a  landed  estate  of  £2,000  a  year  to  nothing  to  live  on  but  what 
they  could  earn  by  their  needles,  and  by  washing  and  wring- 
ing— their  father's  lands  in  the  Liberties  of  Limerick  being 


1  "  Continuation  of  the  Brief  Narrative;  and  the  Sufferings  of 
Ireland  under  Cromwell,  pp.  7,  8.  [By  Father  Peter  Walsh.] 
4to.     London :    1660. 

2  See  above,  p.  182,  and  Appendix  I. 

3  Ballad  of  Robin  Hood, 


340  THE   CROMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

divided  amongst  the  gentlemen  of  Cromwell's  Life 
Guard?! 

Or  of  John  Luttrell,  transplanted  with  his  wife  and  chil- 
dren from  the  ancient  family  estate  of  Luttrellstown,  near 
Dublin,  worth  £2,500  a  year  in  1640,2  where  for  four  hundred 
years  his  ancestors  had  fixed  their  affections  and  their  name, 
into  the  barony  of  Clare  in  Galway,  and  there  to  hear  of  his 
four  sisters  begging  the  Council  Board  for  some  relief,  and 
given  ten  pounds  apiece,  and  bidden  for  the  future  not  to 
expect  any  further  gratuity  or  allowance  from  that  Board?* 

But  how  must  the  feelings  of  national  hatred  have  been 
heightened,  by  seeing  everywhere  crowds  of  such  unfortu- 
nates, their  brothers,  cousins,  kinsmen,  and  by  beholding  the 
whole  country  given  up  a  prey  to  hungry,  insolent  soldiers 
and  Adventurers  from  England,  mocking  their  wrongs,  and 
triumphing  in  their  own  irresistible  power ! 

Inspired  by  such  sights,  bands  of  desperate  men  formed 
themselves  into  bodies,  under  the  leadership  of  some  dis- 
possessed gentleman,  who  had  retired  into  the  wilds  when  the 

1  "  To  the  Bight  Honourable  ye  Commissioners  of  ye  Common- 

wealth of  England  for  ye  Affairs  of  Ireland." 

"  The  humble  petition  of  Christian  Roche,  Anstace  Roche,  Gate 
Roche,  and  John  Roche,  the  children  of  Alderman  Jordan  Roche, 
deceased,  sheweth  that  Alderman  Jordan  Roche  deed,  dyed  seized 
of  a  vast  reall  estate  to  the  value  of  £2,000  a  year,  and  likewise 
of  a  considerable  personal  estate,  all  which  devolved  and  came 
to  the  publique  :  That  your  poore  petitioners  are  in  a  sadd  and 
deplorable  condition  for  want  of  sustenance  or  mayntenance,  and 
have  nothing  to  live  on  but  what  they  erne  by  their  needles  and 
by  washing  and  wringinge." 

They  pray  a  competent  provision  out  of  their  father's  estate, — 
"  an  acte  very  charitable  and  suitable  to  ye  civility  of  ye  English 
government." 

"  Petition  referred  to  the  Commissioners  of  Limerick  precinct, 
to  enquire  and  report  in  what  qualification  of  the  Act  of  Settle- 
ment this  falls.  Dated  Aj^ril,  1654."  Records  of  the  late  Auditor- 
General's  Office. 

2  A  (12),  p.  147. 

3  Treasury  Warrants,  p.  194;  6th  April,  1657, 


OF  lEELAND.  341 

rest  of  the  army  he  belonged  to  laid  down  arms,  or  "ran 
out  "  again  after  submitting,  and  resumed  them  rather  than 
transplant  to  Connaught.^  He  soon  found  associates,  for  the 
country  was  full  of  swordsmen,  though  40,000  took  condi- 
tions from  the  King  of  Spain.  Others  came  back  from  Spain 
with  arms. 2 

They  resolved  no  longer  to  wait  for  the  aid  of  the  French 
or  Spaniards.  "  Are  we  alone,"  they  said  one  to  another,  "  of 
all  the  nations  of  the  world,  not  thought  fit  to  live  in  our  own 
country?  Are  we  alone  like  the  profanest  outlaws,  to  be 
driven  from  our  native  soil?  Shall  we  still  linger  here,  to 
show  foreign  nations  the  distinguishing  mark  the  English 
have  set  upon  us?"^ 

1  "  27th  August,  1656.  Notwithstanding  the  several  orders 
wherein  several  days  and  times  have  been  prefixed  by  which 
Papist  proprietors  of  lands  were  to  remove  themselves,  as  also 
their  wives  and  children,  to  Connaught,  whereto  some  have 
yielded  obedience,  and  many  others  in  several  parts  do  refuse, 
and  from  thence  have  taken  occasion  to  run  out  again  into  the 
boggs,  woods,  and  other  the  fastnesses  and  desert  places  of  the 
land,  to  commit  murders  and  robberies  upon  the  well  affected." 
A  (10),  p.  171. 

2  "  24:'th  January,  1656.  That  Irish  Papists  who  had  been 
licensed  to  depart  this  nation,  and  of  late  years  have  been  trans- 
planted in  Spain,  Flanders,  and  other  foreign  parts,  have 
nevertheless  secretly  returned  into  Ireland  with  arms,  occasion- 
ing the  increase  of  Tories  and  other  lawless  persons."  A  (5), 
p.  349. 

3  And  this  spirit  (with  new-made  mockery)  survives  at  the  end 
of  two  hundred  years. 

FLIGHT    OF    THE    IRISH    RATS    TO    AMERICA. 

"  Some  years  ago  a  West  Indiaman  had  discharged  its  cargo  in 
one  of  our  docks  at  home.  The  ship  was  plagued  by  rats  as 
never  ship  had  been  plagued.  Their  devastations,  their  noise, 
their  odour,  their  destructions,  had  been  beyond  mortal  endur- 
ance, but  there  was  no  remedy.  Tlie  captain,  who  was  still  on 
board,  was  waked  at  midniglit  by  his  mate,  and  asked  to  step 
on  deck  as  quickly  as  he  could.  A  fruit  ship  had  arrived  from 
the  Mediterranean,  and  on  coming  alongside  had  passed  a  hawser 
to  the  West  Indiaman.  '  Look  there !'  whispered  the  mate,  point- 
ing to  the  rope,   which,   in  the  darkness,   seemed  to  be  moving 


342  THE   CEOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

There  now  came  forth  a  Declaration  (24th  January, 
1654-5),  that  no  quarter  should  be  given  to  any  Irish  in  arms, 
in  consequence  of  several  murders  and  outrages  then  lately 
done  by  wicked  and  bloody  rebels  of  the  Irish  nation.  Not- 
withstanding all  those  sore  and  grievous  judgments  of  the 
Lord  upon  the  nation,  and  the  great  misery  and  spoil  thereof, 
and  the  mercy  and  favour  extended  by  the  Parliament  of 
England  to  all  that  would  live  peaceably  [as  slaves]  under 
the  English  Government,  they  would  still  (so  the  Declaration 
said)  keep  up  their  attacks.  Courts  Martial  of  five  officers, 
one  to  be  a  field  officer,  were  now  erected  through  the  coun- 
try, to  try  and  execute  or  punish  according  to  their  deserts, 
not  merely  the  Tories,  and  their  harbourers  and  relievers 
(being  of  the  Irish  nation),  but  those  not  giving  timely  notice 
to  the  next  garrison. ^ 

slowly  towards  the  fruit  ship.  It  was  alive  Math  rats,  which,  in 
a.  continuous  stream,  were  migrating  from  the  empty  ship  to  the 
stranger,  whose  fragrance  told  the  tale  of  its  delicious  freight. 
Before  sunrise  there  was  not  a  rat  left  on  board  the  West  India- 
man.  How  it  fared  with  the  stranger  it  is  needless  to  say.  That 
is  the  very  spectacle  we  are  now  witnessing  on  a  world-wide  scale. 
The  hawser  is  across  the  Atlantic;  and  in  one  incessant  endless 
train  hundreds  of  thousands  of  our  fellow-citizens  ( !)  are  passing 
to  the  richer  Continent.  We  are  disposed  to  take  a  philosophical 
view  of  the  matter.  Small  holdings  are  already  almost  gone. 
Pasturage  and  large  farms  have  taken  their  place.  The  face  of 
the  earth  is  Anglicised,  says  Dr.  Ingram,  and  so  too  ought  the 
social  condition  of  the  peasant  and  the  laws  which  affect  it  to  be. 
But  the  Irish  peasant  would "  not  be  an  English  agricultural 
labourer  if  he  could.  He  will  not  endure  that  divorce  from  the 
soil  which  Mr.  Cobden  thinks  a  national  disgrace  and  calamity. 
He  will  not  stake  all  his  property  on  the  honour  and  gratitude  of 
a  good  master.  He  will  be  his  own  master;  and,  as  such,  he  feels 
himself  as  good  as  any  man.  So  he  stands  up  for  his  class,  and 
feels  with  his  class,  and  conspires  with  it.  No  iron  has  entered 
into  his  soul  :  he  has  not  bent  his  neck  to  the  yoke,  and  borne 
this  burden  because  the  land  was  good.  The  balance  of  comfort 
is  on  the  side  of  the  English  labourers;  but  it  is  a  comfort  he 
despises.  It  is,  he  thinks,  a  comfort  without  rights,  a  comfort 
without  dignitj',  a  comfort  without  prospects."  "  Times  " 
Article.  London :  4th  December  1863. 
1  A  (26),  p.  27. 


OF  IRELAND.  343 

A  price  was  now  set  upon  their  heads. i  The  ordinary 
price  for  the  head  of  a  Tory  was  40s. ;  but  for  leaders  of 
Tories,  or  distinguished  men,  it  varied  from  £5  to  £30. 

In  a  proclamation  of  3rd  October,  1655,  already  referred 
to,  2  there  was  offered  to  any  that  should  bring  in  the  persons 
hereafter  named,  or  their  heads,  to  the  governors  of  any  of 
the  counties  where  the  said  Tories  should  be  taken,  the  fol- 
lowing sums,  viz.  :  for  Donnogh  0 'Derrick,  commonly  called 
"  Blind  Donnogh,"  the  sum  of  £30;  for  Dermot  Ryan,  the 
sum  of  £20;  for  James  Leigh,  the  sum  of  £5;  for  Laughlin 
Kelly,  the  sum  of  £5;  or  for  any  other  Tory,  thief,  or  robber 
that  should  be  hereafter  taken  by  any  countryman,  and 
brought  dead  or  alive  to  any  of  the  chief  governors  of  any 
county  or  precinct,  40s.  ;  and  if  taken  and  brought  by  any  sol- 
dier 20s. 3  Under  a  similar  proclamation,  there  appears  paid, 
by  a  Treasury  Warrant,  to  Captain  Adam  Loftus,  on  the  12th 
May,  1657,  the  sum  of  £20,  for  taking  Daniel  Kennedy,  an 
Irish  Tory, — his  head  being  sent  to  Catherlough,  to  set  up  on 
the  castle  walls,  to  the  terror  of  other  malefactors.*  And  in 
April  of  the  same  year,  to  Lieutenant  Francis  Rowlestone,  the 
sum  of  £6  13s.  4d.,  the  same  being  in  consideration  of  the  good 
services  by  him  performed  in  December  last,  in  killing  two 
Tories,  viz.  :  Henry  Archer,  formerly  a  lieutenant  in  the  Irish 
army,  then  a  chief  leading  Tory;  and  William  Shaffe,  brogue- 
maker,  then  under  his  command ;  whose  heads  were  brought 
to  the  town  of  Kilkenny,  unto  Major  Redmond  there,  as 
appears  by  his  certificate,  dated  9th  of  April  instant. ^ 

It  is  only  by  an  inspection  of  the  public  accounts  one  can 
gain  an  adequate  notion  of  the  vast  number  killed  in  this  way 
like  wolves.     On  February  6,  1653-4,  to  Lieutenant  Jaquee, 

1  A  (26),  p.  27.  2  p.  206,  supra. 

3  A  (5),  p.  241.  *  Treasury  Warrants,  p.  210. 

5    5  (Ibid.),  p.  224. 


344  THE   CKOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

£20  for  the  head  of  John  Byrne,  a  notorious  Tory  of  the 
county  of  Wicklow,  deUvered  to  the  Governor  of  Dubhn.i 
June  14,  1654,  to  Major  Henry  Jones,  £10  for  the  soldiers 
that  killed  and  took  prisoners  the  Tories  in  the  county  of 
Wicklow. 2  January  9,  1654-5,  to  Major  David  Shorne,  for 
the  heads  of  many  Tories  brought  to  Athlone,  £20.3  May  14, 
1655,  to  Nicholas  Power,  of  Knockmore,  for  the  head  of  one 
Daniel  Mulcahy,  a  notorious  and  known  Tory,  delivered  to 
the  governors  of  Dungarvan,  £2.' 

But  there  were  other  modes  of  dealing  for  the  suppression 
of  Tories.  The  English,  whether  as  soldiers  or  planters, 
were  incapable  of  coping  with  these  wild  and  lightfooted  out- 
laws, who  knew  each  togher  (or  footpath)  through  the  quak- 
ing bogs,  and  every  pass  among  the  hills  and  woods.  They 
were,  therefore,  under  the  necessity  of  calling  in  the  aid  of 
some  of  the  countrymen  of  the  Tories,  who  were  equally 
skilled  in  the  knowledge  of  the  country,  and  were  familiar 
with  the  habits  and  secrets  of  these  outlaws.  They  either 
dealt  with  some  Irish  gentleman,  for  the  guarding  of  a  dis- 
trict, and  pursuing  of  the  Tories  within  it,  on  the  terms  of 
his  being  spared  from  transplantation  for  his  services ;  or  they 
found  means  to  agree  with  any  Tory  not  guilty  of  any  pre- 
vious murder,  to  murder  any  tw^o  of  his  comrades  as  the  price 
of  his  own  pardon. 

Life  at  this  time  had  become  of  little  value;  there  was  no 
public  cause  to  maintain;  the  armies  had  surrendered.  Men 
were  like  wolves  lying  out  in  the  woods  and  bogs  of  this 
desolated  island,  their  friends  and  families  dead  or  banished. 

1  A  (1),  p.  72. 

2  Order  Book  of  Council,  vol.  x.,  p.  28.  Late  Auditor-General's 
Records. 

3  A  (1),  p.  216. 

*  Auditor-General's  Records,  vol.  x.,  p.  22. 


OF  lEELAND.  345 

It  is  no  wonder  that,  between  threats  and  rewards,  men 
should  be  tempted  to  betray  and  murder  one  another.  Major 
Morgan's  boast,  however,  that  brothers  and  cousins  cut  one 
another's  throats,  is  only  one  of  those  calumnies  this  ill-fated 
country  has  for  ages  been  the  victim  of.  On  the  contrary, 
their  inviolable  fidelity  throughout  all  ages  to  those  that 
defend  their  cause  has  often  afforded  matter  of  reproach 
to  their  revilers 

Arms  and  ammunition  were  now  intrusted  to  Irishmen  to 
hunt  and  kill  Tories, ^  just  as  they  were  employed  to  kill 
wolves.  Thus,  on  14th  October,  1659,  there  was  an  order 
empowering  Colonel  Henry  Prettie  to  employ  twenty  Irish 
with  guns  and  ammunition  into  the  Counties  of  Carlow  and 
Kilkenny,  for  three  months,  to  find  and  destroy  the  Tories  in 
the  said  counties. 2  And  a  similar  order  for  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  Nelson  in  King's  and  Queen's  Counties.  They  fre- 
quently may  have  shot  others  besides  Tories  and  got  paid  for 
their  heads ;  but  the  Commissioners  of  Parhament  no  doubt, 
thought  they  could  not  shoot  amiss,  so  they  shot  somebody, ^ 
and  no  great  loss  if  somebody  shot  them. 

But  not  only  were  common  Irish  employed  against  the 
Tories,  but  gentlemen,  as  Major  Charles  Kavanagh,  one  of 
the  McMurrough  family — a  family  which  retained  great  pos- 
sessions in  the  county  of  Carlow,  in  consideration  of  their 
being  of  those  Irishmen  that  first  brought  Englishmen  into 
Ireland,*  but  which  they  were  now  to  forfeit.  To  reduce  the 
Tories  in  the  county  of  Carlow,  the  government  in  the  year 
1656,  came  to  an  agreement  with  Major  Charles  Kavanagh  to 


1  A  (7),  p.  74.  2  Id.,  ib. 

3  "  He  (O'Neil)  might  hang  500  cacli  year  He  could  not  liang 
amiss,  so  he  hangs  somebody."  Captain  Lee  to  Queen  Elizabeth, 
A.D.  1594.     "  Desiderata  Curiosa  Hibernica,"  vol.  i.,  p.  108. 

*  "  State  Papers  of  Henry  Vlll."     (Ireland),  vol.  ii.,  p.  571. 


846  THE   CEOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

dispense  with  his  transphmtation  to  Connaught,  and  with 
that  of  thirteen  Irishmen,  of  his  own  selection  as  his  assist- 
ants, for  the  purpose  of  prosecuting  and  destroying  Tories  in 
that  county,  and  in  the  adjoining  counties  of  Y/icklow,  Wex- 
ford and  Kilkenny.^  Major  Kavanagh  selected  the  stump  of 
the  old  castle  of  Archagh  (otherwise  Agha),  a  waste  place 
lying  in  the  barony  of  Idrone,  as  the  post  for  him  and  his 
band  to  inhabit,  as  being  situate  in  the  centre  of  the  three 
counties  of  Wexford,  Carlow,  and  Kilkenny ;  and  a  lease  was 
made  of  it  by  the  State  to  Major  Boulton  (who  seems  to  have 
been  the  medium  of  communication  with  Major  Kavanagh), 
in  order  that  he  might  assign  it  over  to  him  for  his  residence 
and  habitation. 2  This  place  lay  four  miles  due  East  of 
Leighhn  Bridge,  and  in  some  degree  may  have  watched  the 
approaches  against  the  advance  of  any  Tories  from  the  Wick- 
low  hills.  Major  Kavanagh  was  no  Tory,  but,  having  laid 
down  arms,  was  quietly  awaiting  his  transplantation. 

But  others,  wilder  and  more  desperate,  "ran  out:" 
amongst  these  was  Gerald  Kinsellagh,  who  appears  in  the 
survey  of  1653  as  forfeiting  a  large  estate  of  1,420  acres,  con- 
sisting of  the  lands  of  Kynogh,  Kiledmond,  Kilcoursey,  and 
other  lands  in  the  county  of  Carlow.  He  became  "  a  leading 
Tory,"  and  with  him  the  Government  entered  into  terms  for 
pursuing  and  destroying  his  fellow-Tories.  The  same  Lieute- 
nant Francis  Eowlestone  who  was  paid  for  the  heads  of  two 
Tories  killed  by  him,  and  who  probably,  in  his  frequent  con- 
flicts with  them,  had  earned  their  respect  and  confidence  (for 
the  brave  respect  the  brave),  had  a  warrant  from  the  State  in 
1659  to  treat  with  this  Gerald  (or  Garrett)  Kinsellagh  and  two 
other  Tories  of  the  neighbourhood,  "  then  abroad  and  on 
their  keeping,"  and  to  promise  them  their  security  and  liberty 

1  A  (12),  p.  54.  2  A  (12),  p.  55. 


OF  IRELAND.  347 

on  condition  of  their  hunting  down  other  Tories  who  were 
abroad  disturbing  the  pubhc  peaee.^ 

But  national  hatred,  as  has  been  remarked,  is  the  firmest 
bond  of  association  and  secrecy. ^  The  Irish,  who  had  seen 
their  country  desolated,  and  their  ancient  gentry  driven  off  to 
Connaught  to  make  way  for  strangers  of  a  new  creed  and  new 
manners,  would  give  no  assistance  to  the  law.  They  declined 
to  aid  a  system  contrived  for  the  degradation  of  their  race, 
and  the  benefit  of  their  oppressors.  They  thought  it  not  an 
honour,  but  rather  a  disgrace,  in  such  circumstances,  to  be  a 
law-abiding  people. 

The  farmers  found  their  condition  improved  under  the 
Cromwellians,  but  that  did  not  reconcile  them  to  the  slavery 
of  their  country.  They  could  almost  command  their  own 
terms;  for  there  were  more  landlords  looking  for  tenants, 
than  farmers  looking  for  farms.  Accordingly,  they  were  for 
this  cause  never  more  wanton  and  insolent  (says  Lynch)  than 
in  1655.3  Moreover,  the  Cromwellians  were  able  to  give 
their  land  cheap,  for  it  had  cost  them  nothing.  Just  as 
l^iittle  John,  in  measuring  out  the  livery  ordered  by  Eobin 
Hood  to  the  poor  knight,  could  give  him  three  folds  over  at 
the  end  of  every  bow's  length  that  he  used  instead  of  a  yard  : 

1  A  (17),  p.  57. 

2  "  The  conspiracy  [of  the  Greeks  against  the  Latins,  then  in 
possession  of  Constantinople,  A.D.  1205]  was  propagated  by 
national  hatred,  the  firmest  bond  of  association  and  secrecy." 
Gibbon's  "  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire,"  vol  x., 
ch.  61. 

3  "  Alithonologia,  sive  Veridica  Responsio,  &c."  "  The  Truth 
Told;  or  a  true  Answer  to  the  invective,  full  of  falsehoods, 
fallacies,  and  calumnies,  against  many  of  the  Priests,  Nobles,  an(i 
Irish  of  every  rank,  delivered  by  R[ichard]  r[arrell], 
C[apuchin],  to  the  Propaganda,  A.D.  1659,"  vol.  i.,  p.  136.  By 
Eudoxus  Alithinologus  [The  Rev.  John  Lynch],  St.  Malo's.  4to. 
2  vols.     1664  and  1667. 


348  THE   CKOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

"  Scathelock  stoode  full  styll  and  lough, 
And  sayd,  By  God  Almyght, 
Johan  may  gyve  hym  the  better  mesure  : 
By  God,  it  cost  hym  but  lyght."i 

Those  that  would  not  themselves  deal  a  blow  against  the 
new  proprietors  and  their  tenants,  yet  saw  them  with  silent 
satisfaction  terrified  and  bewildered  at  the  sudden  and  secret 
attacks  upon  their  neighbours.  They  gave  private  intelli- 
gence to  the  Tories  to  aid  them  to  escape,  or  were  simply 
passive ;  and  no  penalties  could  force  them  to  betray  those 
whom  they  looked  on  as  avengers  of  the  wrongs  of  gentry 
and  people  alike. 

The  Cromwellian  settlers  lived  in  constant  danger.  So  sud- 
den and  so  frequent  were  the  murders  of  the  new  planters, 
that  it  was  stated  that  no  person  was  able  to  assure  himself 
of  one  night's  safety,  except  such  as  lived  in  strong  castles, 
and  these  well  guarded,  and  they  (adds  the  reporter)  very 
liable  to  surprise  too.  And  after  referring  to  the  instances  of 
the  several  horrid  murders  lately  committed  in  the  counties  of 
Wexford,  Kildare,  and  Carlow,  and  elsewhere,  he  continues. 
— "Of  which  number  one  gentleman  living  in  a  strong  castle, 
and  sitting  by  the  fire  with  his  wife  and  family  in  the  evening, 
heard  some  persons,  whose  voice  he  knew,  call  him  by  name 
to  come  to  his  gate  to  speak  with  him;  the  poor  gentleman, 
supposing  no  danger  in  a  country  where  no  enemy  was  heard 
of,  presently  went  to  the  door,  and  was  there  murthered, 
where  he  was  taken  up  dead  off  the  place.  Another  of  them, 
walking  in  his  grounds  in  the  day  time,  about  his  business, 
was  there  found  murthered,  and  to  this  day  it  could  never  be 
learned  who  committed  either  of  them.  And  when  these 
horrid  murthers  are  done,  the  poor  English  that  doe  escape 
know  not  what  means  to  use.     As  for  his  Irish  neighbours, 

1  "  A  Lyttell  Geste  of  Robyn  Hode."  4to.  Black  Letter,  by 
Wynken  de  Worde.     Part  1. 


OF  IRELAND.  349 

it's  like  he  may  not  have  one  near  him  that  can  speak  Eng- 
lish ;  and  if  he  have  a  hue  and  cry  (or  hullaloo  as  they  call  it) 
to  be  set  up,  they  will  be  sure  to  send  it  the  wrong  way,  or 
at  least  deferr  it  until  the  offender  be  far  enough  out  of  reach ; 
and  not  unlike  but  the  persons  that  seem  busiest  in  the  pur- 
suit may  be  them  that  did  the  mischief."^ 

But  a  more  effective  way  of  suppressing  Tories  seems  to 
have  been  to  induce  them,  as  already  mentioned,  to  betray  or 
murder  one  another, — a  measure  continued  after  the  Restora- 
tion, during  the  absence  of  Parliaments,  by  Acts  and  Orders 
of  State,  and  re-enacted  by  the  first  Parliament  summoned 
after  the  Revolution,  when  in  that  and  the  following  reigns 
almost  every  provision  of  the  rule  of  the  Parliament  oJ  Eng- 
land in  Ireland  was  re-enacted  by  the  Parliaments  of  Ireland, 
composed  of  the  Soldiers  and  Adventurers  of  Cromwell's  day, 
of  new  English  and  Scotch  capitalists.  In  1695  any  Tory 
killing  two  other  Tories  proclaimed  and  on  their  keeping  was 
entitled  to  pardon. 2  Such  distrust  and  alarm  now  ensued 
among  their  bands  on  finding  one  of  their  number  so  killed, 
that  it  became  difficult  to  kill  a  second.  Therefore,  in  1718, 
it  was  declared  sufficient  qualification  for  pardon  for  a  Tory 
to  kill  one  of  his  fellow  Tories.*  This  law  was  continued  in 
1755  for  twenty-one  years,  and  only  expired  in  1776.  Tory 
hunting  and  Tory  murdering  thus  became  common  pursuits. 
No  wonder,  therefore,  after  so  lengthened  an  existence,  to 
find  traces  of  the  Tories  in  our  household  words.  Few, 
however,  are  now  aware  that  the  well-known  Irish  nursery 
rhymes  have  so  truly  historical  a  foundation:  — 


1  "  England's  Great  Interest  in  the  Well  Planting  of  Ireland 
with  English  People,"  p.  7.  Bv  Colonel  Richard  Lawrence.  4to. 
Dublin,  1656. 

2  7  Will.  3  (Irish),  c.  21. 

3  9  Will.  3  (Irish),  c.  9. 


350  THE   CROMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

"  Ho!  brother  Teig,  what  is  your  story?" 
"I  went  to  the  wood,   and  shot  a  Tory:" 
"  I  went  to  the  wood,  and  shot  another;" 
"  Was  it  the  same,  or  was  it  his  brother?" 

"  I  hunted  him  in,  I  hunted  him  out, 

Three  times  through  the  bog,  and  about,  and  about; 

Till  out  of  a  bush  I  spied  his  head, 

So  I  levelled  my  gun,  and  shot  him  dead."l 

At  the  Restoration,  some  of  the  gentry  of  old  EngHsh  de- 
scent, who  had  good  interest  at  court,  got  back  their  estates. 
Others,  of  equal  loyalty,  obtained  decrees  of  the  Court  of 
Claims  to  be  restored  to  their  ancient  inheritances ;  but  as  the 
adventurers  and  soldiers  in  possession  were  not  to  be  removed 
without  being  first  reprised — that  is,  provided  with  other  lands 
of  equal  value  (which  were  not  to  be  had) — the  dispossessed 
owners,  especially  the  ancient  Irish,  were  never  restored,  but 
wandered  many  of  them  about  their  ancient  inheritances, 
living  upon  the  bounty  of  their  former  tenants,  or  joined  some 
band  of  Tories. 2  The  poor  Irish  peasantry,  with  a  generosity 
characteristic  of  their  race  and  country,  never  refused  them 


^  Crofton  Croker's  "  Sketches  in  the  South  of  Ireland,"  p.  54. 
4to.     London:    1824. 

2  In  a  manuscript  account  of  the  state  of  the  county  of  Kildare, 
A.D.  1684,  is  the  following: — "In  the  open  or  plain  countreys 
the  peasants  are  content  to  live  on  their  labour;  the  woods, 
boggs,  and  fastnesses  fostering  and  sheltering  the  robbers,  Tories, 
and  woodkernes,  who  are  usually  the  offspring  of  gentlemen  that 
have  either  misspent  or  forfeited  their  estates,  who,  though 
having  no  subsistence,  yet  contemn  trade  as  being  too  mean  and 
base  for  a  gentleman  reduced  never  so  low,  being  nussled  up  by 
their  priests  and  followers  in  an  opinion  that  they  may  yet  re- 
cover their  lands  to  live  on  in  their  predecessor's  splendour  :  yet 
the  robberies,  and  burglaries,  and  other  crimes  usually  com- 
mitted in  this  kingdom,  are  not  so  numerous,  but  there  are  com- 
monly sentenced  to  die  in  a  monthly  sessions  att  the  Old  Bailey 
more  than  in  half  a  year's  circuit  in  Ireland."  Folio  volume 
endorsed  "  Detached  Papers  relating  to  the  Natural  History  of 
Ireland."  Press  I.,  tab.  i.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  296,  MSS.  Trin.  Coll., 
Dublin. 


OF    IRELAND.  351 

hospitality,  but  maintained  them  as  gentlemen,  allowing  them 
to  cosher  upon  them,  as  the  Irish  call  the  giving  their  lord 
a  certain  number  of  days'  board  and  lodging.  Archbishop 
King  complains  of  the  numbers  thus  supported,  or  by  steal- 
ing and  Torying.  These  pretended  gentlemen,  together  with 
the  numerous  coshering  Popish  clergy  that  lived  much  after 
the  same  manner,  were  the  two  greatest  grievances  of  the 
kingdom  in  this  Archbishop's  view,  and  more  especially  hin- 
dered its  settlement  and  happiness.'  The  Archbishop  and  the 
possessors  of  the  lands  of  these  gentlemen  complained  much 
of  their  pride  and  idleness  in  not  becoming  their  labourers. 
But  the  sense  of  injustice,  and  their  use  of  arms,  were  against 
it.  Their  sons  or  nephews,  brought  up  in  poverty,  and 
matched  with  peasant  girls,  will  become  the  tenants  of  the 
English  officers  and  soldiers ;  and,  thence  reduced  to  labourers, 
will  be  found  the  turf-cutters  and  potato-diggers  of  the  next 
generation — yet  keeping,  even  in  the  low  social  rank  they 
have  fallen  to,  their  ancient  spirit  and  courage,  and  their  in- 
tolerance of  injury  and  insult.  These  dispossessed  proprie- 
tors were  the  pretended  Irish  gentlemen  that  would  not  work, 
but  wandered  about  demanding  victuals,  and  coshering  from 
house  to  house  among  their  fosterers,  followers,  and  others, 
described  in  the  Act  of  1707  "for  the  more  effectual  Suppress- 
ing of  Tories,"  and  were  (on  presentment  of  any  grand  jury 
of  the  counties  they  frequented)  to  be  seized  and  sent  on 
board  the  Queen's  fleet,  or  to  some  of  the  plantations  in  Ame- 
rica.^  The  grandfathers  of  men  now  alive  have  seen  the  heir 
or    representative  of  the  old    forfeiting    proprietor    of    1688 


1  King's  "  State  of  the  Protestants  of  Ireland  under  the 
Government  of  King  James  the  Second,"  p.  87.  8vo.  Dublin  : 
1730.  See  also  "A  Tour  through  Ireland,"  p.  147.  Dublin: 
1748. 

2  e  Ann  (Irish),  c.  2. 


352  THE   CROMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

wandering  about  with  his  ancient  title-deeds  tied  up  in  an 
old  handkerchief — these  and  the  respect  paid  him  by  the 
peasantry  being  the  only  signs  left  to  show  the  world  he  was 
a  gentleman. 

The  Tories,  however,  notwithstanding  all  these  provisions 
and  precautions,  continued  to  infest  the  new  Scotch  and  Eng- 
lish settlers  during  the  whole  of  the  Commonwealth  period; 
they  survived  the  Eestoration;  they  received  new  accessions 
by  the  war  of  the  Eevolution,  and  the  forfeitures  of  1688; 
and  they  can  be  traced  through  the  Statute  Book  to  the 
reign  of  George  III.,  during  the  whole  of  which  period  there 
were  rewards  set  upon  their  heads;  and  all  their  murders, 
maimings  and  dismemberments,  their  robberies  and  spoils, 
were  satisfied  by  levies  on  the  ancient  native  inhabitants  of 
the  different  districts. 

After  the  Eestoration,  Colonel  Poer  in  Munster,  Colonel 
Coughlan  in  Leinster,  and  Colonel  Dudley  (or  Dualtagh) 
Costello  in  Connaught,  dispossessed  of  their  hereditary  pro- 
perties, headed  bands  that  gave  infinite  trouble.  Eedmond 
O'Hanlon,  a  dispossessed  proprietor  of  Ulster,  during  the 
whole  of  the  Duke  of  Ormond's  and  the  Earl  of  Essex's  Lord 
Lieutenancies,  kept  the  counties  of  Tyrone  and  Armagh  in 
terror,  the  farmers  paying  him  regular  contribution  to  be  pro- 
tected from  pillage  by  other  Tories.  His  history  is  charac- 
teristic of  Ireland.  The  O'Hanlons  and  Magennises  were  the 
only  friends  of  Qiieen  Elizabeth  in- Ulster. ^  O'Hanlon  was 
the  chief  of  "Orier,  in  the  county  of  Armagh,  and  claimed  to 
be  hereditary  royal  standard-bearer  north  of  the  Boyne.  In 
1595,  in  the  war  against  Hugh  O'Neil;  in  the  march  of  the 
Deputy  Sir  W.  Eussel  from  Dundalk,  the  royal  standard  was 


1  "  Brief  Declaration  of  the  Government  of  Ireland,  discovering 
the  Discontents  of  the  Irishry."  By  Captain  Thomas  Lee,  A.D. 
1594.     "  Desiderata  Curiosa  Hibernica,"  vol.  i.,  p.  140, 


OF  lUELANi).  353 

borne  the  first  day  by  O'Mulloy,  and  the  next  by  O'Hanlon.i 
On  the  17th  November,  1600,  he  was  slain  at  the  pass  of  Car- 
hngford,  fighting  on  the  English  side,  under  the  orders  of 
Lord  Mountjoy.  For  his  loyalty  and  his  services  in  this  war 
against  the  Earl  of  Tyrone,  King  James  I.  bestowed  upon  his 
family  seven  townlands.  These  were,  of  course,  taken  from 
them  by  the  orders  of  the  English  Parliament  in  1653 ;  and 
they  were  transplanted  to  Connaught,  where  the  mother  re- 
ceived some  pittance  of  land  for  her  support.  At  the  Eesto- 
ration  Hugh  0  'Hanlon  petitioned  to  have  their  lands  restored,^ 
but  in  vain.  Redmond  0 'Hanlon,  who  was  probably  a  brother 
of  Hugh's,  took  to  the  hills.  He  principally  haunted  the  Fews 
Mountains,  near  Dundalk.  He  thought  more  than  once  of 
withdrawing  to  France,  where  he  was  known  to  fame  as  Count 
O 'Hanlon,  but  was  still  kept  back  by  rumours  of  a  war,  and 
hopes  of  a  French  invasion. ^  Various  attempts  were  made  to 
surprise  him,  and  large  bribes  offered  for  his  capture.  But 
all  was  of  no  avail.  At  last,  the  Duke  of  Ormond  drawing 
secret  instructions  for  two  gentlemen  with  his  own  hand 
(else  this  outlaw  would  be  sure  to  get  intelligence  of  the  plan 
formed  against  him),  he  was  shot  through  the  heart,  while  he 
lay  asleep,  on  the  25th  of  April,  1681.* 

1  Sir  Richard  Cox's  "  Hibernia  Aiiglicana,"  p.  407. 

2  Petition  of  Hugh  O'Hanlon,  A.D.  1663,  claiming  as  an 
"  innocent  Papist,"  MS.,  folio  (series  of  twelve  volumes  relat- 
ing to  Acts  of  Settlement  and  Explanation),  vol.  ii.,  B.,  p.  335. 
Record  Tower,  Dublin  Castle. 

3  "  Present  State  of  Ireland,  but  more  particularly  of  Ulster," 
by  Edmund  Murphy,  Secular  Priest,  and  titular  Chanter  of 
Armagh,  and  one  of  the  first  discoverers  of  the  Irish  Plot.  Folio. 
London:    1681. 

*  Daniel  O'Keeffe,  a  similar  outlaw  in  the  county  of  Cork,  was 
betrayed  by  Mary  O'Kelly,  his  mistress,  whose  treachery,  how- 
ever, O'Keeffe  avenged  by  plunging  his  dagger  into  her  heart 
before  taking  to   flight,   as  in  the  following  lines  :  — 

"  No  more  shall  mine  ear  drink 
Thy  melody  swelling; 
\j2 


354  THE   CROMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

Art  O'Hanlon,  a  fosterer  of  Eedinond's,  was  employed  to 
kill  him.  He  and  one  O'Sheel  met  Eedmond,  by  appoint- 
ment in  the  hills  near  Eight-mile-bridge,  in  the  county  of 
Down,  where  Eedmond  intended  to  make  prey  of  some  traders 
coming  from  a  fair.  As  Eedmond  was  at  this  time  "pro- 
claimed," with  a  hundred  pounds  on  his  head,  he  had 
O'Sheel  placed  as  a  "centinel  perdu"  to  watch  the  approach 
of  any  enemies  and  meanwhile  rested  himself  in  a  solitary 
cabin  guarded  by  Art  O'Hanlon.  About  two  o'clock  in  the 
afternoon,  as  he  lay  asleep,  expecting  no  treachery  at  the 
hands  of  his  comrade  and  fosterer,  Art  fired  the  contents  of 
his  blunderbuss  into  Eedmond 's  breast,  and  then  ran  off  to 
Eight-mile-bridge  to  get  help  to  secure  the  body.  O'Sheel, 
however,  who  was  not  party  to  the  treachery,  hearing  the  shot, 
ran  to  the  cabin,  and  found  Eedmond  still  alive,  who  besought 
him  to  cut  off  his  head  at  once  with  his  "skeane,"  and  not 
leave  it  to  become  the  scoff  of  his  enemies ;  but  to  carry  it 
off  and  hide  in  some  bog  hole.       O'Sheel,  however,  allowed 


"  Or  thy  beaming  eye  brighten 

The  outlaw's  dark  dwelling; 
Or  thy  soft  heaving  bosom 

My  destinj^  hallow, 
When  thy  arms  twine  around  me, 

Young  Mauriade  ny  Kalhigh. 

"  The  moss  couch  I  brought  thee 

To-day  from  the  moiuitain 
Has  drunk  the  last  drop 

Of  thy  young  heart's  red  fountain  : 
I'or  this  good  skeane.  beside  me 

Struck  deep,  and  rung  hollow 
In  thy  bosom  of  treas-on, 

Young  Mauriade  ny  Kallagh." 

'•  Dublin  Penny  Journal,"   vol.   iv.,   No.   165   (August  29,    1835), 
p.  71. 

Mauriade  ny  Kallagh  is  the  Irish  for  Mary  O'Kelly.  "  0  "  is 
"  son  of."  Women  used  the  prefix  "  ny,"  instead — as  "  Honora 
ny   Brien,"    "  Kathleen  ny  Donohue,"    "  Sarah   ny  Donnel." 


OF  lEELAND.  355 

him  to  die  (he  had  not  long  to  wait),  and  then  ran  off  with  it, 
so  thut  when  the  guard  arrived  with  Art,  they  found  only  the 
headless  trunk.  This  they  carried  into  Newry,  and  there  it 
was  publicly  exposed  for  a  couple  of  days  under  a  guard  of 
soldiers. 1  The  head  was  afterwards  recovered  from  O'Sheel, 
and  placed  over  the  gate  of  the  gaol  of  Downpatric'':.  The 
following  was  his  mother's  "  keene  "  :  — 

"  Dear  head  of  my  darling,  how  gory  and  pale 
These  aged  eyes  see  thee  high  spiked  on  their  jail; 
That  cheek  iii  the  summer  time  ne'er  shall  grow  warm, 
Nor  that  eye  e'er  catch  light  but  the  flash  of  the  storm." 

"  Thus  fell  this  Irish  Scanderbeg,"  says  Sir  Francis  Brewster, 
who  had  the  relation  of  his  death  from  the  mouth  of  one  of 
the  gentlemen  employed  by  the  Duke,  "  who  did  things,  con- 
sidering his  means,  more  to  be  admired  that  Scanderbeg 
himself.  "2 

After  the  war  of  1688,  the  Tories  received  fresh  accessions ; 
and,  a  great  part  of  the  kingdom  being  left  waste  and  deso- 
late, they  betook  themselves  to  these  wilds,  and  greatly 
discouraged  the  replanting  of  the  kingdom  by  their  frequent 
murders  of  the  new  Scotch  and  English  Planters;  the  Irish 
"choosing  rather"  (so  runs  the  language  of  the  Act)  "to 
suffer  strangers  to  be  robbed  and  despoiled,  than  to  appre- 
hend or  convict  the  offenders."  In  order,  therefore,  for  the 
better  encouragement  of  strangers  to  plant  and  inhabit  the 
kingdom,  any  persons  presented  as  Tories  by  the  gentlemen 
of  a  county,  and  proclaimed  as  such  by  the  Lord  Lieutenant, 
might  be  shot  as  outlaws  and  traitors;  and  any  persons  har- 

1  From  a  very  rare  pamphlet,  entitled,  Redmond  O'Hanlyn,  or 
the  Life  and  Death  of  the  Incomparable  and  Indefatigable  Tory, 
Redmond  O'Hanlyn,  commonly  called  Count  Hanlyn,  in  a  Letter 
to  Mr.  R.  A.,  'in  Dublin."'  [Dated  1  August,  1681.]  4to. 
Printed  for  John  Foster,  Skinner-row.     Dublin  :    1682. 

2  Carte's    Life  of  James  Duke  of  Ormond,"  vol.  ii.,  p.  512. 


356  THE   CKOMWELLIAN   SETTLEMENT 

bouring  them  were  to  be  guilty  of  high  treason. ^  Eewards 
were  offered  for  the  taking  or  kilHng  of  them;  and  the  in- 
habitants of  the  barony,  of  the  ancient  native  race,  were  to 
make  satisfaction  for  all  robberies  and  spoils. 2  If  persons 
were  maimed  or  dismembered  by  Tories,  they  were  to  be 
compensated  by  ten  pounds;  and  the  families  of  persons 
murdered  were  to  receive  thirty  pounds. ^ 

As  their  leaders  of  gentle  birth  or  blood  died  off,  or  were 
killed,  they  were  not  replaced;  but  the  ranks  of  these  out- 
laws were  still  recruited  from  the  lower  and  the  poorer  class. 

In  this  state  they  presented,  at  the  end  of  thirty  years,  to 
the  historian  of  the  war  of  the  Eevolution,*  under  the  name 
of  Rapparees,  an  aspect  so  fierce,  so  wan,  and  wild,  that  his 
commentator  is  appalled  at  the  spectacle.  He  starts  at  the 
"hideous  ferocity"  of  these  Irish,  "remaining  untameable 
after  so  many  ages,  since  British  civilization  was  first  planted 
in  Ireland;  exhibiting  man,  like  the  solitary  hyena  that  could 
neither  be  domesticated  nor  extirpated,  prowling  about  the 
grave  of  society  rather  than  its  habitation^ — Ireland  thereby 
realizing  the  fate  foretold  for  another  nation — '  I  will  bring 

your  sanctuaries  and  your  land  into  desolation and 

your  enemies  who  dwell  therein  shall  be  astonished  at  it.'  "^ 

Like  the  same  nation,  too,  the  Irish  of  the  seventeenth 
century  were  "scattered  among  all  people,  from  one  end  of  the 


1  9  Will.  3  (Irish),  A.D.  1698,  c.  9. 

2  Ibid.  3  Ibid. 

4  "  History  of  the  late  War  "  (1690-92),  by  Rev.  W.  Story. 
4to.     London. 

3  "  Res  Gestae  Anglorum  in  Hibernia  ab  anno  1150  usque  ad 
1800;  or,  a  Supplement  to  the  History  of  England,"  prefixed  to 
"  the  Liber  Munerum  Publicorum;  or,  the  Establishments  of 
Ireland  during  675  years;"  being  the  Report  of  Rowley  Lascelles, 
of  the  Middle  Temple,  vol.  i.,  p.  93.  Ordered  by  the  House  of 
Commons  to  be  printed,  1814. 

6  Leviticus,  xxvi.,  31,   32. 


OF  IRELAND.  857 

earth  unto  the  other,"  carrying  with  them  into  foreign  lands 
their  enduring  hostihty.  They  entered  the  armies  of  the 
enemies  of  England,  and  (like  the  last  of  those  accomplished 
gentlemen,  the  Moors  of  Spain,  who,  driven  from  their 
native  Andalusia  in  1610,  became  the  first  of  those  pirates 
called  Sallee  Eovers,  in  hatred  of  the  injustice  of  the  Chris- 
tians),^  they  manned  French  privateers,  robbing  and  insult- 
ing the  coasts  of  the  land  which  had  cast  them  out.^ 

1  "  Mahommedan  Dynasties  of  Spain,"  by  an  African  author 
of  the  year  1G20,  vol.  ii.,  p.  392.  4to.  Printed  for  the  Oriental 
Society. 

2  9  Will.  3  (Irish),  A.D.  1698,  c.  9,  s.  5. 


APPENDIX 


APPENDIX 


Petition  of  Maurice  Lord  Viscount  Roche,  of  Fermoy,^ 
(Page  182,  supra.) 

To  the  Right  Hon.  the  Lords  Justices  of  Ireland,  the  humble 
Petition  of  Maurice  Lord  Viscount  Roche,  of  Fermoy, 

Most  Humbly  Shewbth, — That  your  Petitioner  hath  been 
seaven  yeares  agoe  dispossessed  of  his  wholl  estate,  havinge 
the  ohardge  of  Foure  young  daughters,  unpreferred,  to  whose 
misery  was  added  the  losse  of  their  mother,  your  Petitioner's 
wife,  by  an  unjust  illegal  proceeding,  as  is  knowne  and  may 
be  attested  by  the  best  Protestant  Nobility  and  Gentry  of  the 
Countie  of  Corke,  who  have  heard  and  seen  it  and  whose 
charitable  compassion  is  moved;  That  your  said  Petitioner 
and  ihis  said  children  ever  since  have  lived  in  a  most  discon- 
solate condition,  destituted  of  all  kind  of  subsistence  (except 
what  Almes  some  good  Christians  did  in  charity  afford  them), 
by  occasion  whereof  one  of  your  Petitioner's  daughters, 
falling  sick  about  three  years  ago,  died,  for  want  of  requisite 
accommodacon,  either  for  her  cure  or  diett ;  That  your 
Petitioner  hath  often  supplicated  those  in  authority  in  the 
late  Government  for  releefe,  who  after  ten  months  attendance 
in  Dublin  gave  him  no  other  succor  but  an  order  to  the  Com- 
missioners in  Connaught  to  sett  outt  some  lands  for  him, 
Be  bene  esse,  there  or  in  the  county  of  Clare;  That  your  Peti- 

1  Order  Book  of  the  Commissioners  for  executing  the  King's 
Declaration,  late  Auditor-General's  Office,  Custom  House  Build- 
ings,   vol.    xvii.,   p.    112. 


362  APPENDIX. 

tioner  being  necessitated  to  goe  from  Dublin  afoote  to  attende 
on  them  in  Athlone  and  Loughreagh  for  six  moneths  more, 
(in  which  prosecution  and  attendance  he  ran  himself  £lOO  in 
debt),  yet  at  last  had  but  2,500  acres,  part  in  the  Owles,  in 
Connaught,  and  part  in  the  remotest  parts  of  Thomond,  all 
waste  and  unprofitable,  at  that  time,  assigned  him,  both 
which,  before  and  after,  were  by  the  sayd  Commissioners  dis- 
posed of  by  Final  1  settlements  to  others,  who  evicted  your 
Petitioner  thereout  before  he  could  receive  any  maner  of 
profitt,  soe  as  that  colour  of  succor  and  reliefe  proved  rather 
an  increase  and  addition  of  misery  to  your  said  Petitioner, 
who  is  now  in  that  very  low  condition  that  he  cannot  in  per- 
son attend  on  your  Lordships,  inuch  less  make  a  journey  to 
his  sacred  Majesty  to  sett  forth  his  sufferings  and  to  implore 
releefe : 

The  premises  tenderly  considered,  and  for  that  it  hath 
beene  unheard  of  in  all  former  ages  that  a  Peere  of  the  Realm 
of  English  extraction,  though  never  so  criminous,  should  be 
reduced  to  such  extremitie  of  misery,  his  cause  not  heard,  and 
without  conviction  or  attainder  by  his  Peeres  or  otherwise, 
contrary  to  the  known  lawes  of  the  land,  and  the  rights  and 
privileges  of  the  Nobilitie  and  Peerage;  and  for  that  your 
Petitioner  is  in  that  forlorne  condition  that  he  cannot  any 
longer  hould  out  unless  speedily  releaved,  your  Lordships 
may  be  pleased  to  afford  your  said  Petitioner  some  present 
succour  and  reliefe,  and  to  enable  him  to  discharge  the  said 
£100  debt. 

And  hee  will  pray,  &c. 

18^7;  day  of  March,   1G60-1. 


APPENDIX.  363 


II. 


TRANSPLANTERS'     CERTIFICATES. 
Bi/  the  Commissioners  within  the  Frecincts  of  ClomneU. 


John  Hore  of  Ballymacmaag,  and  Mathew  Hore,  of  Shan- 
don,  near  Dungarvan,  County  of  Water  ford. 

Wee,  the  said  Commissioners,  do  hereby  certifye  that  John 
Hore,  of  Ballymacmaag,  and  Mathew  Hore,  of  Shandon,  in 
the  county  of  Waterford,  hath,  upon  the  23rd  day  of  January, 
1653,  in  pursuance  of  a  Declaration  of  the  Commissioners  of 
the  Parliament  of  England  for  the  Affairs  of  Ireland,  bearing 
date  the  14th  day  of  October,  1653,  delivered  unto  us  in  writ- 
ing a  particular,  containing  therein  the  names  of  himself 
and  such  others  i3ersons  as  are  to  remove  with  him,  with 
the  quantities  and  qualities  of  their  respective  stocks  and 
tillage,  the  contents  whereof  are  as  f olloweth  : — viz. — 1.  John 
Hore,  of  Ballymacmaag,  adged  seventy,  grey  haired,  tall 
stature ;  freeholder  ;  ten  cows,  five  garrans.  2.  Edmund  Hore, 
son  to  the  said  John,  adged  ten  years,  brown  haire.  3.  Owen 
Crumpon,  of  the  same,  adged  thirty;  black;  middle  stature; 
servant.  4.  James  Daton,  of  the  same,  adged  sixteen ;  flaxen 
haire;  servant.  5.  Morish  Caffon,  of  Ballidonnack,  adged 
thirty-four,  brown ;  low,  servant.  6.  Mathew  Hore,  of  Shan- 
don, adged  thirty-one;  browne;  middle;  freeholder;  eight 
cows,  two  hundred  sheepe,  iseventy-nine  garrans,  five  cows; 
forty-two  acres  of  wheate  and  beare,  seven  of  pease.  7.  Mary 
Hore,  wife  of  the  said  Mathew,  adged  twenty-five;  white,  tall. 
8.  Mary  Hore,  daughter  of  the  said  Mathew,  adged  nine ; 
flaxen ;  three  cows,  two  heifers.  9.  Margaret  Hore,  daughter 
to  the  said  Mathew,  foure ;  flaxen;  low;  three  cows,  two 
bullocks.     10.   Bridget  Hore,   daughter    to  the  said  Mathew, 


364  APPENDIX. 

adged  two;  white;  two  cows,  a,nd  two  bullocks.  11.  John 
Hore,  son  to  the  said  Mathew,  adged  seaven;  white;  lowe; 
three  cows,  and  two  yearlings.  12.  Patrick  Hore,  son  to  the 
said  Mathew,  adged  five;  white;  lowe;  five  cows,  and  one 
yearling.  13.  Martin  Hore,  adged  three;  flaxen;  ten  cows, 
and  one  yearling,  -and  thirty-six  sheepe.  14.  Murtagh 
Morrochoe,  of  Grage,  aged  thirty-seaven ;  browne ;  middle ; 
tenant;  two  cows,  and  one  yearling,  fifteen  sheepe,  one 
garran.  15.  Nicholas  Power,  of  Shandon,  sixtie;  graye; 
middle;  servant.  16.  Edmund  Kelly,  of  the  same,  thirty; 
black;  middle;  servant.  18.  Thomas  Kelly,  of  the  same, 
thirty-nine;  black;  lowe;  servant.  19.  Thomas  Fitzgerald,  of 
the  same,  nineteen ;  white ;  tall ;  servant.  20.  William  Roch, 
of  the  same,  servant.  32.  Henry  Tobin,  of  the  same,  thirtie ; 
browne;  lowe;  servant.  22.  Thomas  Donnell,  of  the  s.ame, 
fortie-foure,  browne;  lowe;  servant.  23.  Moris  Offelahan,  of 
the  same,  fiftie;  graye;  middle;  servant.  25.  John 
O'Morrissee,  of  the  same,  seventeen;  brown;  low;  servant. 
26.  Morish  O'Morrissee,  of  the  same,  fifteen;  dark;  low;  ser- 
vant. 27.  William  O'Tuscan,  of  Ikart,  thirtie;  dark;  middle; 
servant;  two  cows,  ten  sheepe,  one  garran;  five  acres  of 
wheate,  [  ]  beare.  28.  Nicholas  White,  of  the  same,  six- 
teene ;  white;  low;  servant.  29.  James  Murphy,  of  the  same; 
thirtie-four ;  brown;  low;  tenant;  seaven  sheepe,  one  garran. 
30.  Michael  Conry,  of  Ballinacourty,  thirtie-seaven ;  middle; 
tenant;  three  cows,  sixteen  sheepe,  nine  garrans,  six  acres 
of  wheate,  and  two  of  pease  and  beans.  31.  John  O'Kelly, 
of  the  same,  twentie  ;  white,  low,  servant.  32.  Richard  [  ], 
of  Ballyduff,  thirtie-nine;  black;  middle;  tenant;  one  cow, 
seaven  sheepe,  three  garrans ;  two  acres  of  wheate  and  beare, 
and  two  of  pease  and  beans.  33.  Morish  Ffallon,  of  Kill- 
dagan,  f ortie ;  graye,  low ;  tenant ;  four  cows,  fif teene  sheepe, 
eleven  garrans,  seaven  acres  of  wheate  and  beare.  34.  Patrick 
Ffallon,  of  the  same,  twentie;  brown;  middle;  tenant. 
35.  Walter  Power,  of  Ballinrode,  twentie-five;  browne;  tall; 
tenant ;  five  cows,  f  ortie-three  sheepe,  eight  garrans  ;  ten  acres 
of  wheate  and  beare.  36.  Darby  Ffollowe,  of  Ballyhannick, 
fortie-four;  black;  tall;  tenant;  two  cows,  four  sheepe,  six 
garrans ;     five     acres     of    wheate     and    beare.      37,    Darby 


APPENDIX.  365 

Powyse,  of  the  same,  thirtie-two  ;  brown  ;  tall  ;  tenant  ;  one 
cow,  eleven  sheepe,  ten  garrans  ;  two  acres  of  wheate  and 
beare.  38.  Mary  Russell,  the  relict  of  Patrick  Russell,  of 
Dungarvan,  burgess,  fiftie-three  ;  yellow  ;  middle  ;  three  cows, 
fiftie  sheepe,  one  garran.  39.  John  Fitzgerald,  of  the  same, 
f ortie  ;  black ;  low ;  tenant ;  three  cows,  ten  sheepe,  one  garran ; 
one  acre  of  wheate  and  beare.  40.  Morish  Roch,  of  the  same, 
twenty-five  ;  brown  ;  middle  ;  tenant ;  two  cows,  ten  sheepe,  two 
garrans;  two  acres  of  wheate,  beare,  and  beans.  41.  Morish 
Fitzgerald,  of  Grenane,  twenty-five;  white;  middle;  servant. 
42.  Patrick  Ffollowe,  of  Ballyhormack,  thirteen;  brown;  ser- 
vant. 43.  William  Wray,  of  the  same,  fourteen ;  brown ; 
servant.  44.  Morish  Cowden,  of  Inchindrislye,  thirtie-six ; 
black  ;  middle  ;  tenant ;  one  cow,  ten  sheepe,  two  garrans  ;  one 
acre  of  wheate  and  beare.  45.  Robert  Pirquett,  of  the  same, 
fiftie;  brown;  low;  tenant;  one  cow,  on©  garran,  one  acre  of 
wheate  and  beare.  46.  John  Pirquett,  of  the  same,  twentie; 
brown;  low;  servant.  48.  John  Nagle,  of  Donnenainstragh, 
thirty-two;  browne;  tall;  freeholder;  two  cows,  ten  sheepe, 
three  garrans;  three  acres  of  wheate  and  beare,  and  one  of 
pease.  49.  James  How  fitz  Thomas  of  Dungarvan,  ten; 
black©;  low;  burgess.  50.  John  Lea,  of  Dungarvan,  six- 
teen; tall;  white;  freeholder.  51.  John  Coppinger  the  older, 
of  the  same,  fif tie-five;  graye;  tall;  freeholder.  52.  Philip 
Power,  of  Ballinrode,  thirtie-five;  brown;  low  tenant]  one 
cow,  ten  sheepe,  two  garrans  ;  two  acres  of  wheate  and  beare. 
53.  John  O'Morrissee,  of  Ballinkelly,  twenty^six;  brown; 
middle  ;  tenant ;  eight  cows,  twentie  sheepe  ;  ten  garrans  ;  five 
acres  of  wheate,  two  of  pease.  54.  Margaret,  his  wife, 
twenty-four;  white;  middle.  55.  Philip  Flyn,  of  the  same, 
fifteen ;  brown ;  servant.  56.  Donagh  Corbane,  of  the  same, 
thirtie;  blacke;  low;  servant.  57.  Thomas  Power,  of  Kil- 
dagan,  adged  twenty-seven;  black©;  low;  three  cows,  twelve 
sheepe,  three  garrans ;  two  acres  of  wheate  and  beare. 
58.  Connor  Gambon,  of  Inchindrisley,  thirtie-two;  brown; 
middle;  tenant;  three  cows,  twelve  sheepe,  three  garrans;  ten 
acres  of  wheate  and  beare.  59.  John  McPhilip,  of  Kildangan, 
thirtie;  browne;  middle;  tenant.  60.  William  Morrissee,  of 
Inchindrisley,  eighteen;  white;  middle;  servant.     61.   David 


366  APPENDIX. 

McDonagh,  of  Knock-an-power,  sixtie-three  ;  graye  ;  middle  ; 
freeholder ;  ten  cows,  twenty-seaven  sheepe,  fifteen  garrans  ; 
thirteen  acres  of  wheate  and  beare.  62.  Giles  Mulcahy,  fifty- 
three  ;  brown ;  low.  63.  Margaret  Mulcahy,  his  daughter, 
eighteen  ;  brown  ;  middle  ;  spinster.  64.  Ellen  Mulcahy,  his 
daughter,  seventeen ;  brown  ;  middle  ;  spinster.  65.  Ellinor 
Mulcahy,  his  daughter,  ten;  brown;  spinster.  66  Thomas 
Shane,  of  the  same,  eighteen  ;  brown  ;  middle  ;  servant.  67. 
John  Offernan,  of  the  same,  sixteen ;  brown ;  servant.  68. 
Daniell  Henery,  of  the  same,  thirtie  ;  brown  ;  middle  ;  servant. 

69.  Richard  Breenagh,  of  the  same,  twelve  ;  brown  ;  servant. 

70.  Thomas  fitz  John,  of  Ballinlea,  forty-three ;  brown ;  tall ; 
tenant ;  three  cows,  twenty  sheepe,  eight  garrans ;  eight  acres 
of  wheate  and  beare.  71.  James  Forde,  of  Ballyduffmore, 
fifty-three;  brown;  low;  mortgagee;  two  cows,  two  garrans; 
two  acres  of  wheate  and  beare.  72.  John  O'Kelly,  of  Knock- 
an-power,  thirty;  black,  middle;  tenant;  two  cows;  two  acres 
of  wheate  and  beare.  73.  James  Ronayne,  of  the  same,  sixty ; 
graye;  middle;  tenant;  one  cow.  74.  Morish  Ronayne,  of  the 
same,  tw^enty;  brown;  middle.  75.  John  O'Glassine,  of  the 
same,  twenty;  black;  middle;  tenant;  two  cows,  one  garran. 
76.  Donagh  Mulcahy,  of  the  same,  twenty-foure ;  black;  ser- 
vant. 77.  Connor  O'Keirnane,  of  the  isame,  thirty^ve; 
black;  middle;  servant.  78.  Dermod  O'Keirnane,  of  the 
same,  twenty ;  black  ;  middle ;  servant.  79.  Ellen  Prender- 
gast,  of  the  same,  thirty-five;  brown;  tall;  widdowe;  two 
cows,  two  garrans.  80.  Onora  Flanagan,  of  the  same,  forty; 
black;  middle;  widdowe;  three  cows,  twelve  sheepe,  three 
garrans;  two  acres  of  wheate  and  beare.  81.  Thomas 
Kernane,  of  the  same,  twenty ;  black  ;  servant.  82.  Thomas 
Prendergast,  of  the  same ;  twelve ;  white ;  servant.  83. 
Donagh  O'Hutterie,  of  Ballymartie,  thirtie;  black;  middle; 
tenant ;  four  cows ;  ten  sheepe ;  three  garrans ;  four  acres  of 
wheate  and  beare.  84.  Morish  Mulrery,  of  the  same,  twenty ; 
dark;  middle;  servant.  85.  Derby  O'Brien,  of  Inchindrisly, 
thirty  ;  brown ;  low ;  four  cows,  thirty  sheepe,  seaven  garrans  ; 
seaven  acres  of  wheate  and  beare,  86.  William  Brennagh,  of 
the  same,  twenty;  white;  low;  servant.  87,  John  Kennedy, 
twenty;  brown;  servant.      88.  William  Kenny,  of  Kilknock- 


APPENDIX.  367 

ane,  fifty-foure,  graye  ;  low  ;  burgess  ;  six  cows,  twenty  sheepe, 
nine  garrans ;  fifteen  acres  of  wheate,  beare,  and  pease.  89. 
Anne  Kenny,  wife  of  the  said  William,  sixtie  ;  brown  ;  low. 
91.  James  Meregagh,  of  the  same,  thirtie  ;  black,  middle  ;  ser- 
vant. 92.  Donagh  O'Brien,  of  the  same,  thirty;  dark;  low; 
tenant;  three  cows,  five  garrans;  twelve  acres  of  wheate  and 
beare.  94.  Kichard  Butler,  of  G-arrinlowe,  thirty;  flaxen; 
tall;  tenant;  six  cows,  twenty  sheepe;  twelve  garrans;  three 
acres  of  wheate  and  beare.  95.  Giles  Butler,  his  wife,  twenty- 
foure;  brown;  low.  96.  Meaghlin  Hogan,  of  the  same, 
twenty;  dark;  middle;  servant.  97.  Morish  Dower,  gf  the 
same,  twenty ;  yellow ;  middle ;  servant.  98.  Daniel 
O'Phelane,  of  the  same,  eighteen;  black;  low;  servant.  99. 
Donogh  O'Kerwick,  of  the  same,  sixteene ;  dark;  low;  servant. 
100.  Ellen  Magner,  of  Donnemainstragh,  fifty-seaven ;  black ; 
middle;  three  cows,  twenty-six  sheepe,  two  garrans;  four 
acres  of  wheate,  beare,  and  pease.  101.  Thomas  Butler,  of 
Knockneagcarah,  twenty-eight;  yellow;  middle;  tenant; 
thirty-one  cows,  one  hundred  sheepe,  twenty-four  garrans, 
six  oxen ;  twenty-eight  acres  of  wheate  and  beare,  -and  four 
of  pease.     102.   Katherine,  his  wdfe,  twenty-five;  black;  tall. 

103.  Piers  Butler,  of  the  same,  fiftie;  graye;  middle;  servant. 

104.  Edmund  Butler,  of  tJie  same,  eighteen;  black;  low;  ser- 
vant. 105.  Walter  Fanning,  of  the  same,  twenty-three;  black  ; 
low;  servant.  106.  Daniel  Mourye,  of  the  same,  fifteen; 
yellow;  low;  servant.  107.  William  Hodnett,  of  Grange 
thirty-two;  black;  middle;  tenant;  three  cows,  five  sheepe. 
three  garrans  ;  seventeene  acres  of  wheate  and  beare.  108. 
James  Power,  of  Inchindrisly,  twenty-three;  dark;  middle; 
tenant;  three  cows,  five  sheepe,  three  garrans;  seventeene 
acres  of  wheat  and  beare.  109.  Thomas  Gough,  of  Dun- 
garvan,  forty;  black;  tall;  burgess;  one  cow,  ten  sheepe,  two 
garrans.  110.  James  Fitzmorresh-Gerald,  of  Crushea,  forty; 
flaxen  brown ;  middle  ;  tenant ;  five  cows,  twenty-five  sheepe, 
eight  garrans;  ten  acres  of  wheate  and  beare.  111.  John 
Coppinger,  of  Dungarvan,  the  younger,  thirty-seaven  ;  brown  ; 
middle;  burgess.  112.  Michael  Hore,  of  the  same;  thirty; 
black;  low;  burgess.  113.  John  McCreagh,  of  Inchindrisly, 
twenty;  brown;   middle;   servant.     114.  John  Butler,   son  to 


368  APPENDIX. 

Thomas  Butler,  of  Knockneagoarah,  above-mentioned  j  flaxen. 
115.  Margaret  Hodnett,  wife  to  William  Hodnett,  above- 
mentioned,  thirty;  flaxen;  tall.  116.  Garrett  Hodnett,  his 
son,  four,  flaxen.  117.  Teige  O'Moane,  thirty-six;  black; 
middle  ;  servant.     117.  Bryan  Moane,  his  son,  four ;  browne. 

117.  Murtagh  O'Boghan,     forty-three;   black;   tall;    servant. 

118.  John  O'Boghan,  fourteen;  flaxen;  servant.     118.  Connor 
Carty,   twenty;   black;   low;  servant.        119.    Morish    [         J 
black;   low;   servant.       120.   Walter   Grange,  twenty;  black 
tall.       121.     William    Brennagh,     thirty-five;    red    servant 
middle.       122.   Connor    O'Farrelly,     forty ;    brown ;     middle 
servant.     123.  Morish  fitz  John,  twenty-five;  brown;  servant. 
124.  John   Power,    fifteen ;   brown ;   servant.        125.    Murtagh 
Kenagh,     forty;     brown;     middle;     servant.       129.     Thom^^s 
Gorman,  thirtie;  black;  middle;  servant.     130.  David  Roch, 
of     Dungarvan,     twenty-two;    brown;    low;    servant.      131. 
Thomas  Wyse,  of  Ballinavarie,  forty;  brown;  middle;  free- 
holder. 

The  substance  whereof  we  believe  to  be  true.  In  witness 
whereof,  we  have  hereunto  sett  our  hands  and  seals,  the  26th 
day  of  January,  1653-4. 

Charles  Blount,   Solomon  Richards,   Henry  Paris. i 

City  of  Limerick. — By  the  Commissioners    of    the    lie  venue 
within  the  Precinct  of  Limerick. 

James  Bonfield,  of  the  City  of  Limerick. 

We,  the  said  Commissioners,  do  hereby  certify  that  James 
Bonfield,  of  the  city  of  Limerick,  burgess,  hath  upon  the  20th 
day  of  December,  1653,  in  pursuance  of  a  Declaration  of  the 
Commissioners  of  the  Parliament  of  the  Commonwealth  of 
England  for  the  Affairs  of  Ireland,  bearing  date  the  14th  day 
of  October,  1653,  delivered  unto  us  in  writing  the  names  of 
himself  and  of  such  other  persons  as  are  to  remove  with  him, 
with  the  quantities  and  qualities  of  their  stocks  and  tillage, 

^  Book  of  Transplanters'  Certificates,  Records  of  the  late 
Auditor-General,   Custom  House  Buildings. 


APPENDIX.  369 

the  contents  whereof  are  as  followeth :  viz. — The  said  James 
Bonfield,  of  the  city  aforesaid,  aged  thirty-eight  years ;  tall 
stature;  browne  flaxen  haire.  Catherine  Bonfield,  his  wife, 
aged  thirty-eight  years;  red  haire.  John  Hynane,  aged 
twenty  years;  middle  stature;  black  haire.  Gabriel  Creagh, 
Gennett  Creagh,  Anthony  Creagh,  and  James  Creagh,  small 
children,  under  the  age  of  eight  years.  Bridget  Bonfield, 
daughter  to  the  said  James,  aged  eight  years ;  browne  haired. 
Ellen  ny  Cahill,  maid  servant,  aged  forty  years ;  middle 
stature,  brown  haire.  Mary  ny  Liddy,  aged  forty  years; 
black  haire;  middle  stature.  His  substance — foure  cows, 
foure  garrans;  and  desires  the  benefit  of  his  claim.  The 
substance  whereof  we  believe  to  be  true.  In  witness  whereof 
we  have  hereunto  set  our  hands  and  seals  the  20th  day  of 
December,  1653.1 

Cittij   of   Lime  rich. 

Margaret  JIeally,  alias  Creagh,  relict  of  John  Heally,  Esq., 

deceased. 

We,  the  said  Commissioners,  doe  hereby  certify  that  Mar- 
garet Heally,  alias  Creagh,  the  relict  of  John  Heally,  Esq., 
deceased,  of  the  county  of  Limerick,  hath  upon  the  19th  day 
of  December,  1653,  in  pursuance  of  a  Declaration  of  the  Com- 
missioners of  the  Parliament  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Eng- 
land for  the  Affairs  of  Ireland,  bearing  date  the  14th  day  of 
October,  1653,  delivered  unto  us  in  writing  the  names  of  her- 
self and  of  such  other  persons  as  are  to  r3move  with  her,  with 
the  quantities  and  qualities  of  their  stocks  and  tillage,  the 
contents  whereof  are  as  followeth  :  viz. — The  said  Margaret, 
adged  thirty  years;  flaxen  haire;  full  face;  middle  size. 
Her  substance,  two  cows,  three  loloughs  of  garrans,  and  two 
acres  of  barley  and  wheate  sowen.  John  Neal,  her  servant, 
adged  twenty-eight  years;  red  haire;  middle  stature;  full 
face.  Gennet  Comyn,  one  of  her  servants,  adged  twenty-four 
years;  browne  haire;  slender  face;  of  middle  stature.  Joaii 
Keane,  servant,  adged  thirtie-six  years  ;  brown  haire  ;  middle 

1  Book    of    Transplanters'    Certificates,    Record    Tower,    Dublin 
Castle. 
D2 


370  APPENDIX. 

size  ;  full  face ;  and  her  little  daughter,  adged  six  years. 
Out  of  the  above  substance  she  payeth  contribution.  In 
witness  whereof  we  have  hereunto  set  our  hands  and  iseals, 
the  19th  day  of  December,  1653.1 

(Jonnollagh  Barony,  County  of  Limericl-. 

John  Fitzgerald,  of  Finntansfown,  Esq. 

We,  the  said  Commissioners,  do  hereby  certify,  that  John 
Fitzgerald  of  Finntanstown,  in  the  county  and  barony  afore- 
said, hath  upon  the  10th  day  of  January,  1653,  in  pursuance 
of  a  Declaration  of  the  Commissioners  of  the  Parliament  of 
the  Commonwealth  of  England  for  the  Affairs  of  Ireland, 
bearing  date  the  14th  day  of  October,  1653,  delivered  unto  us 
in  writing  the  names  of  himself,  and  of  such  other  persons 
as  are  to  remove  with  him,  with  the  quantities  and  qualities 
of  their  stocks  and  tillage,  the  contents  whereof  are  as  follow- 
eth  :  viz. — The  said  John  Fitzgerald,  adged  thirtie-five 
years;  middle  stature;  black  hair.  Sarah,  his  wife,  aged 
twenty-six  years ;  brown  hair,  tall  stature.  David  Fitz- 
gerald, aged  four  years;  black  hair.  His  two  daughters 
called  Joan  and  Mary,  under  the  age  of  two  years;  flaxen 
hair.  Edmund  Fitzgerald,  tenant,  aged  thirty  years;  tall 
stature;  flaxen  hair.  Ellen,  his  wife,  aged  forty  years;  tall 
stature;  brown  hair.  Elleanor,  Margaret,  and  Eliza,  three 
daughters  of  the  said  Edmund,  all  under  the  age  of  four 
years.  David  Wolfe,  gentleman,  aged  twenty-four  years; 
black  hair;  middle  stature.  Mauria  Manning,  aged  twenty- 
six  years;  middle  stature;  black  hair.  Dermod  Halpin,  aged 
twenty-four  years ;  tall  stature ;  flaxen  hair.  Donough 
M'Carthy,  aged  thirty-six  years;  middle  stature;  black  hair. 
Ann  ny  McNamara,  servant,  aged  forty  years;  black  hair; 
tall  stature.  His  substance — twenty  four  garrans,  three  cows, 
two  sows ;  four  acres  of  winter  corn.  The  substance  whereof 
we  believe  to  be  true.  In  witness  whereof  we  have  hereunto 
set  our  hands  and  seals,  the  10th  day  of  January,  1653. ^ 

1  Book  of  Transplanters'  Certificates,  Record  Tower,  Dublin 
Castle,   p.  8. 

2  Ibid. 


APPENDIX  371 

Barony  of  Small  County,  County  of  Limerick. 

Sir  David  Bourke,  of  Kilpeacon. 

Wee,  the  said  Commissioners,  do  .hereby  Certify,  that  Sir 
David  Bourke,  of  Kilpecon,  in  the  Barony  of  Small  County, 
and  county  of  Limerick,  hath,  upon  the  19th  day  of  Novem- 
ber, 1653,  in  pursuance  of  a  Declaration  of  the  Commissioners 
of  the  Parliament  of  the  Commonwealth  of  England  for  the 
Affairs  of  Ireland,  bearing  date  the  14th  day  of  October,  1653, 
delivered  unto  us  in  writing  the  names  of  himself  .and  such 
other  persons  as  are  to  remove  with  him,  with  the  quantities 
and  qualities  of  their  stock  and  tillage,  the  contents  whereof 
are  as  followeth,  viz. — The  said  Sir  David  Bourke,  adged  64 
yeares;  middle  stature;  brown  hair.  The  Lady  Catherine 
Bourke,  adged  fifty-eight  years;  white  hoary  hair.  Oliver 
Bourke,  son  to  the  said  Sir  David,  adged  thirty-eight  years; 
middle  stature;  full  face,  and  black  hair.  Edmund  Bourke, 
another- son  to  the  said  Sir  David,  adged  thirty-nine  years; 
middle  stature ;  sick  of  body,  red  hair.  Patrick  Bourke,  son 
to  the  said  Sir  David,  adged  thirty  years;  tall  stature;  flaxen 
hair.  David  Bourke,  another  son  to  the  said  Sir  David, 
adged  twenty-eight  years;  middle  stature;  flaxen  hair. 
William  McShane,  tenant,  adged  fifty-eight  years;  middle 
stature;  sick  of  body,  black  hair.  Dermond  McDonagh, 
adged  forty-six  years ;  middle  stature  ;  brown  hair.  Any, 
his  wife,  adged  forty  years;  tall  stature;  black  hair.  John 
O'Gripha,  adged  thirty-two  years ;  middle  stature  ;  flaxen 
hair.  Margaret  ny  Owen,  maid  servant,  adged  fifty  years  ; 
heigh  stature;  hoarie  hair.  More  ny  Loughlen,  adged  thirty 
years;  middle  stature;  flaxen  hair.  Their  substance,  one 
plough  of  garrans,  tenn  cowes,  six  acres  of  barley  sowed, 
for  which  they  pay  contribution.  The  substance  whereof  we 
believe  to  be  true.i 

1  Book  of  Transplanters'  Certificates,  p.  200,  Record  Tower, 
Dublin   Castle. 


372  APPENDIX. 

ClanwiUiam  Barony,  County  of  Lime  rich , 

Margaret  Lady  Dowager  of  Gastleconnell. 

We,  the  said  Commissioners,  do  hereby  certify  that  Mar- 
garet Lady  Dowager  of  Castle  Connel,  now  of  Mockenish,  'in 
the  barony  of  Small  County,  county  of  Limerick,  hath,  upon 
the  19th  day  of  December,  1653,  in  pursuance  of  a  Declaration 
of  the  Commissioners  of  the  Parliament  of  the  Common- 
wealth of  England  for  the  Affairs  of  Ireland,  bearing  date 
the  14th  day  of  October,  1653,  delivered  unto  us  in  writing  the 
names  of  herself,  and  of  such  other  persons  as  are  to  remove 
with  her,  with  the  quantities  and  qualities  of  their  stocks  and 
tillage,  the  contents  whereof  are  as  followeth :  viz. — The  said 
Margaret  Lady  Dowager  of  Ca?tle  Connel,  adged  seventy 
years;  middle  stature;  flaxen  hair.  Ann  Burgatt,  .adged 
sixteene  years;  middle  stature;  brown  hair.  Margaret 
Deoran,  adged  eighteen  years:  middle  stature;  flaxen  hair. 
Henry  Bourke,  adged  forty  years ;  middle  stature ;  brown 
hair.  Anable,  his  wife,  adged  thirty  years  ;  middle  stature  ; 
brown  hair.  Dermott  McMahon,  adged  fifty  years  ;  middle 
stature.  David  O'Collane,  adged  twenty  years ;  middle 
stature;  brown  hair.  Teige  o  Terrine,  adged  fifty  years; 
middle  stature;  red  hair.  Cahill  McCrowe,  adged  fifty 
years;  middle  stature;  brown  hair.  Donell  O'Collane,  adged 
thirty  years;  middle  stature;  brown  hair.  John  O'Collane, 
adged  seventy  years;  middle  stature;  grey  hair.  John 
McDonnell,  adged  fifty  years;  middle  stature.  Daniel  O'Ear- 
rolly,  adged  thirty  years;  middle  stature;  brown  hair.  Her 
substance,  twenty  cows,  twenty  sheep,  ten  mares  'and  garrcins, 
and  two  riding  nags,  four  sows,  six  acres  of  winter  corn,  out 
of  which  she  pays  contribution.  The  substance  whereof  we 
believ3  to  be  true.i 


1  Book    of   Transplanters'    Certificates,    p.    220,    Record  Tower, 
Dublin  Castle. 


APPENDIX.  1373 

L-lanwiUiam    Barony,    County    of    Limerick. 

Margaret  Lady  Dowager  of  CastieconneU. 

We,  th©  said  Commissioners,  do  hereby  certify  that  Mai'- 
garet  Lady  Dowager  of  Castle  Connell,  hath,  the  19th  day  of 
December,  1653,  in  pursuance  of  a  Declaration  of  the  Com- 
missioners of  the  Parliament  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Eng- 
land for  the  Affairs  of  Ireland,  bearing  date  the  14th  day  of 
October,  1653,  delivered  unto  us  in  writing  the  names  of  her- 
self, and  such  other  persons  as  are  to  remove  with  her,  with 
the  quantities  and  qualities  of  their  stocks  and  tillage,  the 
contents  whereof  are  as  followeth  :  viz. — The  said  Margaret 
Lady  Dowager  of  Castle  Connell,  her  tenants  and  servants, 
are  as  follows:  viz.,  Dermott  McQuien,  adged  twenty  years; 
middle  stature  ;  black  hair.  Dermot  Shea,  adged  eighteen 
years ;  low  stature  ;  flaxen  hair.  Honnora  ny  Teige,  adged 
sixty  years;  middle  stature;  black  hair.  Honnora  ny  Cul- 
lane,  adged  fifty  years;  middle  stature.  Joan  Lode,  adged 
thirty  years ;  flaxen  hair.  Madlen  Deorane,  adged  thirty 
years  ;  middle  stature  ;  black  hair.  Mary  Kearney,  adged 
twenty  years  ;  middle  stature  ;  black  hair.  Mahowne  Mul- 
lony,  adged  sixteen  years  ;  middle  stature  ;  black  hair.  Hon- 
nora ny  Sheane,  adged  thirty  yenrs ;  middle  stature;  black 
hair.  Mahoune  o  Terny,  adged  forty  years;  low  stature;  red 
hair.  Patrick  Browne,  adged  forty-five  years;  middle 
stature;  brown  hair.  George  Meriek,  adged  thirty-five  years; 
middle  stature;  brown  hair.  John  Mulrian,  adged  thirty 
years;  middle  stature;  brown  hair.  Daniel  McMahon,  adged 
twenty-eight  years;  middle  stature.  Mahowne  o  Hea,  adged 
forty-two  years;  middle  stature;  hoary  hair.  David  Cus- 
sino,  adged  thirty  years;  full  stature;  black  hair.  Murtagh 
McTerlagh,  adged  thirty  years;  full  stature;  black  hair. 
Mahon  o  Mulloc  ;  thirty  years ;  full  stature  ;  black  hair.  The 
substance  whereof  we  believe  to  be  true.i 

1  Book    of    Transplanters'    Certificates,    p.    227,    Record    Tower, 
Dublin  Castle. 


374  APPENDIX. 

Clanwilliam  Barony,  County  of  Limerich- 
WiLLiAM   Lord    Baron    of    Castle    Cojinell. 

We,  the  said  Commissioners,  do  hereby  certify  that  William 
Lord  Baron  of  Castle  Connell,  in  the  County  of  Limerick, 
hath  upon  the  19th  day  of  December,  1653,  in  pursuance  of  a 
Declaration  of  the  Commissioners  of  the  Parliament  of  the 
Commonwealth  of  England  for  the  Affairs  of  Ireland,  bear- 
ing date  the  14th  day  of  October,  1653,  delivered  unto  us  in 
writing  the  names  of  himself  and  such  other  persons  as  are 
to  remove  with  him,  with  the  quantities  and  qualities  of  their 
stocks  and  tillage,  the  contents  whereof  are  as  followeth, 
viz  : — The  said  William  Lord  Baron  of  Castle  Connell,  adged 
twenty-six  years  ;  brown  hair ;  middle  stature.  Ellen,  his 
wife,  Lady  of  Castle  Connell,  adged  twenty-eight  years ; 
black  hair ;  middle  stature  ;  and  five  young  children,  under 
the  age  of  ten  years.  Ellen  Koch,  adged  twenty-four  years  ; 
flaxen  hair ;  middle  stature.  Edmund  Bourke,  tenant,  adged 
twenty-five  years ;  brown  hair ;  middle  stature.  John 
Punchy,  aged  thirty  years ;  brown  hair ;  middle  stature. 
William  Meade,  adged  thirty;  middle  stature.  Donnogh 
M'Theige,  adged  forty  years;  black  hair;  middle  stature. 
Donnell  M'Shyder,  adged  thirty  years ;  middle  stature. 
Teige  M'Keogh,  adged  thirty  years  ;  middle  stature  ;  brown 
hair.  Lawrence  Henry,  adged  thirty  years  ;  middle  stature ; 
brown  hair.  Dermot  M'Keogh,  adged  twenty-three  years ; 
middle  stature  ;  black  hair.  Joan  ny  Mahony,  adged  thirty- 
three  years  ;  middle  stature  ;  red  hair.  Catherine  ny  Dwer, 
adged  twenty  years ;  flaxen  hair ;  middle  stature.  John 
Brown,  adged  twenty  years ;  flaxen  hair ;  middle  stature. 
Daniel  M'Melaghlin,  adged  forty  years  ;  black  hair ;  middle 
stature.  His  substance,  twenty  winter  acres  of  corn,  cows 
forty,  forty  garrans,  a  plow  of  oxen,  forty  swine,  great  and 
small,  four  geldings,  out  of  which  he  payeth  contribution. 
The  substance  whereof  we  believe  to  be  true.* 

<  Book  of  Transplanters'  Certificates,  p.  248,  Record  Tower, 
Dublin  Castle. 


ArrENDlX.  87;-) 

ClanwiUiam  Baroinj,  County  of  Limerick. 
Theobald    Burke,    Lord    Baron    of    Br  it  fas. 

We,  the  said  Commissioners,  do  hereby  certify  that 
Theobald  Bourke,  Lord  Baron  of  Brittas,  in  the  county  of 
Limerick,  hath  upon  the  19th  day  of  November,  1653,  in  pur- 
suance of  a  Declaration  of  the  Commissioners  of  the  Parlia- 
ment of  the  Commonwealth  of  England  for  the  Affairs  of 
Ireland,  bearing  date  the  14th  day  of  October,  1653,  delivered 
unto  us  in  writing  the  names  of  himself  and  such  other  per- 
sons as  are  to  remove  with  him,  with  the  quantities  and 
qualities  of  their  stocks  and  tillage,  the  contents  whereof  are 
as  followeth,  viz.  : — The  said  Theobald  Lord  Baron  of 
Brittas,  adged  sixty-five  years  ;  red  gray  hair  ;  slender  face. 
The  lady  Margaret  his  wife,  adged  sixty  years  ;  gray  hair  ; 
slender  face.  Margaret  and  Mary,  daughters  to  Sir  John 
Bourke,  under  the  age  of  twelve  years.  Thomas  Bourke, 
his  servant,  adged  twenty  years  ;  slender  face  ;  yellow  hair. 
Daniel  O'Bruoder,  adged  forty  years ;  gray  hair ;  slender 
face  ;  and  lame  of  one  leg.  Robert  Lenane,  adged  sixty  years  ; 
gray  hair ;  full  face.  Shyrilly  Maly,  aged  eighteen  years. 
Shirilly  ny  Bruoder,  adged  forty  years  ;  gray  hair  ;  middle 
stature.  Catherine  Grady,  maid  servant ;  adged  thirty  years  ; 
full  face  ;  middle  stature  ;  black  hair.  Any  ny  Mahony,  adged 
thirty-six  years  ;  gray  hair ;  full  face  ;  middle  stature  ;  his 
substance,  three  cows,  one  gelding,  two  garrans,  and  six  hogs, 
for  which  he  payeth  contribution.  The  substance  whereof  we 
believe  to  be  true.^ 

ClanwiUiam  Barony,  County  of  Lime  ride. 
Sir  Morish  Hurley,   of  Kildraff  [Baronet']. 

We  do  hereby  certify  that  Sir  Morish  Hurley,  of  Kildraff, 
in  the  county  and  barony  aforesaid,  hath,  upon  this  19th  day 
of  December,    1653,    in    pursuance   of    a   Declaration    of   the 

1  Book  of  Transplanters'  Certificates,  p.  2.39,  Record  Tower, 
Dublin  Castle, 


376  APPENDIX. 

Commissioners  of  the  Parliament  of  the  Commonwealth  of 
England,  for  the  Affairs  of  Ireland,  bearing  date  the  14th 
day  of  October,  1653,  delivered  unto  us  in  writing  the  names  of 
himself  and  of  such  other  persons  as  are  to  remove  with  him, 
with  the  quantities  and  qualities  of  their  stocks  and  tillage, 
the  contents  whereof  are  as  followeth,  viz.  : — The  said  Sir 
Morish  Hurley  his  tenants  are  as  followeth,  viz:  Terlagh 
M'Brien,  adged  thirty  years  ;  black  hair  ;  low  stature.  Robert 
Caffore,  adged  fifty  j'ears  ;  black  hair ;  tall  stature.  Donogh 
M'Shane,  adged  twenty-two  years ;  brown  hair  ;  low  stature. 
The  substance  whereof  we  believe  to  be  true.^ 


Coshlea  Barony,  County  of  Limerich. 

Dame  Lettice  Hurley,  of  Cnochlingey  [Knocl-long]. 

Viz. — Dame  Lettice  Hurley,  of  Cnocklingy,  the  relict  of 
Sir  Thomas  Hurley  [Baronet],  deceased,  aged  sixty  years; 
brown  hair.  Mary  Hurley,  her  daughter,  aged  twenty  years  ; 
middle  stature ;  yellow  hair.  Elizabeth  Hurley,  another 
daughter,  aged  eighteen  years  ;  tall  stature,  and  brown  hair. 
Thomas  Tobin,  servant ;  aged  thirty  years  ;  middle  stature  ; 
brown  hair.  Teige  Hagh,  servant ;  aged  fifty  years  ;  brown 
hair  ;  middle  stature  ;  and  his  son.  James  Driscol,  servant, 
aged  thirty  years ;  brown  hair ;  middle  stature.  Connor  o 
Glissane,  servant,  aged  forty  years  ;  tall  stature  ;  black  hair. 
Margaret  ny  Quien,  aged  fifty  years ;  red  hair  ;  low  stature. 
Ellen  ny  Yearmody,  aged  twenty  years  ;  brown  hair.  Mary 
Daniel,  aged  forty  years,  and  her  daughter.  Ellen  Roch, 
aged  thirty  years  ;  red  air.  Honora  hny  Daniel,  aged  forty 
years ;  gray  hair.  Sara  ny  Kenny,  aged  twenty  years.  Sub- 
stance, ten  cows,  sixteen  garrans,  sixty  sheep,  twelve  swine, 
six  acres  of  corn,  &c.2 

1  Book  of  Transplanters'  Certificates,  p.  237,  Record  Tower, 
Dublin   Castle. 

?lbid.,  p.  176, 


APrENDlX  B77 


III. 


PETITIONS    FOR    DISPENSATION    FROM    TRANS- 
PLANTATION INTO  CONNAUGHT. 

As  the  documents  in  full  often  convey  a  better  notion  than 
any  abstract,  a  few  orders  made  on  the  petitions  for  Dis- 
pensation from  Transplantation  are  here  given.  It  would 
require  to  inspect  the  many  volumes  full  of  them  to  realize 
the  amount  and  variety  of  misery  suffered  by  the  inhabitants 
of  Ireland  during  the  government  of  the  people  of  England. 

The  Lord  Baron  of  Brittas. 

''  Upon  reading  the  petition  of  Theobald  Lord  Baron  of 
Brittas  touching  his  transplantation  into  Connaught,  and 
the  report  of  the  Commissioners  of  Revenue  of  Dublin  there- 
upon, whereby  it  appears  that  the  petitioner  hath  in  the  year 
1645  taken  the  oath  of  association  with  the  Confederate 
Rebells  {alias  Catholics)  :  It  is  therefore  ordered  that  the 
Governor  and  Commissioners  of  Revenue  of  Limerick  do 
proceed  in  the  Petitioner's  case  according  to  the  printed  in- 
structions and  declarations  given  for  direction  in  this  and 
cases   of   like   nature. 

"  Dublin,  29th  May,  1654. 

"  Thomas  Herbert,  Clerk  of  the  Council. "^ 

The  same. 

"  UiDon  consideration  had  of  the  further  petition  of  the 
Baron  of  Brittas,  it  is  ordered  that  the  petitioner  be  allowed 
what  sheafe  is  due  unto  him  according  to  the  rule,  and  as  by 
the  Commissioners  of  Revenue  upon  the  place  is  given  to 
others   in   like   cases.     And   the   Commissioners   at   Loughrea 

1  A  (85),   p.  410. 


878  APPENDIX. 

are  to  take  care  that  the  petitioner  be  provided  for  in  Con- 
naught  answerable  to  his  age  ana  other  qualifications. 

"  Dublin,  October  13th,  1654. 

"  Thos.  Herbert,  Clerk  of  the  Council.'"- 

Piers  Greagh,  of  Limerick,  Esq. 

'■'  Upon  consideration  had  of  the  petition  of  Piers  Creagh, 
of  Limerick,  desiring  a  dispensation  from  being  transplanted 
into  Connaught,  and  a  liberty  to  enjoy  his  estate  where  it 
lies,  and  of  the  report  of  the  Committee  of  Officers  thereupon, 
whereby  it  appears  that  upon  serious  reflection  they  have 
had  of  the  petitioner's  harmless  carriages  and  of  his 
manifold  laffection  to  the  present  Government,  which  was 
heretofore  more  fully  certified  to  the  Commissioners  of  the 
Commonwealth  from  the  officers  of  the  army :  They  offer  it 
as  their  opinion  that  the  petitioner  be  allowed  to  remain  in 
any  part  of  the  county  of  Limerick  (except  the  city)  till  the 
1st  of  May  next.  And  for  those  lands  the  petitioner  desired 
a  fourth  sheafe,  if  the  said  lands  be  in  the  Commonwealth's 
possession  he  be  allowed  the  said  fourth  sheafe.  And  it  was 
further  certified  by  the  said  officers,  that  in  regard  they  were 
persuaded  that  for  his  former  known  inclination  to  the 
English  Government  the  petitioner  is  hated  by  his  country- 
men, and  that  therefore  he  might  be  permitted  to  reside  in 
such  secure  place  in  the  county  of  Clare  (not  being  within  a 
garrison),  near©  the  English  quarters  as  the  petitioner 
should  make  choice  of  in  the  disposal  of  the  State;  unto  which 
said  report  the  Lord  Deputy  and  Council  do  agree,  and 
therefore  do  hereby  order,  that  the  petitioner  be  dispensed 
with  from  transplantation  till  the  1st  of  May  next,  and  that 
he  do  receive  the  fourth  sheafe  of  and  from  those  lands 
claymed  by  him  in  his  petition,  if  in  the  possession  of  the 
State ;  and  that  he  likewise  be  permitted  to  make  choice  of  a 
convenient  place  to  reside  in  from  the  1st  of  May  forward, 
neare  the  English  quarters,  in  the  county  of  Clare,  provided 
it  be  not  in  any  garrison.     And  hereof  the  Commander-in- 

i  A  (4),  p.  5\, 


APPENDIX  379 

Chief  of  Limerick  and  the  county  of  Clare,  and  Commis- 
sioners of  Assessments,  and  all  others  concerned  are  to  take 
notice. 

"  Dated  at  Dublin  the  28th  of  October,  1654. 

"  Thos.  Herbert,  Clerk  of  the  Council."^ 

The  Lady  Dowager  of  Louth. 

"  Upon  considering  the  petition  of  the  Lady  Dowager  of 
Louth,  and  consideration  had  thereof,  and  of  the  petitioner's 
great  age  and  impotency;  It  is  ordered,  that  it  be  referred 
to  the  Officer  Commanding  in  Chief  and  Commissioners  of 
Assessments  for  the  precinct  of  Tredagh,  to  consider  of  the 
allegations  thereof,  and  to  dispense  with  the  Petitioner's 
transplantation  into  Connaught  till  the  1st  of  May  next. 
And  that  towards  her  present  maintenance  they  do  allow  her 
two-third  parts  of  the  profits  that  arise  to  her  out  of  the 
thirds  of  her  estate  till  the  1st  of  May  aforesaid.  And  that 
in  case  the  said  estate  be  already  disposed  of,  they  are  to 
certify  the  same  to  the  end  she  may  be  otherwise  i^ro- 
vided  for  during  the  time  the  petitioner  is  dispensed  with 
from  transplantation ;  and  then  further  care  shall  be  taken 
of  her  with  others  of  her  condition,  according  to  such  rules 
as  shall  be  held  forth  for  that  purpose. 

"  Dublin,  25th  October,  1654. 

"  Thomas  Herbert,  Clerk  of  the  Council. "2 

3Irs.  Elinor  Butler,  Widow. 
"  Upon  consideration  had  of  the  petition  of  Elinor  Butler, 
widow,  and  the  order  of  the  Commissioners  of  Revenue  at 
Waterford  touching  her,  and  the  report  of  Colonel  Lawrence 
thereupon  (unto  whom  it  was  referred),  it  being  thereby  set 
forth  that  the  petitioner's  allegations  are  confirmed  by  a 
certificate  of  a,  person  of  good  credit;  and  it  being  the  said 
Colonel  Lawrence's  opinion  upon  the  whole  that  the  peti- 
tioner's own  person  and  her  helpless  children  should  be 
dispensed  with  as  to  their  present  transplantation,  and  that 

lA   (4),   p.   122.  2  lb.,   p.   96. 


380  APPENDIX. 

she  be  permitted  to  bring  back  her  cattle  from  Connaught. 
towards  the  maintenance  of  herself  and  children;  we,  the  said 
Deputy  and  Council,  do  therefore  agree  and  consent  unto 
the  said  report,  and  do  hereby  order  that  the  petitioner  be 
accordingly  permitted  to  bring  back  her  said  cattle  without 
molestation.  Whereof  the  said  Commissioners  of  Revenue  at 
Waterford,  the  Commissioners  sitting  at  Loughrea,  and  all 
others  concerned,  are  to  take  notice. 

"  Dated  at  TJublin,  the  IGth  of  October,  1656. 

"  Thomas  Herbert,  Clerk  of  the  Council."^ 

3Irs.  Mary  Thorpe,  otherwise  Dillon. 

"  Upon  consideration  had  of  the  within  petition  of  Mary 
Thorpe,  otherwise  Dillon,  a  Protestant;  and  forasmuch  as 
by  her  husband's  recusancy  comprising  him  within  the  order 
made  that  proprietors,  &c.,  do  transplant  themselves  into 
Connaught,  he  is  to  remove  accordingly,  to  have  lands  set 
out  to  him  there  by  the  Commissioners  sitting  at  Loughrea, 
according  to  his  qualification.  Further  considering  the 
merit  of  the  petitioner,  and  that  she  is  reputed  to  be  a  person 
fearing  God  and  affecting  His  worship  and  ordinances,  It  is 
therefore  ordered,  that  the  Commissioners  at  Loughrea  do 
forthwith  sett  out  to  the  petitioner's  husband  lands  as  near 
Athlone  or  other  place  in  Connaught,  where  she  shall  desire 
(not  repugnant  to  former  general  orders),  to  the  end  that  it 
may  afford  the  petitioner  the  better  conveniency  of  repairing 
neare  to  the  places  where  the  Gospel  is  preached. 

',' Dublin,  Gth  October,  1654. 

jr;     i  "  Thomas  Herbert,  Clerk  of  the  Council. "2 

The  Lad//  Trimlesfon.^ 
"  Ordered,    that   it   be  referred   to   the    Commissioners    at 
Loughrea  to  consider  of  the  within  petition,   and  upon  ex- 
amination of  the  allegations,  and  finding  them  to  be  true  as 
therein    is    set    forth,    they    are    to    permit    the    petitioner's 

.     1  A  (4),  p.  62.  2  lb.,   p.  29. 

3  See  pages   114  and   186,   svpra. 


APPENDIX  381 

husband,  the  Lord  Trimleston,  to  return  into  some  place  in 
the  province  of  Leinster,  for  such  time  as  shall  be  thought 
necessary  for  the  recovery  of  his  health,  and  so  continue  at 
the  said  place  without  removal  above  a  mile  from  the  same, 
without  license  from  the  Commander  in  Chief  of  the  said 
precinct  where  he  shall  reside  as  aforesaid;  provided  he 
return  into  Connaught  within  three  months. 
"  Dublin,  8th  of  August,  1654. 

"  Signed  in  the  name  of  the  Lord  Deputy  and  Council, 

"  Miles  Corbet."^ 

Miss  Mary  Archer. 

"  Upon  consideration  had  of  a  petition  presented  unto  this 
Board  by  Mary  Archer,  in  behalf  of  her  aged  father,  Thomas 
Archer,  and  of  the  certificate  thereunto  annexed,  deposed 
upon  oath  before  Dudley  Loftus,  Esq.,  one  of  His  Highness's 
Justices  of  the  Peace  for  this  county,  that  the  said  Thomas 
Archer  is  above  60  years  of  age,  and  that  his  transplantation 
into  Connaught  will  infallibly  endanger  his  life,  if  not  sud- 
denly bring  him  to  his  grave,  wanting  his  former  accustomed 
accommodations ;  It  is  therefore  ordered,  that  he,  the  said 
Thomas  Archer,  be,  and  he  is  hereby  dispensed  with  from 
transplantation  into  Connaught  for  the  space  of  two  months 
from  the  date  hereof,  to  the  end  that  at  present  he  may  not 
want  the  accommodations  aforesaid,  and  thereby  enable  him- 
self to  travel  into  the  transplantation  quarter,  according  to 
rule. 

"  Dublin,  Castle,  19fh  of  May,  1654. 

"  Thomas  Herbert,  Clerk  of  the  Council. "2 

The  Lord  of  Ikerriii^ 
"  Upon  reading  the  petition  of  the  Lord  of  Ikerrin,  and 
consideration  had  thereof,  and  the  report  of  the  Standing 
Committee  of  Officers  thereupon ;  It  is  thought  fit  and 
ordered,  that  the  petitioner  (in  regai'd  of  his  weakness  and 
infirmity  of  body)   be   permitted   to   repair   to   the   Bath   in 

i  A  (85),  p.  22.  2  A  (12),  p.  71.  3  See  p.  179,  supra. 


382  APPENDIX. 

England  (according  to  his  physician's  advice),  in  order  to 
the  recovery  of  his  health,  for  the  space  of  six  weeks.  And  it 
is  further  ordered,  that  the  said  Lord  of  Ikerrin's  lady  be 
dispensed  with  from  her  transplantation  into  Connaught  for 
the  space  of  two  months  from  the  1st  day  of  May  next;  and 
that  her  servants  be  also  dispensed  with  from  their  trans- 
plantation until  they  have  gathered  in  their  next  harvest. 
"  Dublin,  the  2Afh  of  April,  1654. 

"  Charles  Fleetwood,  Miles  Corbett,  John  Jones. "^ 

Edmund  Magrath,  of  Ballijmore,  in  the  Barony  of  Kilne- 
manarjh,  County  of  Tiyperary,  Esq."^ 
"  Upon  consideration  had  of  the  within  petition  of 
Edmund  Magrath,  complaining  that  the  woods  upon  the 
lands  set  out  unto  him  in  the  county  of  Clare  (pursuant  to 
his  qualification),  are  daily  cut  and  destroyed  by  the  Irish 
there,  who  bear  him  malice  for  his  good  services  to  the  Eng- 
lish, and  by  others,  to  his  great  damage  and  discouragement, 
and  therefore  praying  relief  in  the  premises;  It  is  ordered 
that  it  be  referred  to  the  next  Justices  of  the  Peace  in  that 
county,  or  any  two  of  them,  who  are  to  consider  of  the  allega- 
tions, and  to  examine  the  matter  of  fact,  and  to  take  such 
care  for  the  petitioner's  relief  in  the  premises  as  shall  be 
agreeable  to  law. 

"Dublin  Castle,  20th  .May,  1656. 

"  Thomas  Herbert,  Clerk  of  the  Council. "^ 

Old  Native  Inhabitants  of  Limerick. 
"  Upon  reading  the  petition  and  papers  of  the  old  native 
inhabitants  of  Limerick,  it  being  alledged  by  the  petitioners 

1  A  (85),  p.  304. 

2  This  Edmund  Magrath,  of  Ballymore,  Barony  of  Kilnemanagh, 
county  of  Tipperary,  acted  as  a  spy  from  the  beginning  of  the 
Rebellion,  and  for  his  good  service  obtained  Cromwell's  special 
Letter  of  Dispensation  from  Transplantation,  and  had  order  to 
have  his  estate,  not  exceeding  800  acres,  plantation  measure, 
restored  to  him.  Letter  dated  Whitehall,  March  11th,  1P57.-8. 
"  Letters  of  Lord  Protector,"  p.  121,  Record  Tower,  Dublin 
Castle. 

3  A   (12),   p.   64.     See  also  p.    154,   supra. 


APPENDIX  383 

that  they  have  laboured  as  much  as  in  them  lay  to  preserve 
the  English  interests  in  that  city,  and  to  surrender  to  the 
English,  whereby  they  became  odious  to  the  Irish,  and  there- 
fore desired  some  place  upon  the  River  Shannon  to  be 
•assigned  unto  them  for  their  residence.  And  upon  considera- 
tion had  thereof,  and  of  the  report  of  the  Committee  of 
Transplantation,  It  is  ordered  that  the  petitioners  as  to  their 
merits  and  qualifications  be  referred  unto  the  officers  com- 
manding in  chief  and  the  Commissioners  of  Revenue  within 
the  precinct  of  Limerick,  who  are  to  proceed  therein,  accord- 
ing to  the  tenor  of  the  late  printed  declaration  of  27th  of 
March  last;  and  as  to  their  place  of  residence,  it  is  further 
referred  to  the  Commissioners  sitting  at  Loughreagh,  who 
are  to  consider  thereof,  and  to  do  therein  as  shall  be  agree- 
able to  the  rules  and  instructions  given  them  in  that  behalf. 

"  Dublin,  4th  of  AjJril,  1654. 

"  Charles  Fleetwood,  Miles  Corbet,  John  Jones. "^ 

Mr.  liichard  Chriatmas,  of  Briatol,  Merchant. 

"  Upon  consideration  had  of  the  petition  of  Richard 
Christmas,  of  Bristol,  merchant,  desiring  that  one  Edward 
Browne,  an  Irish  Papist,  who  hath  been  hitherto  entrusted 
with  the  management  of  all  his  affairs  in  and  about  Water- 
ford,  hath  been  faithful  unto  him,  and  best  understands  and 
is  acquainted  with  the  petitioner's  debts  and  credits,  may  be 
permitted  to  continue  in  Waterford,  and  follow  his  occupa- 
tions as  formerly;  It  is  hereby  ordered,  that  the  said  Edward 
Browne  be  permitted  to  reside  in  Waterford  for  and  during 
the  space  of  six  months  from  the  date  hereof,  and  no  longer, 
he  giving  good  security  to  the  Governor  of  Waterford  that 
he  will  not  act  anything  to  the  prejudice  of  His  Highness 
and  the  State :  And  hereof  all  whom  it  may  concern  are  to 
take  notice. 

"  Duhlin,   ISth  August,   1656. 

"  Thomas  Herbert,  Clerk  of  the  Council. "2 

1  A  (88),  p.  244.  2  A  (12),   p.   184. 


384  APPENDIX. 


Dame  Mary  C'ulme. 

"  Upon  reading  the  within  petition  of  Dame  Mary  Culme, 
setting  forth  that  her  servant,  Cornelius  Brady,  is  upon 
some  information  transplanted  into  Connaught,  being  not 
liable  thereunto,  and  that  the  said  Cornelius  is  her  agent  to 
sell  and  let  her  lands,  and  manage  her  necessary  suits  at  law, 
&c.,  and  thereupon  praying  that  his  transplantation  might 
be  dispensed  with.  And  forasmuch  as  the  respective 
Governors  of  Limerick,  Galway,  and  Athlone,  have  power  to 
give  licences  in  the  case,  the  Council  think  not  fitt  to  do  any- 
thing thereon,  but  leave  the  petitioner  'to  make  her  applica- 
tion to  the  said  Governors,  who  are  to  proceed  in  the  case  as 
shall  be  thought  fitt. 

"  Dated  at  the  Council  Chamber,  Dublin,  29th  of  August, 
1656. 

"  Thomas  Herbert,  Clerk  of  the  Council.  '^ 


The  Lady  Grace  Talbot. 

"  Upon  reading  the  petition  of  Lady  Grace  Talbot,  wife  of 
Sir  Robert  Talbot,  of  Malahide,  desiring  a  subsistence  for 
her  and  her  five  children  out  of  her  estate  in  the  county  of 
Wicklow  (alleged  to  be  1,700  acres),  or  otherwise  out  of  her 
husband's  estate  in  Meath,  and  consideration  had  thereof, 
and  of  the  report  of  Sir  Hardress  Waller,  Sir  Charles  Coote, 
Commissary  General  Reynolds,  and  Colonel  Lawrence, 
whereby  it  appears  that  they  humbly  offer  it  as  their  opinion 
that,  in  regard  of  the  petitioner's  husband  Sir  Robert  Tal- 
bot's civil  carriage  during  the  late  rebellion,  and  his  great 
charge,  with  the  considerableness  of  his  estate  in  the  Province 
of  Leinster,  from  whence  he  is  to  be  transplanted ;  and 
likewise  the  petitioner's  incapability  of  receiving  lands  in 
Connaught,  according  to  the  rule  of  stock  given  out,  that 
there  be  settled  500  acres  of  land  in  some  convenient  place  in 
Connaught  upon  the  said  Lady  Talbot  and  her  children. 
And  in  case  that  her  said  husband's  claim  be  allowed,  and  of 

1  A   (12),   p.  214. 


APPENDIX  385 

right  ascertained  to  a  greater  proportion,  that  then  the  said 
500  acres  be  part  thereof.  And  they  further  offer,  that  in 
regard  the  petitioner  is  an  Englishwoman,  and  reduced  to  a 
poor  condition,  being  without  relief,  and  likely  so  to  con- 
tinue until  the  lands  in  Connaught  shall  yield  her  subsist- 
ence, that  for  six  months  yet  to  come  the  petitioner  may 
receive  the  contribution  falling  due  thereon.  It  is  further 
thought  fitt  and  ordered,  that  the  said  Lady  Grace  Talbot 
do  receive  the  quantity  of  500  acres  of  land  in  Connaught; 
and  that  the  petitioner  do  enjoy  on©  moiety  of  the  present 
profits  arising  out  of  her  said  husband's  estate  in  Leinster 
(paying  contribution)  for  the  space  of  six  months  from  the 
date  hereof. 

"  Dublin,  11th  November,  1654. 

"  Thomas  Herbert,  Clerk  of  th^  Council."^ 

1  A  (4),  p.  438. 


E2 


386  APPENDIX. 


IV. 


MAP  OF  THE  COUNTY  OF  TIPPERARY,  AS  DIVIDED 
BETWEEN  THE  ADVENTURERS  AND  SOLDIERS. 

Account  of  the  Adventwrers  and  their  Allotments  there. 
(See  pp.  93,  94,  and  242,  and  243.) 

An  account  having  been  taken  of  the  lands  forfeited  in  the 
several  baronies  of  the  ten  counties  and  the  counties  divided 
by  baronies  into  two  equal  parts,*  a  lot  was  drawn  for  the 
Adventurers  by  Alderman  Avery,  and  for  the  soldiers  by 
Colonel  Hewson  (appointed  to  that  office  by  the  Lord  General 
Cromwell) ;  and  the  several  baronies  in  the  county  of 
Tipperary  forming  the  two  parts  of  the  county  fell  to  the 
Adventurers  and   Soldiers,   respectively,   as  exhibited  in  the 


map 


The  Adventurers'  baronies  in  the  county  of  Tipperary 
were  to  be  charged  with  not  more  than  £60,000.  Bodies  of 
Adventurers  who  might  wish  to  plant  together  might  join  in 
a  lot,  no  one  lot  to  exceed  £5,000.^ 

The  Committee  were  then  directed  to  subdivide  the  several 
baronies  appropriated  to  the  Adventurers  equally  by  lot, 
according  to  the  proportions  due  to  each  of  them;  and  if  any 
barony  should  prove  deficient  to  answer  the  sum  which  was 
apportioned  to  it,  a  supply  was  to  be  made  out  of  some  re- 
dundant barony  in  the  same  county.*  In  consequence  of 
disputes,  the  Lord  Protector  and  his  Council  of  State,  on  the 
6th  of  August,   1654,  appointed  the  committee  mentioned  in 

1  P.  94,  stijrra. 

2  Analysis  of  the  Act  for  Satisfaction  of  Adventurers  and 
Soldiers  of  26th  April,  1653,  MSS.  in  Library  of  Trinitv  College, 
Dublin,  F.  3.  16. 

3  Act  of  Parliament  of  26th  Sept.,   1653.  *  lb. 


APPENDIX  3S7 

Adventui-tii's'  certificate  (at  p.  239,  n.),  empowered,  when 
many  lots  were  upon  one  barony,  to  settle  a  way  by  lot  who 
should  remain,  and  who  should  remove;  and  to  settle  a  way 
by  lot  for  ascertaining  the  subdivision  of  Adventurers'  pro- 
portions that  should  continue  in  the  several  baronies. 

The  committee  arranged  a  settled  method,  and  made  a 
declaration  for  their  explanation  of  it,^  which  unfortunately 
has  not  yet  been  found.  Enough,  however,  remains  in  Dr. 
Patty's  account  of  the  Down  Survey,  and  the  certificates  of 
the  Committee,  to  show  that  they  quartered  and  subquartered 
the  baronies  in  the  manner  exhibited  on  the  Map  of  Tip- 
perary.2  As  is  further  proved  by  the  plot  or  character 
annexed  to  Sir  Nicholas  Cri.spe's  petition,  as  ihown  at 
page  240. 

The  following  list  of  Adventurers  in  that  county  is 
evidently  compiled  from  the  certificates  furnished  to  each 
Adventurer  by  the  Committee  at  Grocers'  Hall,  pursuant  to 
the  Act  of  27th  of  September,  1653. 

It  will  be  observed  that  in  many  instances  the  same  amount 
of  money  gives  a  different  amount  of  land.  The  conditions 
varied.  Adventurers  under  the  first  of  the  Acts  of  Subscrip- 
tion, passed  in  1642,  commonly  called  the  Adventurers'  Act, 
were  to  be  satisfied  in  lands  by  English  measure.  By  the 
doubling  ordinance,  as  it  vva3  called,  made  on  the  14th  of 
July,  1P>43,3  sums  advanced  were  to  be  satisfied  in  double  the 
quantity  in  the  first  Act — thac  is  to  s-ay,  the  lands  were  to  be 
rated  at  four  shillings  the  acre  instead  of  eight  in  jMunst'^r, 
and  at  two  shillings  instead  of  four  in  Ulster,  and  the 
measure  was  enlarged  to  Irish  measui'c.  And  any  original 
Adventurer  who  should  within  three  months  pay  in  a  further 
sum,  o<[ual  to  a  fourth  part  of  the  sum  he  had  first  sub- 
scribed, was  to  have  the  old  and  new  Adventures  counted 
together  at  one  sum,  to  be  repaid  at  the  new  i-ates. 

It  cannot  be  stated  with  certainty  that  the  list  is- a  com- 
plete one,  for  the  name  of  Ellen  Milborne  does  not  appear 
among   the   Adventurers   to   be   set    down    in    the   baronj'   cf 

1  Anahils  of  xUt  of  26th  Sept.,  1653,  MSS.  T.C.D.,  F.  3.  16. 

2  And  see   s»pr«,   p.   239. 

3  ScobelPs    "  Acts   iind    Ordmance.s." 


388  APPENDIX. 

Eliogaity,  according  .to  tlie  certificate  with  "  Th©  Eleven 
Seals  "  given  at  page  239,  n.  This  may  be  accounted  for  in 
one  of  two  ways.  She  may  have  been  transferred  to  some 
other  county;  for  the  entire  sum  charged  on  the  county  of 
Tipperary,  according  to  the  following  list,  amounts  to 
£63,858  6*\  0;/.,  thus  exceeding  the  amount  directed  by  the 
Act  by  £8,858;  or  the  list  may  be  an  imperfect  one;  and  it 
will  be  seen  by  the  Certificate  of  the  Committee  at  foot  of  the 
short  supplemental  list  appended  to  the  account,  that  there 
were  two  books  of  Adventurers'  allotments  returned  into  Ire- 
land; but  only  one  has  been  found.  These  lists  or  books 
would  seem  to  have  been  sent  over  by  the  Committee  of 
Adventurers  for  the  use  of  Dr.  Petty,  when  about  to  reviev/ 
the  Adventurers'  proceedings,  as  th©  date,  "  October,  1658, "^ 
corresponds  with  the  time  of  his  entering  upon  that  work.^ 

1  See   page    400. 

2  "  Petty's  Down  Survey  by  Larcom,"  cluips.  xvi.  and  svii. 


APPENDIX 


389 


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c  b  i::  <i^ 


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bo 

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It  rt  o  >, 

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►-<0)ro^u-)vOt^  M       NrOTi-invOI>co 


W 


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6^66 

W 


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APPENDIX. 


303 


CO  ii 


;  00   on  O   ro  ro  CO  ro 


M    IT)  M    CO  N     C^  M 


ro  ro 

01    0)    ro  ro  CI 


O^  O^.  lO  G^  G^ 
C'  a  t^  ^  M 

^  M    C)   d    0) 


wMOIfOOOirorO        rOPOf* 


O    l>->X>    O^  N    CT>  Oi  0^ 

ro  "OO  N  N  ro  r^  r-^ 

M  N    M    C^    •<:^  M 


ro  O 


O   w   o   O   ro  w    O 


•    M    o    w    M    t^  ^  w 
M    ro  M   0)   !>.  ^  w 


ro  N   M   ro  N 


r^o   '^  ro  >o 

CJ      M     W     tH      h-l 


M   ro  ro  <N    O   w 


C)    C^.  O  00  M  O  i-i 

O   1-1    ^00  t^vo  H 

00    roO    ro  ro*0  m 

h-l     M  IH     C)  M 


M  00    '^h 
M    M    ro 


O    ^  O   O   O   O   O 


.   O   ro  O   O   O   O   O 


O  O   O   O   O   O   O 

loo  in  o  lo  o  "~. 

w         w    ro  M 


o  c  c  o  o 
o  o  o  o  o 


0  O  O  lO  o 

■O  "-)0    01    O 

01  t>  c^>r>  t^ 


oooooooo 
iniooooooo 


MroOiOOOOO 
O^OOIOOOO 
rOi-iN\OO0)u->0) 


O   O   O 

o  o  o 


O    Hi    5 


(S  ^  .y  -l^"^  C  O 

m  >^  ^  _2  n  c/i  ^ 

C  ni  B  r-  "  S  5 
i-  G  ;r!  C  tH  J5  ;S 
rt  j:J  kT:  .5   a;  5  ^ 

h-)  H  l>  CO  o  >— >;> 


1-  > 


o 

fl    O    III 
O  "t!  <u 


rft       Oj 


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--3  t-,   re  p  1-, 

re  o  ^  g  o 


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pq^ 


be  O  < 


c/)  O  H  K  H  --1 


ni   K   M 
g   c^   03 


M    N    ro  -^  "O 


a 


394 


APPENDIX. 


o;       '^ 

f^  lO  N    >0 

o  o  o 

O   f^  >r; 

^(T>i-i    rot^Ol    M    M    t^ 

M   M    M    ro 

ro  ro  ro 

ro  f)    ro 

I-I         roo)rooirororo 

«■ 

O   ro  ro  ro 

ro  ro  fO 

ro  ro  o 

rororororororofOro 

<                  to 

w  00    0^  rj- 

0^  O  0^ 

0\  0^  N 

O^C.  0^0^0^0^0\0^0^ 

1-.  00    w    fJ 

lO  lO  U-) 

U-)  o^  M 

roO^rOCT'OO    M    lOiooo 

Wg 

►"< 

HI           t^  M 

M   ro  ro 

M  00    0) 

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N 

r-l 

P<          0) 

M     1-1 

qJ                 [[^ 

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ro  Th  ^ 

rooo    O 

M  r^  ^00  00  00   -1-  -^00 

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M             01     N 

1-1    ro  ro 

M           01 

N   tH   ro              o»   ro  ro 

0!             "^ 

C-1    O    n    CO 

"CO 

w   01    ro 

roCCCMMMOON 

^     S 

•c  g 

oo   Th  -i-00 

ro  PI    OJ 

ro  ui  M 

OOMOJlOlCTt-OtNlO 

1— t    ^ 

^    rt-  TT  m 

ro  N    N 

ro  m  r^ 

COMOllOlO-^OJNU-) 

ro 

•^    M 

ro  f^    M 

ro  U-)  ro 

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tn  'rt  "O 
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a 

APPENDIX. 


395 


Tt-    11 

O    M    '0(^0  0    ro 

t^  M  O  00    vi' 

\0    -^ 

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o 

(N 

N    ro  ro        CO  N    N 

w    ro  N    M 

M 

w     fj 

,C  6 

«  ^^ 

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O   ro  ro  ro  f< 

ro  rrj 

ro  ro  f»   M 

ro 

6C  f 

C  0) 

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O    On  N  vO    -^O    a^ 

1-1    0~  ON  On  CT' 

ON    ON 

On  00    w    On 

On 

■O   >0  N    ro  -^vO    O 

i-i  u->  1-1  t^  r^ 

hi     1/-) 

rooo    T)-  ON 

lO 

Wg 

«  o 

vO    ro  N    M    T}-       00 

1-1    fO  t^  O  00 

r^  w 

TJ-OO  00    M 

vO 

M    w 

HH 

1-1  N 

fi 

w        Tj-  r- 

On 

"mm 

O    -^  Cn   O  00     rfOO 

•1-  -r  o  o  f  1 

O    ro 

1-1    O   ^1    1-1 

. 

t^,  c-t  m  M  N 

M    ro  ro  C) 

ro  M 

n          01    ro 

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M     HH 

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tn   0) 

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o  >, 

0  o 

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o  o  o  o 

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c3 

^5 

396 


APPENDIX. 


\—\ 

Ph 
< 

O 

t— I 

O 

o 

Ph 

w 


O    t^  CO  O    i-i    "O  coco 

X    4J 

CO  N     M     CO  04     CO  CO 

•   M   N   fOrOfOfOrON   c^ 

COCl    COCOCOCOfON 

J    '^l-'O    0^  Oi  CTi  0\  0^  lO  0^ 
■S    Tl-O    ro  lO  U-)  M    ro  lO  >0 

foo\cyiON<ji<j>ONio 

Wg 

cocow^o  t^r^u-)u-) 

■^>o  "1  oo  ro  r^  ^       M 

CO  0)  vo   0)    o   w   CO 

M           M 

CO   M             M 

CO  O   O  ^  O    C^  U-)  O 

ai 

M                        M     C^     M     CO 

^•MMMOOMrOMM 

wOOMNOOw 

1— (    CD 

cOOO^DOi-iN-^ 

§ 

cOOOOOi-iNco 

N    -r  CO  IN    N    -^00          CO 

CO  O    O   i-i  O    M    c^ 

•"* 

N    w 

^•ooooooooo 

oooooooo 

.ooooooooo 

oooooooo 

=  1 

to 

ooooooomo 

OOO-OOOOm 

N^OO-OOOOOC^O 

too  'ot--o  'no  f) 

MCOMMWM-.^           >0 

M    o^  ^        CO         w 

p 

j^ 

u 

V 

c 

oi 

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^   >,                   .-  (U 

>>  C    C    2         C    w 

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c-^  6  2  1  ^  fi  g  g 

O  •;5  £  fl   ^  O  £  r"^  7^ 

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a 

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APPENDIX. 


397 


w'O  a.  M  i>.uiM  M  u-)r--t--Tt- 

^    OJ 

fO        rorOMfOfOtorOwww 

s  3 

gj  roo   rofororoo   o-jro 

rororOfOO   rororOfOrOCI   fO 

a\N  ow  c^c^^^  o^a^ 

C\G^O^O^^-^    G^O^0^O^O^<^O^ 

W   '-H 

lOt^roiOw    c^ioiOt>-u-)-^ro 

(=^ 

^OO^fO0Ol-|    w    rorOM    M    t^^ 

MM                                                       w     CO   M 

■*-iOC    Tt-Tj-I>.iO'Ot^cOI>.H 

<L 

rororofOM    m    cocom    (Vsm    m 

p;0<NOi>»rOi-iOOO 

OCt-'ONOOOC<OOf»^ 

•  ^)  I-,  mo  ^>T^r^N  n 

MM-^MOOwMMMt^MOO 

<  MOO  mO  r^T^r<-)(^^  m 

MMTj-MvOwMMMt^wOO 

(< 

M    lO  w    01    (S    rr  w    M    CI 

M    M    Tl-  M                  M    M    1-1    r^  rOOO 
WW                                                     M 

^OOOCOCOOO 

oooooooooooo 

°     ^ 

.ooooooooo 

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C/3  S 

to 

oooomoooo 

oooooooooooo 

--tJOOiOMMOOOO 

o  "otoo  loioo  o  'O'O'^o 

MCO             S-iMMMMP-l 

wioow                HH          roOM- 

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> 

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;>  P5  K  1— )CAJ  1— ,1— ,;5;  tin 

M    0)    ro  i-i    CI    CO 

V — ^> — . — ^  ._. 

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CO 

w                N          6   CO       k5 
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ft 

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in 

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0)    CO 

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3 
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398 


APPENDIX. 


o 

o 

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p^ 

O 

a- 

"       o 

O    1^  r<-)               TfO  ^ 

^  « 

C^ 

IH                 C-I 

IM    CI    N                  CO  N    CI 

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ro 

ro 

ro        ro 

ro  oo  CO               O   CO  CO 

C    4, 

«: 

Tl- 

c^ 

CI           r^ 

O  On  0~.               f  1    O  On 

Wg 

o 

ON 

00                 M 

w    "O  On               c<    ih    m 

o 

t^ 

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M 

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CU 

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CO  CO                        M    CO  CO 

rf    1-1 

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MOO                        O     IH     IH 

o 

iH     oJ 

1— 1    <u 

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ro 

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t-t 

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CI    iH    C<                  M    M    CI 

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APPENDIX. 


399 


Ph 


O 
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p:i 


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rocOMco        cocococomcom              1 

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CO  CO  CO  OO      CO 
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On 

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rOiOCOr^cO^lOC^lOCOCO 

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cO'^TTt-OCN^i-i^Oco 

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p;    N    CO 

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ni   u 

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400 


APPENDIX. 


CO 

I— I 
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CO 


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CI 

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LIST  OF  THE  ADVENTUREES.  401 


V. 


This  list  of  Adventurers  for  lands  in  Ireland,  and  of  those 
who  subscribed  for  the  Sea  Service,  is  taken  from  the  collec- 
tion of  papers  relating  to  the  execution  of  the  Act  of  Settle- 
ment made  in  1675,  by  order  of  the  Earl  of  Essex,  Lord 
Lieutenant  of  Ireland, i  and  preserved  in  nine  folio  volumes 
in  the  Eecord  Tower,  Dublin  Castle.  It  is  evidently  a  list  of 
the  original  Adventurers  under  the  various  Acts  and  Ordin- 
ances of  subscription,  commencing  with  the  Act  of  17 
Charles  I.,  chap.  33,  A.D.  1642,  and  ending  in  1646,  when  all 
further  subscriptions  ceased.  It  was  not  until  1653  that  pre- 
parations were  made  for  setting  out  lands  in  satisfaction. 
Eleven  years  had  then  elapsed  since  the  first  Act  of  Subscrip- 
tion in  1642.  Some  of  the  original  Adventurers  were,  of 
course,  dead,  and  others  of  them  had  sold  and  assigned  their 
Adventures.  An  order  of  the  Council  of  State  of  1  June, 
1653,  was  made,  regulating  the  method  to  be  pursued  by  the 
Adventurers  in  proceeding  to  obtain  satisfaction  by  lot  for 
their  adventures.  A  Committee,  appointed  by  that  order, 
were  directed  to  examine  the  truth  of  all  men's  claims,  and 
to  make  out  a  book  containing  the  sums  of  money  they  should 
allow,  and  the  names  as  well  of  the  first  Adventurers  as  of  the 
persons  then  claiming  the  adventures.  They  were  to  give 
each  Adventurer  a  certificate,  setting  foi'th  what  number  of 
acres  were  due  to  him  in  English  measure,  in  satisfaction  of 

1  Lib.  M.  fo.  324,  Record  Tower,  Dublin  Castle.  "  By  His 
Majesty's  command,  all  the  records  of  this  kingdom  which  relate 
to  the  distribution  of  lands  by  the  Act  of  Settlement  have  been 
searched,  and  extracts  made  out  of  them  in  order  to  the  discovery 
of  concealed  lands.  This  work  is  contained  in  twelve  or  fourteen 
volumes,  now  ready  to  be  sent  over."  Earl  of  Essex  to  Secretary 
Conwaj^,  22nd  May,  1675.  "  Letters  written  by  His  Excellency 
Arthur  Capel,  Earl  of  Essex,  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Leland,  in  the 
year  1675,"  p.  284.  4to.  London:  1770.  Of  these  volumes  only 
nine  now  remain. 
F2 


402  LIST  OF  THE  ADVENTUKEES. 

fche  proportion  due  to  him  by  the  former  Acts  and.  Ordinances 
in  Irish  measure;  and  this  certificate,  under  the  hands  and 
seals  of  any  Five  of  the  Committee,  was  to  be  the  warrant  to 
make  his  claim  in  Ireland.  They  were  further  to  make  an 
entry  in  a  book  of  every  certificate  they  should  issue,  ex- 
pressing the  sum,  and  the  name  of  the  first  Adventurer,  and 
of  the  person  to  whom  isuch  certificate  should  be  given, 
together  with  the  proportion  of  the  lands  due  to  him,  as  con- 
tained in  the  certificate.  And  they  were  to  cause  a  trans- 
cript to  be  made  in  a  Parchment  Roll,  and  transmitted  to  the 
Chamber  of  London,  there  to  remain  as  a  public  record.  There 
were  thus  provided  two  complete  records  of  the  names  of  the 
Adventurers,  and  their  subscriptions,  and  the  quantities  of 
land  required  to  satisfy  them — one  to  remain  with  the  Com- 
mittee of  Adventurers  (at  Grocers'  Hall,  it  is  presumed) ; 
the  other  in  the  Chamber  of  London.  All  the  books  of  the 
Adventurers'  proceedings  were,  on  23rd  September,  1671, 
handed  over  by  Sir  Joseph  Williamson  to  Sir  James  Shaen,^ 
keeper  of  the  papers  relating  to  the  King's  Declaration  for 
the  Settlement  of  Ireland,  and  perished  with  the  papers 
relating  to  the  execution  of  the  Acts  of  Settlement  in  the 
fire  that  consumed  the  Council  Office  in  Essex-street,  Dublin, 
on  Sunday,  15th  April,  1711,2  and  amongst  them,  probably, 
the  Book  containing  the  lists  of  the  original  Adventurers  and 
their  assignees. 

'With  regard  to  the  Roll  ordered  to  be  lodged  in  the  Cham- 
ber of  London,  it  was  commonly  said,  in  answer  to  inquiries 
made  some  years  ago,  that  it  had  probably  been  burnt,  with 
other  documents  of  that  depository,  in  the  great  fire  of  Lon- 
don, in  1666.  But  this  being  found  to  be  -a  mistake,  applica- 
tion was  made  to  the  Town  Clerk  of  London,  in  September, 
1869;  but  on  search  made,  he  reported  that  he  could  find  no 
such  roll.  If  it  should  turn  out  that  the  list  copied  into 
this  volume  is  the  only  one  surviving,  it  will,  of  course,  be 
all  the  more  valuable. 

1  Letter  of  A.  Kingston,  Esq.,  Public  Record  Office,  London. 
July,   1862. 

2  Reference  (28th  September,  1711),  on  petition  of  Hugh 
Clement,  Record  Tower,  Dublin  Castle,  Carton,  No.  219. 


THE  ADVENTUEERS. 


403 


"  THE  NAMES  AND  SUBSCRIPTIONS  OF  THE  ADVENTURERS  FOR 
LANDS  IN  IRELAND,  AS  ALSO  OF  THOSE  WHO  SUBSCRIBED 
FOR     YE     SEA     SERVICE." 


[Where  a  less  sum  than  that  subscribed  was  paid,  the  part  pay- 
ment is  put  in  the  outer  column.] 


1. 
2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 

14. 
15. 
16. 
17. 

18. 

19. 
20. 

21. 


John  Pim,  Esq.,  a  member  of  ye  House, 
Sir  John  Potts,  Knt.  and  Bart.,  a  member 

of  ye  House,       ..... 
John  Ash,   Esq.,   a  member  of  ye  House 

and  compartners,       .... 
Nathaniel  Hallows,  Esq.,  a  member  of  ye 

House.         ..... 

Hugh  Ratcliffe,      .... 

Walter  Lee,  .... 

Francis     Newman, 

George  Clarke,  merchant  taylor, 

Richard  Collect,  merchant  taylor 

Robert  Barefoot,  merchant  taylor, 

Thomas  Pargiter,  grocer,     . 

John  Locke,  blacksmith. 

John  Wilde,    Serjt.-at-Law,   a  member  of 

ye  House 
Thomas  Lane, 
William  Adams 
Edmond  Pott, 
Joane  Lane,  widdow, 
Robert  Reynolds,   Esq.,   a  member   of  ye 

House  ...... 

Sir  Robert  Pye,  a  member  of  ye  House 
Sir  Thomas  Barrington,  Knt.  and  Bart. 

member  of  ye  House, 
Sir  Nathaniel  Bernardiston,  Knt.,  a  mem 

ber  of  ye  House,       .... 


£ 

600 

600 

600 

300 
300 
150 
150 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 

200 
400 
200 
200 
200 

1200 

1000 

1200 
700 


404  THE   ADVENTUKERS. 

£       £    s.  d. 

22.  William  Heveningham,  Esq.,  a  member  of 

ye  House  600 

23.  William  Heveningham    for    himself    and 

others, 1200 

24.  Thomas  Eden,  Dr.  of  Law,  a  member  of 

ye  House, 600 

25.  Sir  David  Watkins,  of  London    .         .         .  2025 

26.  Sir  Edward  Mumford,  Knt.,  a  member  of 

ye  House, 300 

27.  Richard  Harmon,  a  member  of  ye  House    300 

28.  Sir  William  Brereton,  Knt.,  and  Bart.,  a 

member  of  ye  House,         ....  1200 

29.  Sir  Gilbert  Gerrard,  Knt.,  and  Bart.,  a 

member  of  ye  House,        ....     600 

30.  James  Barnes,  of  ye  Inner  Temple,  gent.,    400 

31.  Thomas  Page,   of  Roxe,  in  Middlesex     .     100 

32.  Samuel  Edlin,  of  Pinner,    in  Middlesex, 

gent., 100 

33.  ffrancis  Duke  of  Westminster,  gent.,       .     200 

34.  Henry  Arrundell,  of  Northall,  in  Middle- 
sex, gent., 150 

35.  Katherine  Baker,   of  Uxbridge,        .        .      80 

36.  William  and  John  Arundel,  of  Keninton, 

in  Middlesex,  100 

37.  Richard  Nicholl,  of  [  ]  in  Middlesex      50 

38.  Daniel  Enderbe,  of  Staines,  in  Middlesex      50 

39.  Thomas  Palentine,  of  [  ]     ...     100 

40.  John  Poulter,  of  [  ]      ....      70 

41.  John    Gowrdon,    Esq.,    a   member   of   ye 

House 1000 

42.  Sir  John  ffranklin,  Knt.,  a  member  of  ye 

House 600 

43.  Sir  Samuel  Role,  Knt.,  a  member  of  y© 

House 1000 

44.  John   Hampden,    Esq.,    a   member    of   ye 

House 1000 

45.  Sir  William  Waller,  Knt.,  a  member  of  y© 

House 1000 


THE   ADVENTUEEKS.  405 

£        £    s.  d. 

46.  Sir  Robert  Parkhursfc,  Knt.,  a  member  of 

ye  House, 1000 

47.  John  Lisle,  Esq.,  a  member  of  ye  House,  600 

48.  Bulstrode  Whitlock,  Esq.,  a  member  of  ye 

House, 400 

49.  Harbert  Morley,    Esq.,  a    member  of    ye 

House, 600 

50.  William  Spurston,  Esq.,  a  member  of  ye 

House, 400 

51.  James  Rand,  apothecary,     ....  200 

52.  Sir  John  Evelin,  of  Godston,  a  member  of 

ye  House,             ......  600 

53.  Thomas  Cole,  merchant  taylor,    .         .         .  300 

54.  Richard    Sherbrooke,             ....  300 

55.  William  Hitcheocke,  merchant  taylor,        .  150 

56.  William  Henman,  merchant  taylor,           .  150 

57.  Sir  Walter  Earle,  a  member  of  ye  House,  600    300 

58.  Oliver  St.     John,  Esq.,  a  member    of    ye 

House, 600    300 

59.  Sir  Edward  Bayntun,  Knt.,  a  member  of 

ye   House, 600    450 

60.  Sir  Thomas  Soame,  Knt.,  a  member  of  ye 

House, 1000 

61.  John  Blackiston,    of    Newcastle,    Esq.,    a 

member  of  ye  House,       ....  900    300 

62.  Arthur  Goodwin,  Esq.,    a  member  of  ye 

House, .  400 

63.  Anthony  Ratcliff, 300 

64.  Thomas   Knight,             100 

65.  Matthew   Pedder 100 

66.  Thomas  ffountaine, 200 

67.  John  Pim, 300 

68.  Richard  Gardner, 100 

69.  Thomas  Wyan         .         .         .         .         .         .100 

70.  Phillip  Owen, 200 

71.  Thomas  Knight,  Esq.,  .        .        .        .200 

72.  Oliver  Cromwell,   Esq.,    a  member    of  yc 

House, 300 


406  THE   ADVENTUEEES. 

£       £    s.  d. 

73.  Moses  Wall,  of  Margt.  New  fEsh-street,      .     200 

74.  Elizabeth      Austrey,      servant      to      Mr. 

Cromwell,  200 

75.  Sir   Samuel  Owfield,    Knt.,   a   member   of 

y©  House,  1300 

76.  Sir  Arthur  Hazier igg,  Knt.,  and  Bart.,  a 

member  of  ye  House,        .  .        .  1000 

77.  Sir  W.  Drake,  Knt.,  and  Bart.,  a  member 

of  ye  House, 300 

78.  Gabriel!  Brooke,  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  gent.,     300 

79.  Richard  Bernard,  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  gent.,     200 

80.  Sir  John  Culpepper,  Knt.,  a  member  of  ye 

House, 600     150 

81.  Alexander  and  Bence,  Esq.,  a  member  of 

ye  House,      [so  in  the  original]      .        .     600 

82.  Anthony  Bedingfeild,  of  London,  mercer, 

and  Wm  Cage,  of  Ipswich,  Esq.,  a  mem- 
ber of  ye  House, 700 

83.  Wm.  Glanvill,  Esq.,  a  member  of  ye  House,     600 

84.  John   Trenchard,    Esq.,     a  member   of  ye 

House 600 

85.  Samuel  Vassel,  of  London,  Esq.,  a  member 

of  ye  House,        ...... 

86.  The  Lord  Wenman,  a  member  of  ye  House, 

87.  John  Packer,  of  Westminster,  Esq., 

88.  John   Browne,     Esq.,    Clerk  of   House   of 

Peers, 

89.  Sir   Anthony    Ashley   Cooper,     Bart.,     a 

member  of  ye  House,        .... 

90.  Richard  Winwood,  Esq.,  a  member  of  ye 

House, 

91.  Sir  William  Marsham,  Bart.,  a  member  of 

ye  House, 

92.  Martin  Lumley,   Esq.,    a  member    of    ye 

House, 

93.  John   Role,    Esq.,   of   Devon,     a     member 

of  ye  House, 

94.  John  Crew,  of  Steane,  Esq.,  a  member  of 

ye   House, 


1230 

300 

600 " 

600 

600 

600 

150 

600 

300 

600 

1200 

450 

600 

THE   ADVENTUKEES.  407 

£       £    8.  d. 

95.  Sir  Thomas  Dacres,  Kat.,  a  member  of  ye 

House, 600 

96.  Cornelius  Holland,  Esq.,  a  member  of  ye 

House, 600 

97.  Niathl.  ffyenns,   Esq.,    a  member    of    ye 

House,  and  Henry  Pett,  .        .     600 

98.  Sir  John  Harrison,  Knt.,  a  member  of  ye 

House, 1200     200 

99.  William  Harrison,  Esq.,  a  member  of  ye 

House, 600     150 

100.  George  Barker,  of  Richmond,  Esq.,  .     200 

101.  ffrancis  Eogers,  of  Nonsuch,   Esq.,  100 

102.  John  Bentley,  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  Graning 

in    Middlesex,    gent.,        ....     200 

103.  Nicholas  Knapp,    of  Ewill,    in  Surrey, 

gent., 100 

104.  Sir  Edward  Hale,  Bart.,  a  member  of  ye 

House, 1200 

105.  John  Ewelin,  of  the  Middle  Temple,  Lon- 

don,   600 

106.  John  and  Robert  Goodwin,  Esqrs.,  mem- 

bers of  ye  House, 600 

107.  William    Stroud,    Esq.,     member    of    ye 

House,-  and  compartners,         .         .         .     600 

108.  Sir  Gilbert  Pickering,  Knt.,  a  member  of 

ye   House, 600 

109.  Sir  Edward  Ayscough,   Knt.,   a  member 

of  ye  House, 600     150 

110.  George  Buller,  Esq.,    a    member    of    ye 

House,         .        .        .        .        .  .600 

111.  Walter   Long,    Esq.,     a   member     of     ye 

House, 1200    300 

112.  Robert   Sutton,    Esq.,     a  member     of  ye 

House, 200 

113.  Isaacke  Penington,  Esq.,  a  member  of  yo 

House, 1000 

114.  James   Cambell,    Esq.,     a   member  of   yo 

House, 600    300 


408  THE   ADVENTUEERS. 

£        £    s.  d. 

115.  Henry  Martin,   Esq.,    a  member    of  ye 

House, 1200    300 

116.  Sir  Richard  Onslow,  Knt.,  a  member  of 

ye  House,  400 

117.  John  Browne,   Esq.,    a    member    of    ye 

House, 600     450 

118.  Sir  William  Morley,  Knt.,  a  member  of 

ye  House,  1200    300 

119.  Sir  Edward  Partheridge,  Knt.,  a  member 

of  ye  House, 600 

120.  Sir  John  Northcott,   Knt.,  a  member  of 

ye  House,  450    225 

121.  ffrancis  Drake,  Esq.,     a    member    of    ye 

House,  and  compartners,      .        .        .        600 

122.  Miles  Corbett,   Esq.,    a    member    of    ye 

House, 200 

123.  Sir  John  Dryden,   Bart.,     a  member  of 

ye  House, 600 

124.  Sir  William  Strickland,  Bart.,  a  member 

of  ye  House, 600 

125.  John   Barker,    Esq.,     a     member     of    ye 

House, 1200 

126.  Richard  Shuttleworth,  Esq.,  a  member  of 

ye  House,  600    450 

127.  John    Jesson,     Esq.,    a    member    of    ye 

House, 300      75 

128.  Thomap  Hoyle,    Esq.,     a  member   of  ye 

House,  600     450 

129.  Gilbert  Willington,  Esq.,  a  member  of  ye 

House,    and   compartners,        .         .         .   1275 

130.  Dennis    Bond,    Esq.,    a    member    of    ye 

House, 2000 

131.  Augustine  Skinner,  Esq.,  a  member  of  ye 

House, 200     100 

132.  Sir  William  Allenson,  Knt.,  a  member  of 

ye  House,  600    300 

133.  Roger  Mathew,     Esq.,    a  member  of  ye 

House, 300 


THE  ADVENTUBEES. 

134.  Edward  Lord  Littleton,    Keeper    of    the 

Great  Seale, 

135.  Philip  Earle  of  Pembrooke  and  Mount- 

gomery, 

136.  Sir  Jacob  Garrard,  Knt.,  and  Alderman 

of  London, 

137.  Thomas  Adams,    of  London,    Alderman, 

138.  Sir  Nicholas  Crispe,  Knt.,  and  compart- 

ners,  

139.  John  Towse,   of  London,   Alderman, 

140.  Sir  John  Wollaston,  of  London,    Knt. 

and  Alderman,  .... 

141.  Richard  Gipps,  of  Hogsden,   Esq., 

142.  Thomas  Viner,  of  London,  goldsmith, 

143.  ffrancis  Ashe,  of  London,  goldsmith, 

144.  W.   Daniel,   of  London,  goldsmith, 

145.  Humphrey  Bedingfield,  of  London,  gold 

smith, 

146.  William   Gibbs,  of  London,   goldsmith, 

147.  Dr.   John  King,  of  St.  Albans, 

148.  Richard  Morrall,  of  London,  goldsmith 

149.  Francis  Wolley,  a  compartner,    of    Lon- 

don, haberdasher, 

150.  Alexander    Jackson,    of    London,    gold- 

smith,   

151.  George  Gipps,  Parson  of  Ailston 

152.  John  ffowke,   of  London,   Alderman, 

153.  John  Warner,  of  London,  Alderman,     . 

154.  Lawrence    Hawlsted,   of  London,     Esq., 

Alderman, 

155.  Thomas  Andrews,  of  London,  Alderman 

156.  Richard  Sallwey,  of  London,  Fish-street 

Hill,  

157.  Sampson  Sheffeild,  pensr.  to  the  King's 

Majesty,  

158.  Francis   Smith,    of  Greenwich, 

159.  John  Solsted,  of  London,  mercer,    . 


409 

£    s.  d. 


600     150 

2400     600 

600 
600 

1500    eOO 
700 

900 
200 
200 
200 
100 

200 
100 
100 
200 

100 

100 
100 
600 
380 

600     150 
675 

,   100 


400 
200 
600 


50 


410  THE   ADVENTUKEES. 

160.  Gabril  Miles,  of  London,  mercer,     . 

161.  Edward  Mileston,  Dr.   of  Physicke, 

162.  George  Almery,  gent. 

163.  John  Holland,   gent., 

164.  Penning  Ailster,   grocer, 

165.  William  Reynold,   mercer, 

166.  Joseph  Ailston,  merchant, 

167.  John  fountain,   of  ffilpot-lane, 

168.  Richard  Hull,  draper,  in  Gheapside, 

169.  Ahasuerus  Regmerter,   Dr.   of   Physicke, 

170.  Philip   Starky,   cooke  in   Gracious-street 

171.  Henry  Godsden,  of  Darkeing,  in  Surrey, 

172.  John  Young,  draper,  in  Lombard-street, 

173.  Job  Weale,    of    Kingstone,    in    Surrey, 

phisitian,  

174.  Samuel  Moods,   of  Bury,   in   Suffolk, 

175.  John  Sparrow,  of  Reed,  in  Suff.,     . 

176.  John  Bright,  of  Bury,  in  Suffolke, 

177.  John  Gierke,  of  Bury,   in   Suff.,       . 

178.  William  Crickmore,  of  Bury,  in  Suff., 

179.  Hugh  Grove,  of  Bury,  in  Suff., 

180.  Jasper  Pheasant,  of  Dublin,  in  Ireland 

181.  William     Harryman,     of     Canon-street, 

merchant  taylor, 

182.  John   Snow,   in   Canon-street, 

183.  John   Parker,   of  Mary  Atthill,   London 

184.  Richard    Coish,     skinner,     in    Watling- 

street,  

185.  William   Alcocke,   jr.,     in   Canon-street, 

merchant  taylor,  .        .        .        . 

186.  Sam  Debbe,  or  Dabbe,  of  London,  grocer, 

187.  Thomas  Thorould,  of  London,  Esq., 

188.  The      Masters    and     Governors     of     ye 

Barber  Chirurgeons,         .        .        .        . 

189.  Abraham  Jackson,  of  Newington,  elk.,    . 

190.  John  Baker,  of  London,  weaver, 

191.  Thomas  Orchard,  of  London,  chandler,    . 

192.  Jeoffry   Galton,   of  London, 

193.  William  Almond,  pewterer. 


£  s.  d. 


£ 

800 
200 
800 
400 
200 
200 
200 
300 
200 
400 
203 
100 
100 


600  374  8 

200 

100 

300 

300 

300 

100 

100 

100 
100 
700 

120 


100 

25 

100 

75 

600 

200 

50 

300 

200 

100 

100 

25 

25 

THE   ADVENTUKEKS. 

194.  George  Raie,   stationer,      .         .         .         . 

195.  Thomas   Rogers,    of   Dartford,    in   Kent, 

Esq.,  

196.  Thomas  Round,  .... 

197.  John   Round,         ..... 

198.  Isaacko  Thompson,  of  Dartford,  in  Kent 

linning  draper,         .... 

199.  William  Balam,  of  Lincoln's  Inn,    . 

200.  Valentine  ffigg,   of  ffleet-street, 

201.  Daniel  Lewis  and  compartners,   of  Lon 

don,  merchant  taylors, 

202.  John  Lamott,  of  London,  Esq., 

203.  Edward  Michell,  of  London,  .scrivener, 

204.  John  Wardell,  of  London,  grocer,    . 

205.  Henry   Foisted, 

206.  William  Farrington, 

207.  Thomas  Barnardiston, 

208.  Hugh  Morris, 

209.  Thomas  Stubbins 

210.  Caldwell   ffarrington 

211.  Henry    Polsteed,    jr., 

212.  William  Risby,  draper, 

213.  Samuel    Moyer,    merchant 

214.  Robert  Dowys,  of  Lowghton, 

215.  Simon  Dun,  of  London,  ironmonger, 

216.  John  Hoxton,  of  Wapping,  shipwright 

217.  Thomas  Cory,   Prothonotary  of  H.   M.'s 

Court  of  Common  Pleas, 

218.  Thomas  How,  of  South  Okenden, 

219.  Thomas   Smith,  of  London, 

220.  John  Yates,  minister,  of  Herefordshire, 

221.  Edward   Pinner,   in  Herefordshire, 

222.  William    Low,     of   Elton,   in   Hereford 

shire,  elk., 

223.  William  Botterill,  of  Ludlow,  in  Sallop 

224.  John  King,  of  London,  haberdasher, 

225.  Robert  Crowley,  of  Whitechappel,  haber 

dasher,         .  .... 


£ 

25 

100 
50 

50 

50 
100 
100 


411 
£    s.  d. 


50 


200 
600 
50 
600  150 
200 
200 
200 
200 
200 
200 
200 
100 

300       75 
300 
100 
100 

300 
300 
100 
100 
100 

100 

50 

100 

100       75 


412 

226. 

227. 
228. 
229. 
230. 
231. 
232. 
233. 
234. 
235. 
236. 
237. 
238. 

239. 
240. 
241. 
242. 
243. 
244. 
245. 
246. 
247. 
248. 
249. 
250. 
251. 
252. 
253. 
254. 

255. 
256. 
257. 
258. 
259. 
260. 
261. 


THE  ADVENTUEEES. 


of 


£ 


£    s.  d. 


White      chappel, 
and  copartners,  . 


Robert     Adams, 

marryner, 
Richard  Darnelly 

William  fflesher, 

Richard  Hunt,  of  London,  merchant, 
John  Pordage,  Dr.   of  Physicke, 
Henry  ffalder,  of  London,  haberdasher,  . 
Nicholas  Lockier,  of  Islington, 
Richard  Wade,  of  London,  carpenter, 
Thomas  Hall,  of  London,  cordwayner,    . 
Henry  Day,  of  London,  mercer, 
Mathew  Owen,  of  London,  grocer,    . 
John  Oldfeild,  of  London,  ffishmonger,    . 
Nicholas  Parry,    of  St.  Andrew's,   Hol- 

burne, 

Charles  Crooke,  of  Amersham,  in  Bucks,  . 
Osmond  Colchester,  and  James  Peacocke, 
Capt.  Edmond  Harvy,        .        .        .        . 

Edmond  Sleigh, 

ffrancis  Dashwood, 

Nathaniel  Deards,  of  London,  merchant, 
John  Carter,  leather  seller, 
Nicholas  Bonner,  painter  staeyner, 
William  Woodhouse,  in  Hartfordshire,    . 

John  Allen,  clerke, 

Ann  Cheney,  of  Cree  Church,  widdow,  . 
Ralph  Tartle,  of  London,  ffishmonger,  . 
William  Molins,  of  London,  innkeeper,  . 
John  Harriot,  of  London,  merchant, 
Thomas  Harriot,  of  Wapping,  marriner, 
Elizabeth  Bradshaw,  of  St.  Katherine's, 

widdow, 

Thomas  Owen,  of  Saffron  Walden,  . 
John  Braket,  of  Syon  Colledge, 
Peter  Stubber,  of  Catteaton-street, 
Thomas  Boggeste,  of  London,  turner, 
John  Hawes,  of  London,  mercer,     . 
Hugh  Nettleship,  of  London,  salter, 
Richard  Beamont,  of  Aldermanbuiy, 


100 

200 
200 
600 
100 
200 
100 
6100  100 
100 

300  200 
100  75 
200 

50 
225 

50 
100 
100 
200   50 

50 

50 
100 
100 
100 
100 

100   75 
150 
100 
200  100 


50 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
150 

50 


50 


THE   ADVENTUEEES. 


413 


262.  William  Babb,  of  White  Chappel,  . 

263.  Edmund  Pike,  of  Wapping,      . 

264.  James  fiisher,  of  Streetham, 

265.  Daniel  Canting,  of  London,  grocer, 

266.  Benjamine   King,    of  fflamstead, 

267.  Nathaniel  Anderson,  of  Cowley,  clerke, 

268.  John  Thewel,  of  Eedburne,  gent.,  . 

269.  John  Catlin,   of  fflamstead, 

270.  Thomas    House,    brownbaker,    . 

271.  John  Kilby,  of  Whithamstead,  in  Hart 

fordshire,  

272.  Abraham  Babington,  of  London,  draper, 

273.  Stephen  White,  of  London,  grocer, 

274.  James  Hublon,  of  London,  merchant, 

275.  James  Hublon,  of  London,  dyer, 

276.  Charles  Woodward,  of  Nayland,  clother 

277.  Peter   Ducane,  of  London, 

278.  John  and  Benjamin  Ducane,  of  London 

279.  Peter  Hublon,  of  London,  dyer, 

280.  John  Blate,  of  London,  merchant  tailor 

281.  Edward  Smith,  of  London,  merchant, 

282.  Thomas    Vincent,     of    London,     leather 

seller, 

283.  John  Brett,  of  London,  merchant  taylor, 

284.  William    Beeke,    of    London,    merchant 

taylor, 

285.  George   Seignejurall,    Lord   of  ye   Towe 

Liberty, 

286.  John  ffenton,  of  London, 

287.  Godfrey  Eeene,  of  London, 

288.  Henry  Coles, 

289.  Stephen  Archebold, 

290.  Edward  Litmaker, 

291.  William  Seale,     . 

292.  George  Gregson, 

293.  Nicholas  Gregson,  merchant  taylor, 

294.  William  Blackborrow,  leather  seller, 

295.  Thomas  Irens,  of  London, 


£ 
50 

100 
25 
25 
25 

100 
25 
25 
50 

50 
100 
600 
600 

50 
100 
200 
100 
200 
100 
100 

300 
700 

300 

50 

100 

100 

50 

50 

100 

25 

50 

100 

50 

60 


£    s.  d. 


37     10 


414  THE   ADVENTUEEES. 

£       £    s.  d. 

296.  Richard  Irens,  of  Liondon,         ...  25 

297.  Christopher  Nicholson,  ffishmonger,         .  25 

298.  John   Lee,    Saddler, 100 

299.  Richard  Newton,  merchant  taylor,  .         .  300 

300.  Richard  Dawes,  pewterer,          .         .         .  300 

301.  Owen  Jones,  pewterer,       ....  100 

302.  William  Sherlocke, 100 

303.  JoseiDh  Biggs,  clerke, 50 

304.  Edward  and  Thomas  ffletcher,  .         .         .100 

305.  Henry  Davenport,  woodmonger,       .        .  25 

306.  John  Stephenson,  of  London,  blacksmith,  50 

307.  John  Reynolds,  blacksmith,       ...  25 

308.  Sr  John  ffarwell,  of  Hogsdon,  knt.,  .         .  100 

309.  William  Underwood,  of  London,  grocer,  300 

310.  Richard  Rogers,  of  London,  grocer,          ,  100 

311.  James  Hayes,  of  London,  grocer,     .         .  100 

312.  Thomas  Cocke,  of  London,  salter,     .         .  200 

313.  John  Mastall,  of  London,  haberdasher,  .  100 

314.  Richard  Clutterbucke,  of  London,  mercer,  700 

315.  Thomas  Prince,  of  London,  clothworker,  25 

316.  Peter  Prince,  of  London,  tallow  chandler,  25 

317.  Richard  Vernon,  of  London,  i^ewterer,    .  100 

318.  Thomas  Chewning,  of  London,  skinner,  .  100 

319.  William  Ridgeo,  of ,  skinner,     .         .  120 

320.  John  flfletcher,  of  London,  upholsterer,  .  120     110 

321.  John   Turlington,    of  London,   spectacle 

maker, 120 

322.  Richard  Castle,  of  London,        .         .         .120 

323.  ffrancis  Scott,  of  London,  ....  120 

324.  ffrancis    Parsons,    of   London,    merchant 

taylor, 40 

325.  Roger   Stackhouse, 20 

326.  Samuel  Elliot,  of  London,  grocer,  .         .  200 

327.  Thomas  Hodges,  of  London,      .         .         .600 

328.  Thomas  Stone,  of  London,  haberdasher,  300 

329.  James  ffletcher,  in  the  Old  Jewry,  .         .  200 

330.  John  Hatt,  of  London,  gent.,    .         .         .  300 

331.  Samuel    Warner,    grocer,    and    William 

Thompson,   salter, 600 


THE  ADVENTUKEES. 

332.  William  Peymoyer,  clothworker, 
[333  Omitted  in  the  original.] 

334.  Richard  Loton,  of  London,  brewer,  . 

335.  Maurice  and  George  Thompson, 

336.  Richard  Mountney,  of  London,  mercer, 

337.  Alexander  Gill,  late  of  Lorgan,  in  Ard 

magh, 

338.  Jeremiah  Hearne,  of  Hunsden, 

339.  Henry  Hastings,  of  Kingston,  Esq., 

340.  Jasper  Davis,  of  London,  Turner,    . 

341.  Stephen  Offley,  of  London,  merchant, 

342.  Thomas  Woodcocke,  of  London,  grocer, 

343.  Thomas  Mills,  of  London,  skinner, 

344.  John  Lake,  of  London,  skinner, 

345.  Robert  Kirkam,   of  London,   bowyer, 

346.  Robert     Beard,     of     Thaydon     Garnon 

tanner, 

347.  John  Steele,  of  London,  salter, 

348.  Thomas  Stratton,  of  London,   merchant 

taylor, 

349.  Joan  Matthew,  widdow,     . 

350.  William  Graves,  blacksmith,     . 

351.  James  Blatt,  London,  draper,  . 

352.  John  Ames,  of  London,  draper, 

353.  Edmund  Blatt,  of  London, 

354.  Stafford  Clare,  of  London,  wax  chandler 

355.  John  Goodwin,  paster,  of  Coleman-street 

356.  Mark  Hildesley,  of  Coleman-street, 

357.  Christopher  Nicholson,  of  Coleman-street 

358.  George  Dover,  of  Coleman-street,  pothe 

cary,  

359.  Thomas  Lamb,  of  London,  leather  seller 

360.  An  Tutty,   of  Coleman-street,   . 

361.  William  Tilsley,  of  Blackfryers, 

362.  Richard  Ashurst,  of  London,  draper, 

363.  ffrancis  ffinch,  of  London,  cloth  worker 

364.  Thomas  Snow,  of  Cripple-gate  Without 

365.  Symon  Smith,  of  London,  tallow  chandler 


415 

£        £    s.  d. 
600     150 

100 
700 
150 


25 
200 
100 
150 
100 
100 
100 
200 

50 


200 
50 

50 

100 

100 

100 

50 

50 

50 

100 

100 

100 

100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 


50 


50 


37  10 


50 


416  THE  ADVENTUKEES. 

£       £    s.  d. 

366.  Henry  Procter,  of  London,  weaver,          .  100 

367.  William  Levitt,  of  London,  woodmonger,  50      25 

368.  Henry  Overton,  of  London,  stationer,      .  25 

369.  Joseph  Sibley,  of  London,  tallow  chandler  25 

370.  Nicholas  Haward,  of  London,  grocer,     .  50 

371.  John  Wheatley,  of  London,  scrivener,      .  25 

372.  John  Panter,  of  London,  merchant  taylor,  50 

373.  Richard  Broomer,    of  London,   larymer,  25 

374.  Richard  Beighton,  of  London,  sadler,     .  50    • 

375.  John  Hinde,  of  London,  merchant  taylor,  25 

376.  Nathaniel    Grannow,    of    London,    mer- 

chant taylor, 25 

377.  Ambrose  Coombs, 25 

378.  Richard  Richardson,   of  London,   tallow 

chandler, 25 

379.  Richard  Lucas,  of  London,  plaisterer,     .  50 

380.  William  Mountagne,  London,  baker,       .  25 

381.  James    Bendigo,    of    London,    merchant 

taylor, 25 

382.  George     Sadler,    of    London,     merchant 

taylor, 25         ' 

383.  Moyses  Jenkins,  of  Coleman-street,  .         .  100 

384.  George  Thompson,  stationer,     .         .         .  700 

385.  John    Martin,    of    Guildford,    and    com- 

partners, 250 

386.  William  Webster,  of  London,  merchant, 

and  compartners, 300 

387.  George  Snell,  of  London,  stationer,          .  -200 

388.  Richard  Lloyd,  of  London,  girdler,          .  300 

389.  John  Dodd,  of  London,  salter,          .         .  200 

390.  William  Bisby,  of  London,       .         .         .100 
39i.  George  Warren,  of  London,  draper,         .  100 

392.  George  Thoroughgood,  of  Home  Church, 

Esq.,              .         .         .         .         .         .         .  600     150 

393.  William  Ballard,  of  Home  Church,          .  200 

394.  Thomas  Rogers,  of  Home  Church,  .        .  25 

395.  George  Browne,  of  Home  Church,  .         .  25 

396.  John  Banks,  of  London,  gent.,          .        .  100 


THE  ADVENTUEEES. 

397.  Charles     Doyley,      of     London,      tallow 

chandler,    . 

398.  Nathaniel  and  Thomas  Weeks,  . 

399.  John  Rothwell,  bookseller, 

400.  Robert  Barrett,    . 

401.  Luke  ffawne,  bookseller, 

402.  William  Boulton, 

403.  James  Gierke, 

404.  Anthony  Dowse, 

405.  Daniel  Elderby, 

406.  Robert  Childe,      . 

407.  Christopher  Whitekett, 

408.  Robert  Maltas,  of  Reading,  clothier 

409.  Abraham  Ottyer,  of  London,     . 

410.  Arthur  Juxton,  of  London,  salter, 

411.  John  Juxton,  gent., 

412.  Thomas  Juxton,  merchant  taylor, 

413.  Mathew    Biggs,    gent., 

414.  Temi^est    Miller,    of    London,    merchant 

taylor, 

415.  Samuel    Turner,    of    London,    merchant 

taylor, 

416.  Maurice   Gitting,    of   London,    merchan 

taylor, 

417.  William  Wagstaffe,  merchant  taylor, 

418.  Henry    Ashurst,    of    London,    merchant 

taylor,  

419.  Barnabas  Meare,  of  London,  draper, 

420.  Richard  Allot,  of  London,  haberdasher, 

421.  Richard    Turner,     Senior     and     Junior 

merchant  taylors,      .... 

422.  Thomas  Alcocke,  of  London,  haberdasher, 

423.  John  Ballard,  of  London,  skinner, 

424.  Roger  Lambert, 

425.  Ralph   Carter,      .... 

426.  Thomas   Randall, 

427.  Miles  Biggs,  .... 

428.  Isaacke  Gould,  of  London,  draper, 
G2 


£ 

100 

100 

50 

50 

50 

100 

100 

50 

50 

50 

100 

120 

600 

200 

200 

200 

200 

200 

200 

100 
100 

50 

100 

50 

200 
300 
200 
100 
100 
50 
50 
100 


417 
£  s.  d. 


50  0  0 


25  0  0 
12  10  0 


418  THE   ADTENTUEEES. 

£        £    s.  d 

429.  John  Juiin,   of  London,   dyer,   .         .         .  300 

430.  Isaacke  Jurin,  of  London,  weaver,  .         .  100 

431.  Abraham  Jurin,  of  London,  weaver,       .  100 

432.  John  Lordell,  of  London,  grocer,     .        .  100 

433.  Richard  Shingler,  of  London,  draper,    .  100 

434.  Robert  Dringe, 100 

435.  John  Hedilow,   chirurgeon,        ...  25 

436.  Richard   Hodilow, 25- 

437.  Richard  Shute,  of  London,  merchant,       .  200 

438.  Thomas  Davey,  of  Beckley,  in  Sussex,     .  600 

439.  William  Ball,   of  London,   clothworker,   .  200 

440.  Abraham  Deskeene,   of  London,   weaver,  200 

441.  Jeoffry    Thomas,    of    London,    merchant 

taylor, 200 

442.  John  Stipe,  throwster,        ....  100 

443.  Daniel  Dupree,  of  London,  merchant,     .  300 

444.  Everard  Boulton,  barber  chirurgeon,       .  100      25    0    0 

445.  Robert  Lewillin,  of  London,  salter,          .  100      25     0    0 

446.  Henry  Boyce,  of  London,  tallow  chandler,  100 

447.  John  Rayment,  of  London,  white  baker,  .  300 

448.  John  Pallin,  of  London,  white  baker        .  300 

449.  Alexander  Partridge,  of  London,  ffarier,  80 

450.  Robert  Joseph,  of  Dartford,  in  Kent,      .  50 

451.  John  Daves,  of  London,  chandler,     .         .50        6     5     0 

452.  John  Tabor,  of  London,  goldsmith    ...  50 

453.  John  Kendrick,  of  London,  grocer,  .         .  700 

454.  Richard     Darnely,     of     London,    haber- 

dasher,   100 

455.  John  Suelling,  of  London,  pewterer,        .  200     100    0    0 

456.  Edward  Keddermister,  of  London,  gent.,  100 

457.  Thomas    Barwicke,    of    London,    grocer,  100 

458.  Thomas  Waters,  of  London,  cordwayner,  100 

459.  John    Jeffryes,    of   London,    grocer,         .  100 

460.  George  Hudson,  of  London,  haberdasher,  100 

461.  Nathaniel  HumiDhreys,  of  London,  iron- 

monger,          100 

462.  Arthur   Turner,    Serjeant  at  Law,   .         .  200 

463.  Silvester  Dennis,  of  London,   dyer,       .  160 

464.  Edward   Cooke,   of  London,   apothecary,  675 


THE   ADVENTUEEES. 


419 


£    s.  d. 


465.  George     Witham,     of     London,     leather 

seller, 300 

466.  John   Hurste,   of  London,   cooke,     .         .  300 

467.  Alexander  Jones  and  Robert  Meode,  mer- 

chant taylors, 675 

468.  John  Smith,  of  Wooll  Church,         .         .  50 

469.  Thomas  ffoote,  of  London,          .         .         .  600 

470.  Samuel  Langham,    of   London,          .         .  600 

471.  Thomas  Morton,  of  Craydon,  in  Surrey,  200 

472.  Anthony  Dringe,    of  London,    merchant 

Baylor, 100 

473.  Nathaniel  Mickletwait,  ffishmonger,         .  25 

474.  William  Tutty,  of  London,  clerke,           .  25 

475.  John     Sturdy,     of     London,     merchant 

taylor, 25 

476.  John    King    and    ffrancis    Whitston,    of 

London, lOO 

477.  Rose    Underwood    and    William    Skren- 

shaw,            100 

478.  William  Allen,  of  London,  vintner,           .  200 

479.  John  Hunter,  of  London,    ....  100 

480.  John  ye  sonne  of  Thomas  Corke,  saltier,  100 

481.  Richard   Wilson,    grocer,             .         .         .  lOO 

482.  Edward  Underwood,  Grocer,     .         ,         .  100 

483.  Mathias  Button, 200 

484.  Christopher  Merideth,         ....  200 

485.  Nicholas  Guy, 200 

486.  Henry  Colbron  and  Thomas  Davis,          .  75 

487.  Richard  Warring,   grocer,  .         .         .  2001 

488.  Thomas  Turgis,  grocer,  .         .         .  2001 

489.  Robert  Richard  Smith,  of  London,          .  200 

490.  John  Ashley,  of  London,  ffishmonger,       .  100 

491.  Henry  Graant,  of  London,  draper,          .  60 

492.  Thomas  ffreeman, 200 

493.  Thomas  Lenthall, 200 

494.  James  Clerk©,                200 

495.  Thomas  Stocke,  of  London,        .        .        .  200 

496.  George  Parker,  of  London,        .         .         .  200 


50    0    0 
50    0    0 


420  THE   ADVENTUEEKS. 

£        £    s.  d. 

497.  Sarah  Parker,  of  London,         .        .        .  200 

498.  Michael  Babington,  of  London,  gent.,     .  200 

499.  Edward  Overing,  of  London,  salter,        .  20 

500.  Joseph  Brand,  of  London,  salter,     .         .  200 

501.  Thomas  Pate,  of  London,  cutler,     .        .  200 

502.  Eaph  Triplett,  of  London,  stationer,       .  300 

503.  William  Barton, 300 

504.  Thomas  Brightwell,  of  London, 

bowyer,                  ....     £233  6s.  8d. 

505.  Thomas     Hussey,     of     London, 

grocer,           .         .         .         .         .     £233  6s.  Sd. 

506.  John  Lane,  of  London,       .         .     £233  6s.  8d. 

507.  Mathew  and  Thomas  Younge,  of  London, 

brewers,       .......  100 

508.  Cornelius   Burgess,   Dr.    of   Divinity,        .  700 

509.  William  Jenny,             200 

510.  Perry  Grine   Pritty,  .         .         .         .200 

511.  Chropher   Jenny,    and    Partner,         .         .  200 

512.  Joseph  Linge, 100 

513.  Giles  Townesend, 200 

514.  Edward  Carter,  confectioner,    .         .         .  200 

515.  William  Lorring,  goldsmith,     .         .         .  200 

516.  Nataniel  Hall,  of  London,skinner,            .  100 

517.  George  South, 50 

518.  Thomas  Bewley,   Senr.,  draper,         .         .  100 

519.  Thomas  Bewley,  Jnr.,  of  London,    .        .  100 

520.  William  Bewley, 100 

521.  John  Blackwell,  Senr.,  and  compai tners, 

of  London, 1000     500    0    0 

522.  Henry    Liffkens,    of    London,    merchant 

taylor, 50      27  10    0 

523.  Thomas  Walmsley,  of  Great  Kimble,   in 

Bucks, 100 

524.  Michael  Spenser,  of  Attercliffe,  in  York, 

gent., 600     150     0     0 

525.  William  Sheppy,  of  Gravell  Lane,             .  200 

526.  John     Strange,     of    London,     merchant 

taylor, 300 


THE   ADVENTUREES.  421 

£        £    a.  d. 

527.  Giles  Dent,  of  London,  salter,         .        .  200 

528.  Maximilian  Beard,   of  London,   girdler,  200 

529.  William  Viner,  of  London,  joyner,         .  200 

530.  Christopher  Lipplate,  of  Mareborough,    .  50 

531.  John  Gearing,  grocer,         ....  300      75    0    0 

532.  Christopher  Bidle,  white  baker,        .         .  25 

533.  Thomas  Harris,  of  London,  merchant,     .  100 

534.  Henry  Box,    Esq., 400 

535.  Thomas  Herrage,  Esq.,        .         .         .         .400 

536.  William  Ashwell,  merchant,        .         .         .400 

537.  Sir     Mathew    Boynton,     of     Barmston, 

Knt.,  and  Bart., 1000 

538.  Robert     Greenwell,     servant     to    Robert 

Newton,  grocer, 50 

539.  Peter  Cole,  of  Ironmonger  Lane,      .         .  50 

540.  Henry  Hickman,   of  London,   salter,       .  200 

541.  Richard    Hill,    of  London,    cordweyner,  200 

542.  Robert  Hayes,   of  London,        .        .        .  200 

543.  Robert  Robins,  of  London,  glover,            .  300 

544.  Thomas   Hutchine,  of  London,  merchant,  400 

545.  Thomas  Harris,  of  London,  grocer,         .  100 

546.  William  ffletcher, 100 

547.  John  Parret, 100 

548.  James  Alford,  of  London,  grocer,      .-        .  50 

549.  Symon  Barton,  of  London,  stationer,     .  50 

550.  John  Deathicke,  of  London,  mercer,         .  200 

551.  Captain  Robert  Tichburne,        .         .         .200 

552.  Joseph  Barker,  of  London,  skinner,          .  200 

553.  James  Martin,  of  London,  ffishmonger,    .  600 

554.  Charles  Lloyd,  of  London,   draper,         .  600 

555.  Clement  Coxon,  of  Wapping,  taylor,        .  50 

556.  Joseph     and     Jonathan     Blackwell,     of 

London, 675    468  15    0 

557.  Henry  ffeatherton,  stationer,     .        .        .  1200 

558.  John  Perry,  of  London,  skinner,       .        .  50 

559.  William  Priaulke,  of  Sussex,  minister,    .  50 

560.  William  Harrison,  of  Staple  Inn,  gent.,  100 

561.  John  Biggs,  of  Maidstone,  gent.,             .  150 


422  THE   ADVENTUEEES. 

£        £    s.  d. 

562.  George  Haule,  of  Maidstone,  gent.,        .     250 

563.  Richard  Crispe,  of  Maidstone,  gent.,      .     600 

564.  Robert  Swinnocke,    of  Maidstone,    gent.,     200 

565.  James  Smith,  of  London,  salter,     .         .     200 

566.  Robert  Hales,    of  Auescott,    in  Oxford- 

shire, gent., 1200 

567.  Abraham  and  Thomas    Chamberlain,  of 

London,  merchants,  ....  600 

568.  Hezekiah  Woodward,    of  London,    gent.,  200 

569.  George  Henly,  of  London,  merchant,       .  300 

570.  Robert  Henly, 300 

571.  John  Maynard, 300 

572.  Humphrey  Browne,  of  London,  girdler, 

iand  compartners, 610    305    0    0 

573.  Edmond  Peers,  of  London,  grocer,         .     100 

574.  Ralph  Clarcke,  of  Chesterfield,  in  the  Co. 

of  Derby, 200 

575.  Thomas  Bretland,  of  Chesterfield,    ,         .     100 

576.  Richard  Wood,   of  Chesterfield,       .        .     100 

577.  William   Heathcotte,   of  Chesterfield,      .     100 

578.  Paul  ffletcher,  of  Chesterfield,  .         .         .100 

579.  James  Webster,  of  Chesterfield,         .         .     100 

580.  Richard  Walcott,   of  London,   Esq.,        .     600 

581.  Israel  Scarlet,  of  London,  baskettmaker,     100 

582.  Joseph  Smith,  of  St.  Hellins,     .         .         .100 

583.  William  Leete,     of  London,  cordweyner,  20 

584.  John  Parker,    of  London,    haberdasher,  200      50    0    0 

585.  Henry  Croane, 200 

586.  John   Seed, 200 

587.  John  Winkly,  of  London,  haberdasher,    .  40 

589.  Stephen  Eastwicke,  of  London,  girdler,    200 

590.  George      Miller      of      London, 

stationer,  ....     £l33  6s.  8d. 

591.  Edward    Bruster,    of    London, 

stationer,  .         >        .        .     £133  6s.  8d. 

392,  Richard     Thrale,     of   London, 

stationer,  ....     £133  6s.  Od. 

593.  Samuel  Harte,  of  London,  ironmonger,  150 


THE   ADVENTUEEES.  423 

£       £    s.  d. 

594.  Sarah  Harte,  of  London,          ...  50 

595.  Samuel  Ivery,  of  London,  merchant,       .  300 

596.  Robert  Lambell,  of  London,  grocer,           .  200 

597.  Gregory  Parker,  of  London,  haberdasher,  50 

598.  Robert  Garner,  of  Sleeford,  in  Lincoln- 

shire,              200 

599.  William  and  Thomas  Allen,   of  London, 

grocers, 600 

600.  Sir  Henry  Row,  Knt.,  and  Thomas  Man, 

Esq.,             600 

601.  George  Scott,  of  London,  grocer,     .         .  100 

602.  Christopher  Mcrricke,    of    London,  mer- 
chant,                  200 

603.  Henry  West,  of  London,  marriner,          .  200 

604.  John  ffowler,  of  London,  clothworker,      .  200 

605.  Hogan  Howell,  of  London,  grocer,            .  200 

606.  Theophilus  Bidolph,  of  London,  draper,  200 

607.  Patrick  Bamford,  of  London,  merchant 

taylor, 100 

608.  Peter  Mills,  of  London,  bricklayer,         .  100 

609.  Henry     Pettit,     of     London,     merchant 

taylor, 200 

610.  Henry   Hampson,   of  London,   merchant 

taylor, 200 

611.  Jarvis  Blackwell,  of  London,  skinner,     .  100 

612.  George  Wright,  of  London,  skinner,        .  50 

613.  William    Richardson,    of    London,    mer- 

chant taylor, 50 

614.  Richard  and  John   Smith,    of    London, 

plaisterers,          20 

615.  Robert      Holman,      of  Rendle-hill,       in 

Surrey,  gent., 100 

616.  William   Hampston,   of   [  ],    in 

Surrey,        .......  100 

617.  Jeoffrey    Holman,     of     [  ],     in 

Surrey,        .......  100 

618.  Francis  Cheny,  of  Chosham  Boyes,  Esq.,  600 


424  THE   ADVENTUKEES. 


£        £    s.  d. 


619.  Edward  Merideth,  of  London,  merchant 

taylor, 25 

620.  Soloman  Sibly,  of  London,  salter,    .         .  100 

621.  William   Rogers,    of   London,             .         .  25 

622.  George    ffarmer,    of    ye    Inner    Temple, 

Esq.,  .600 

623.  Mrs.    Lucie  Roch,    of  Rumford,        .         .  50       25     0     0 

624.  William     ffewster,      of     Richmond,      in 

Surrey, 100 

625.  ffrancis  Collins,  of  London,  skinner,         .  100 

626.  William     Legatt,     of     London,     leather 

seller, 100 

627.  ffelix  Kingston,  of  London,  stationer,     .  100 

628.  Dame  Elizabeth  Soame,    of  Hauden,   in 

Essex, 300 

629.  James  Baynton,   Esq.,         .         .         .         .200 

630.  Edmond  Harrison,  embroyderer,      .         .  200 

631.  William  Withar  Manny  downe,  Esq.,      .  200 

632.  Richard  Starkey,  of  Gravesend,  gent.,    .  100      75    0    0 

633.  Thomas     Harding,     of     London,     white 

baker, 200 

634.  Giles  Harding,  of  London,  white  baker,  200 

635.  William  Hardening,  .         .         .         .100 

636.  Alice  Harding,  of  Alenorth,       .         .         .100 

637.  William  Barker,  of  London,  merchant,    .  200 

638.  Thomas  Staine,  of  London,  wax  chandler,  100 

639.  Robert  Scare,  of  London,  pewterer,          .  100 

640.  Robert  Wood,  of  London,  wax  chandler,  25 

641.  Arther  Loyd,  of  London,  haberdasher,     .  100 

642.  Richard  Porter,  of  Abbots  Langley,  Esq.,  200 

643.  Edward  Hodgson,  of  London,  goldsmith,  100 

644.  Robert  Gardner,  of  London,  Esq.,    .        .  600    150    0    0 

645.  Sir  Thomas  Bendish,     of  Bumstead,     in 

Essex,   Bart.                400 

646.  William  Dyke,  of  London,  ironmonger,    .  100 

647.  Stephen  Beale,  of  London,  leather  seller,  100 

648.  Thomas     Rodbeard,     of     London,     ffish- 

monger,  and  compartners,        .         .         .  100 


THE  ADVENTUEEES. 

649.  Robert  Elie,  of  London,  mercer, 

650.  Elisha  Rovins,  of  London,  mercer,    . 

651.  William  Wade,   London,  merchant, 

652.  Ellis  Good,  of  White  Chappell, 

653.  Nathaniel  King,  of  Dunstans,  in  ye  West 

654.  ffrancis  Pccke,  of  Guilford,  minister, 

655.  William  Hill,  of  Guilford, 

656.  ffrancis  Webb  of  London,  dyer, 

657.  Dr.  Samuel  Read,  of  Birch  Hanger, 

658.  Mrs.  Tendring,  of  Bishops  Stratford, 

659.  Samuel  Cooper,  of  London,  ffishmonger, 

660.  John  Lucas,  of  Lynn,  merchant, 

661.  Thomas  Gouge,  Vicar  of  St.  Sepulchre's, 

662.  Nicholas  Stoughton,  of  Stoughton,  Esq., 

and  compartners,  ....     600 

663.  William  Rathband,  Senr.,  and  Junr.,  of 

Coleman  street, 100 

664.  John      Jones,      of      London,      merchant 

taylor, 200 

665.  Thomas    Waterhouse,    of    London,    ffish- 

monger..         100 

666.  Thomas    Ayres,    of    London,    gent.,    and 

compartners,  200 

667.  Edward     Gittings,     of     London,     paper 

stayner, 100 

668.  Jonathan  Goodard,   phisitian,  .         .     100 

669.  Humphrey  Chaveny,   of  ye    Chappell  of 

ye  Rolls, 100 

670.  Henry  Scobell,  of  Symons  Inn,  gent.,      .  200 

671.  Henry    Gulson,    paj^nter    steyner,      .         .  100 

672.  William  Willoughby,  of  Wapping-wall,    .  150 

673.  William  Ball,  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  gent.,      .  250 

674.  Richard  Graves,  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  gent.,  200 

675.  John  Clay  don,  of  Sheere-lane,  gent.,       .  200 

676.  ffrancis  Allen,  of  ffleet-street,  goldsmith,  200 

677.  John  Branckstead,  of  London,  goldsmith,  100 

678.  Mary  Shakespeare,  of  ye  Strand,  widdow,  110 


425 

£ 

£ 

s.  d. 

100 

100 

600 

100 

50 

25 

. — - 

25 

50 

12 

10  0 

50 

12 

10  0 

100 

25 

0  0 

25 

25 

600 

^ 

426  THE   ADVENTUKEES. 

£ 

679.  Christopher  Towse,    of  y©  Strand,    whit© 

baker, 100 

680.  William  Grantham,              ....  50 

681.  Thomas  Webster, 50 

682.  Nathaniel      Witham,      of     Whiteffryers, 

white  baker, 100 

683.  John  Coleman,   of   London,   haberdasher  100 

684.  Thomas  Cooke,  London,  goldsmith,         .  300 

685.  Edward  East,  of  London,  goldsmith,       .  100 

686.  John  Bisko©,  of  Westminster,  apothecary,  100 

687.  William  Hoare,    of  St.    Martins    in    ye 

ffields,  gent., 25 

688.  Nicholas  Bone,  of  Whitehall,  gent.,         .  100 

689.  Anthony     Morgan,     of     London,     linen 

draper, 200 

690.  Robert    Barefoot,     of    London,     leather 

seller, 25 

691.  William  Hobson,  of  London,  haberdasher,  100 

692.  Richard  Lacy,  of  London,  haberdasher,  .  100 

693.  William  White,  of  London,  haberdasher,  50 

694.  Capt.  Nathaniel  Camphield,     .         .         .  100 

695.  Benjamin  Potter,  of  London,  saddler,     .  50 

696.  James  Cox,  of  London,  merchant  taylor,  50 

697.  John  Eaton,  of  London,  merchant  taylor,  50 

698.  Edmond  Sheafe,  of  London,  mercer,         .  100 

699.  John  Bateman,  minister  of  Okenham,     .  50 

700.  William  Nutkins,  of  Okenham,         ,         .  50 

701.  Michael  Marlow,  of  Okenham,          .        ,  50 

702.  Angelo  Bell,  of  Okenham,           ...  50 

703.  Mathew  Simpson,  of  Okenham,  gent.,     .  50 

704.  William  Betsworth,  of  Sussex,  blacksmith,  50 

705.  William  Greenhill,  of  Stepney,         .        .  100 

706.  William  Page,  apothecary,       .        .        .  100 

707.  George  Austin,  merchant,          .        .        .  600 

708.  Throgmorton  Trotman,  of  London,  mer- 

chant,            200 

709.  William  Hawkins,  of  London,  merchant,  259 

710.  James  Bynce,  of  London,      .     .        .        .  600 


THE   ADVENTUEERS.  427 

£       £    s.  d. 

711.  Richard  Browne,  of  London,  woodmonger,  600 

712.  Mrs.   Dorothy  Moore,   of  Dublin,  in  Ire- 

land,                300     150     0     0 

713.  John  Honnor,  of  St.  Martins  in  the  ffields,  600 

714.  John  Bromwich,  of  London,  armourer,  .  100 

715.  Thomas     and     William     Rainsborough, 

merchants, 200 

716.  Samuel  Stone,  of  London,  brewer,  .         .  50 

717.  Thomas  Bancks,  of  Staple  Inn,  gent.,      .  100 

718.  Philip  Diline,  of  Canterbury,  clerke,       .  200 

719.  ffrancis  West,  senr.,  of  London,  grocer,  .  200 

720.  John  Terrill,  of  London,    .        .        .        .200 

721.  George  Hughes,   Minister,  .         .         .100 

722.  Stephen  Sedgewicke,   of  London,      .         .  100 

723.  William  Perket,  of  Bredgate,    .         .         .200 

724.  Margaret  Eldersey,  of  Bredgate,     .         .  60 

725.  Thomas  Hampton,  of  Taplow,  in  Bucks, 

Esq.,              600 

726.  William  Webster,  of  Peckam,  in  Surry,  .  100 

727.  Robert  Haughton,  of  Southwarke,    .         .  100 

728.  Thomas  Nethuish,  of  London,  ffactor,     .  100 

729.  Robert  Clay,  of  London,  ffactor,       .         .  100 

730.  William  Gunston,  of  London,  ffactor,     .  100 

731.  Lawrence  Sanders,  of  London,  ffactor,    .  100 

732.  Barnard  Trimlett,   of  London,  ffactor,  .  100 

733.  Giles  Sumpter,"  of  London,  ffactor,            .  100 

734.  Samuel  Eames,  of  Lothbury,  London,     .  100 

735.  Thomas  Ligh,  of  Twerton,  in  Devon,       .  100 

736.  Joseph  Godfrey,  of  London,     .         .         .  50      25     0    0 

737.  William  Pitcher,  of  London,  draper,     .  100 

738.  Thomas    Meade,    of    London,    merchant 

taylor, 600 

739.  Jeremiah  Hearne,  of  Hunsden,        .        .  100 

740.  Thomas    Briggs,    of    London,    merchant 

taylor, 100 

741.  Richard  Quiny,  of  London,  grocer,          .  100 

742.  John  Sadler, 100 

743.  George  Plucknett, 100 


428 


THE   ADVENTURERS. 


£        £    s.  d. 

744.  Henry  Harwell,  haberdasher,    .         .         .  100 

745.  Benjamin  Banister,  apothecary,       .         .  100 

746.  William  Hubbard,  merchant  taylor,         .  100 

747.  Richard  Chandler,  haberdasher,        .         .  100 

748.  Godfrey  Hall,  and  compartners,      .         .  100 

749.  John  Owen,  of  London,  grocer,         .         .  200 

750.  Stephen  Pheazant,  of  Gray's  Inn,  gent.,  200 

751.  John  Browne,  of  London,  leather  seller,  100 

752.  Nicholas    Williams,    of    London,    haber- 

dasher,           100 

753.  Edmond  Lewin,  merchant  taylor,     .         .  400 

754.  Daniel  Lewin,  of  Hartfordshire,     .         .  200 

755.  William  Officiall,   of  Great  Yarmouth,   .  600 

756.  Daniel   Waldo,    of   London,    clothworker 

and  alos, 600 

757.  William   Goddard,    Dr.    of   Physicke,        .  100 

758.  John  Merricke,  of  London,  gent.,    .        .  100 

759.  John  Tym,  of  London,  goldsmith,  .         .  100 

760.  Thomas  Hatton,  of  ye  Six  Clerks  Office,  20       10     0     0 

761.  John  Whiteing,  of  Hadley,    in    Suffolk,  100 

762.  William  Lambert,  of  Coulston,  in  Surry, 

yeoman, 100 

763.  Thomas  Brouker,  of  Newenham,  gent.,    .  200 

764.  Peter  Langley,  of  New  Inn,  gent.,            .  200 

765.  Edward  Henson,  of  London,  gent.,  .        .  50 

766.  William  Peake,  of  London,  clothworker,  100 

767.  Richard  and  Alex.  Venner,  of  London,  .  150 

768.  Peter  Delany,  of  London,  dyer,        .        .  100 

769.  Richard  Cox,  of  London,  merchant  taylor,  50 

770.  Thomas  Kentish,  of  Abbots  Langley,       .  200 

771.  George    Pryer,    of  Bartholomew  per  Ex- 

change,           675 

772.  Anthony  Rosswell,   and  compartners,  of 

Freshford, 150 

773.  Edward  Mitchell, 25 

774.  John  King,  of  Harlow,  in  Essex,      .         .  75 

775.  John   Savill, 75 

776.  William  Thompson,   of   [  ],      .        .50 


THE  ADVENTUKEKS.  429 

£        £    s.  d. 

777.  John  Speller, 50 

778.  Josiae  Tunbridge, 100 

779.  John  ffeilde, 50 

780.  Edward  Savill, 50 

781.  Thomas   Lyon, 50 

782.  William  Sumney 50 

783.  John  Gardner, 50 

784.  John  Lee,  of  London,         ....  25 

785.  Thomas  Phillips,  of  London,  clothworker,  40 

786.  Anthony  Springer,  of  Clements  Danes,  .  200 

787.  Edward  Parker, 100 

788.  William  Jesson, 100 

789.  Leonard  Tillett, 100 

790.  Arthur  Crew,  of  London,  .         .         .         .100 

791.  William  Boggest,  of  London,  gent.,         .  50 

792.  Gilbert  Lambell,           .....  125 

793.  Devereux  Palmer,  in  Northamptonshire, 

Esq.,              310 

794.  Anthony  and  John  Wagstaffe,  of  Harland,  100 

795.  Grace  Heathcocke,  of  Cutthorp,  widdow,  58 

796.  Ellen  Waggstaffe,   of  Swatwicke,      .         .  50 

797.  Edmd.  Waggstaffe,  of  Cullow,            .         .  40 

798.  Michael  Ashton, 20 

799.  William  ffrench,  of  Emanuel  Colledge,     .  50 

800.  George  Starr,   of   Sherborne,   in  Dorset- 

shire,              150 

801.  William  Allen,  of  Ditchett,       ...  50 

802.  Richard  Vinston,  of  London,  grocer,       .  100 

803.  James  Story,  of  London,  .         .         .         .  50      25     0    0 

804.  Thomas  Browne,  of  London,     .         .         .  100      50    0     0 

805.  Samuel  Harlnett,  of  London,  .         .         .  50      25     0    0 

806.  John  Steming,  of  London,  leather  seller,  100 

807.  Edward  Story,  of  London,  ironmonger,  .  50 

808.  Thomas  Row,  of  London,  girdler,   .         .  50 

809.  Samuel  Beardolph,  of  London,  merchant 

taylor, 100 

810.  William  Beale,     ....           £186  158. 

811.  Richard  Allen,  of  London,  grocer,  .         .  50 


430 


THE  ADVENTUEEKS. 


812.  Richard  Litler,  of  London,  apothecary, 

813.  Serjt.-Major  Wagstaffe,  of  Harbury, 

814.  Edward  Wood,  and  compartners,     . 

815.  William      Loupe,       of      W.       Minster 

chirurgeon,  

816.  Joshua  Woolnough,  of  London,  merchant 

taylor, 

817.  Peter  Hudson,  of  London,  upholsterer 

818.  Mark  Bradley,  of  London,  scrivener, 

819.  William  Cooper,  .... 

820.  George  Bradley,  stationer, 

821.  John  Harris,  of  London,  girdler,    . 

822.  Thomas  Younge,  of  London,  ffactor, 

823.  William  Turlington,  of  London,  merchant, 

824.  Philip  Skippon,  Serjt.-Major  Genl., 

825.  Richard    Huthinson,    of    London,    iron- 

monger,         

826.  Edward  Vaughan,   of  Cheapside,     . 

827.  Charles  Vaughan,  of  the  Co.   of  Devon 

Esq.,  

828.  Joseph  Vaughan,         .... 

829.  William  Vaughan,  of  London,  grocer, 

830.  Richard  Hunt,  of  London,  skinner, 

831.  Edward  Aunsley,  of  London,  -armourer, 

832.  Richard  Willett,   of  London,   merchant, 

833.  Gabriel  Barber,  of  Hartford,  gent., 

834.  Ralph  Minor,  of  Hartford,  schoolmaster, 

835.  Dr.    Calibutt  Downing,    of  Hackney, 

836.  Thomas  Jackson,  of  London,  pewterer,  . 

837.  Mathew  Draper,  of  London,  merchant,    . 

838.  Thomas     Wood,     of    London,     merchant 

taylor,  .         .         .         . 

839.  Mathew  Andrews,  of  London,  grocer, 

840.  Adinram  Bryfield, 

841.  Richard  Wilcox,  haberdasher,  . 

842.  Thomas    Richards,     of    London,    school- 

master,        ....... 

843.  William  Herring,  of  London,  haberdasher, 


£        £    s.  d. 
50 
25 
175     174     2     6 

100 


25 

50 

25 

0 

0 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

50 

0 

0 

200 

50 

0 

0 

100 

200 

1000 

100 

300 

300 

300 

200 

200 

200 

100 

100 

200 

50 

0 

0 

100 

25 

0 

0 

100 

[  ] 

200 

50 

0 

0 

100 

400 

THE  ADVENTUEEES. 


431 


844.  John  Gre&nsmith,         .... 

845.  William  Honnywood, 

846.  Katherin  Smith,  of  Hackney,  widdow, 

847.  Symon  Ash,  of  London,  clerke, 

848.  William    Kendall,    of    London,    merchant 

taylor, 

849.  Thomas  Player,  haberdasher,    . 

850.  Gregory  Clement,  of  London,  merchant, 

851.  Patient  Wallin,  of  London, 

852.  Joseph  Murdocke,  of  London,  skinner 

853.  William  Methould,  of  London,  merchant 

854.  Abraham  Puller,  of  Hartford,  merchant, 

855.  John  Coulson,  of  Ayton  Magna, 

856.  Lawrence  Brentley,  of  London,  merchant, 

857.  Nicholas  Brentley,  of  Exon, 

858.  John  Martimere,  of  Exon, 

859.  Thomas  Brindley,  of  St.  John-street,  Esq. 

860.  Joseph  Carrill,  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  minister 

861.  John  Jones,  of  Exon, 

862.  Thomas  King,  of  London,  carpenter, 

863.  Samuel  Browne,  and  compartners, 

864.  Roger  Lazinley,  of  London,  haberdasher 

865.  Gerrarde  Boate,   of  Holland,   . 

866.  Humphrey      Chambers,       in      Somerset- 

shire,   £l2 

867.  Christopher  Brewer,  of  the  same,     .     £l2 

868.  George  Paine,  of  the  same,        .        .     £l2 

869.  Richard  Crow,  of  the  same,       .         .     £12 

870.  The  Lady  Jane  Harrington,  of  Rand,  in 

Lincolnshire, 

871.  Henry  Smith,  of  London,  glover,     . 

872.  John  Keynes,  of  Marlboro', 

873.  James  Harrington,  of  Rand,  in  Lincoln- 

shire, ....... 

874.  William   Harrington,    of  ye   same,    . 

875.  Thomas  Baily,  of  Marlborough, 

876.  James  Cheswick,  and  others,  of  Sheffield, 

877.  Thomas  Towley,  of  Boston, 


£ 

300 
100 
100 
100 

300 
200 
200 
100 
100 
700 
200 
200 
200 
200 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 


10s. 
10s. 
10s. 
10s. 


3  2  6 

3  2  6 

3  2  6 

3  2  6 


100   50  0  0 
100 
80 

50   25  0  0 
50   25  0  0 

150 

250 

25Q 


432  THE  ADVENTUEEES. 

878.  Eobert    Trelawney,    of    Plimouth,    mer- 

ch?ait,         .  .... 

879.  William  ffisk,  of  Packerham,     . 

880.  John  ffiske,  of  Eattlesden, 

881.  Thomas  Lincolne,  of  Thetford, 

882.  William  Gouch,   of  Elden,         .    < 

883.  John  Grocer,  of  Westhorpe, 

884.  John  Higgens,  of  Kingsnode,    merchant, 

885.  Mathew  Ash,  and  compartners,  of  Ches- 

terfield,         

886.  Anthony  Parker,  of  Blagden,  in  Somer- 

setshire,      ...... 

887.  Nicholas  Blagne,  of  Katherines,  gent., 

888.  Henry  Walter,  of  Eye,  in  Sussex,  *. 

889.  Edward  Owener,  for  Great  Yarmouth, 

890.  Mary  Ditton,  of  Westminster,  widdow 

891.  Eoger  Mathew,   for  ye  Borrow   of  Dart- 

mouth,          £688  7s 

892.  Thomas    Bright,    of    Thurston    Hall,    in 

Suffolk, 

Alf^  893.  Thomas  Pury,  for  ye  Citty  of  Gloucester, 

894.  Nicholas    Isaacke,    of   Barnstaple,    mer- 

chant, ....... 

895.  Joseph  Jaques,  for  his  son  Ealph  Jaques, 

896.  Michael  Measey,  of  Katherines  Coleman, 

897.  Eoger  Drake,  Dr.  of  Phisicke,  .         . 

898.  Eichard     Culline,      High-    Sherriffe     of 

Devon,  for  certain  subscriptions  there 
made,  ....... 

899.  Peter  St.  Hill,  of  Bradninche,  in  Devon, 

Esq.,  

900.  Thomas    Ivatt,  of    Coombe    Martin,    in 

Devon,  Esq., 

901.  John   Coomb,   of  Bradninch,   in   Devon, 

Esq.,  

902.  Sr.  Henry  Eoswell,  Knt.,  in  Devon,  . 

903.  Thomas  Hudson,  of  London,  skinner, 

904.  Cornelius  Cooke,  vintner,     .        .        .     . 


£  s.  d. 


£ 

675 
200 
100 
100 
100 
100 
40 

50 

60 

50 

100 

600 

100 


6d.  2397  15  0 

200 
1350 

100 

300 

50 

200 

348   19  2  0 

300 

450  337  10  0 

50   37  10  0 
200 
100 
100 


THE   ADVENTUKEES. 


433 


£ 


d. 


905.  John  Morris,  wax  chandler, 

906.  John   Snelling,  merchant, 

907.  Thomas  ffarthing,   cordweyner, 

908.  Edward  or  'Edmund  Austin   ffeltmaker, 

[909  omitted  in  the  original.] 

910.  Thomas  Brocket,  pewterer, 

911.  John  Carpenter,  .... 

912.  George  ffissenden,   merchant,     . 

913.  Christopher  Gibbs,  clothworker, 

914.  Gamaliel  Voice,  brewer, 

915.  Henry     Hawkes,      of     London,      tallow 

chandler, 

916.  John  Sandon,  of  London,  cordweyner, 

917.  William   Smiter,  .... 

918.  Samuel  Wilkin,  tallow  chandler, 

919.  John  Williams,  ffeltmaker, 

920.  John  Bur  lace,  gent.,  .... 

921.  Leonard  Tarrant,  tobacconist, 

922.  Eobert  Chillingworth,  ffeltmaker,     . 

923.  John  Wilding,  of  Olaves,  Southwarke, 

924.  Thomas  Bye,  tallow  chandler,    . 

925.  Jeremy  Rushley,  salter,       .         .     •    . 

926.  Robert  Pearson,  of  London,  weaver, 

927.  Robert  Terry,  draper, 

928.  Samuel  Finn,  carpenter,    . 

929.  Richard  Higgins,  cordweyner, 

930.  Robert  Gierke,  apothecary, 

931.  Samuel  Crowther,  merchant  taylor, 

932.  William  Stedde,  ironmonger,    . 

933.  William  Hiccocke,  brewer, 

934.  John  Tarlton,  brewer, 

935.  George  Meggot,  pewterer, 

936.  Gabriel  Bonnvyn,  tallow  chandler, 

937.  Elizabeth  Tuffenaile,  .... 

938.  Elizabeth  Morton,  of  Bermondscy, 

939.  Margaret  King,  of  Bermondsey, 

940.  John  Childe,  of  Olaves,  Southwarke, 

941.  Thomas  Beale,   tallow  chandler, 
H2 


25     0     0 


£ 
100 
200     100     0     0 

50 
100 

50 
50 
50 
50 
50 


50 

50 

25 

50 

50 

100 

50 

50 

50 

25 

25 

50 

50 

100 

50 

100 

100 

50 

100 

100 

50 

100 

100 

60 

50 

100 

100 


50  0  0 
50  0  0 
25     0     0 


434  -  THE   ADVENTUKEES. 

942.  William  Sheppard,  grocer, 

943.  John  Humphreys,  of  London,  imbroyderer, 

944.  Joseph  Collyer,  grocer, 

945.  Thomas  Babington,  haberdasher, 

946.  George.  Ewer,  ffishmonger, 

947.  Nicholas  Norton,  clothworkers,  and 

partners,  .... 

948.  Charles  ffox,  leather  seller, 

949.  Overrington  Blunsdon,   whitster, 

950.  Daniel  Mercer,  dyer, 

951.  William  Hobson,   grocer,   . 

952.  William  Watson,  apothecary,    . 

953.  Thomas  Cacott,  of  Darking,     . 

954.  Thomas  Maberly,  haberdasher, 

955.  Samuel   Hyland,   distiller,  .    £50  12s 

956.  John  Bird,  wool  comber,    . 

957.  Christopher  Searle,  dyer,  . 

958.  Henry  Standish,  cordweyner,.  . 

959.  Nathaniel  Hardy,  of  Southwarke, 

960.  John  Nobbs,  of  Southwarke,     . 

961.  John  Keade,  carpenter, 

962.  Henry  White,  of  Southwarke,  . 

963.  Tobias    Randolph,    Master    of    Eatcliffe 

Schoole, 

964.  William  Heather,  of  Darkeing, 

965.  John  Knight,  of  Southwarke,  cordweyner 

966.  Thomas  Springett,  of  Lewis,  in  Sussex, 

967.  Richard  Barnard,   of  Lewis,   in   Sussex 

draper, 

968.  John  Russell,  of  Lewis,  yeoman, 

969.  Thomas  Ballard,  of  Cuckfield,  in  Sussex 

970.  William  Loue,  of  Lewis,  in  Sussex, 

971.  John  Reynold,  of  Lewis,  brasier,     . 

972.  Mascal  Giles,  of  Dutcheling,  in  Sussex, 

973.  Nathaniel  Bourcher,  of  Ingleton,  Sussex, 

974.  Charles  Hopping,  of  Exon,  ffuller,  . 

975.  John   White,    of   Exon,    merchant,    . 

976.  John   Seager,   of  Broadcliste,   . 


£  £  s.  d. 
50 
50 
50 
100 
50 

300  ' 

50 

50 
200 

50 

50 

50 

50 
lOd. 

10 

60 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 

100       75     0     0 

50 

10 
200 


200 

250 

25 

600 

12 

50 

16 

100 

200 

100 


4     1.1     0 


TH3  ADVENTUREES. 

977.  Thomas  Coomb,  of  Broadcliste, 

978.  William  Musgrave,  of  Broadcliste, 

979.  Philip  Musgrave,  of  Broadcliste,    . 

980.  Christabell  Stone,  of  Exon,     . 

981.  Toby  Allenn,  of  Exon,  merchant,    . 

982.  Thomas  Macomber,  of  Exon,  ironmonger 

983.  Nicholas  Vaughan,  of  Exon,  gent., 

984.  Bernard   Starr,   of  Exon,  upholsterer 

985.  John  Goswell,  of  Exon,  barber, 

986.  George    Yard,    of    Thomas'    Parish,    in 
Devon, 

987.  James  Marshall,  of  Exon,  merchant, 

988.  Thomas  Parris,  of  Exon,  merchant, 

989.  Edward  Anthony,  of  Exon,  goldsmith, 

990.  James  White,  of  Exon,  merchant,    . 

991.  Philip  Crossing,  of  Exon,  merchant, 
392.   Christopher    Clerke,     Junr.,     of    Exon 

merchant,  

993.  Edmond  Syntall,  of  Exon,  silk  weaver 

994.  John  Seager,  of  Broadcliste,  clerk©, 

995.  Nicholas  Carwithen  and  George  Mary 
of  Exon, 

996.  John  Levering,  of  Exon,  merchant, 

997.  Richard  Mayne,  of  Exon, 

998.  Robert  Hoare,  of  Broadcliste,  yeoman 
.999.  Giles  Moore,  of  Broadcliste,  yeoman, 

1000.  John  Sowden,  of  Broadcliste,  yeoman, 

1001.  Peter  Ratcliffe,  of  Broadcliste,  yeoman 

1002.  John  Vye,  of  Axmouth,  yeoman,     . 

1003.  Henry  Parsons,  of  Culleton,  mercer, 

1004.  Robert  Searle,  of  Honnyton,  in  Devon 
and  partner, 

1005.  William  Searle,  of  Honnyton, 

1006.  Richard  Clapp,  of  Sudbury,  yeoman, 

1007.  Richard    White,    Senr.,    of    Axminster 

merchant, 

1008.  Sir  John  Poole,  of  Shute,  in  Devon, 


435 
£  s.  d. 


£ 

20 

20 

20 

100 

80 

50 

100 

100 

50 

50 
200 

50 
100 
200 
100 

100 
50 
50 


200  150  0  0 

100 

100 

50 

25 

25 

25 
200 
200 

80 

20 

200 


400 
103 


436 


THE   ADVENTUEEES. 


£        £    s.  d. 

1009.  James    Tucker,    Senr.,    of    Axminster, 

merchant,  ......     300 

1010.  Samuel  Clarke,  of  Exon,  merchant,        .     100 

1011.  John  Searle,  of  Sudbury,  clerke,    .         .       20 

1012.  Thomas  Pearce,  Senr.,  of  Sudbury,       .       30 

1013.  Thomas  Pearce,  Junr.,  of  Sudbury,        .       30 

1014.  Henry  tarsons,  of  Shut©,  in  Devon,        .     100 

1015.  John  Pay,  of  Shute,  in  Devon,  yeoman,     100 

1016.  Thomas  Matthew,  of  Barnstaple,   .         .     100 

1017.  William  Nettle,  of  Barnestaple,      .         .     100 

1018.  Richard  Evans,  of  Exon,  .        .        .200 

1019.  Perryam  Poole,  of  Talliton,  in  Devon, 

gent., 200 

1020.  James  Gould,  of  Exon,  merchant,  .         .     200 

1021.  Nicholas  Breakeing,  of  Exon,         .         .     200 

1022.  Richard  Sweete,  of  Exon,         .         .         .200 

1023.  Richard  Mallock,  of  Axminster,     .         .     100 

1024.  Robert  ffowler,  of  Axminster,  .         .       60 

1025.  Amuel  Harte,  of  Axminster,  mercer,     .       20 

1026.  Christopher     Knight,      of     Axminster, 

taylor,  10 

1027.  Daniel  ffoliet,  of  Axminster,    ...       10 

1028.  Ellis  Read,  of  Axminster,     .    .         .         .10 

1029.  Henry  Henly,  Esq.,  in  Devon,         .         .     100 

1030.  Lidiagh  Jordan,   of  Exon,       ...       50 

1031.  John  Pitt,  of  Line  Regis,  merchant,       .     100 

1032.  Peter  Ticknee,  of  Cullaton,  in  Devon,    .       50 

1033.  William  Nosworthy,  of  Exon,  clerke,      .       50 

1034.  The  Mayor,   Bailiffs,   and   Comnalty  of 
Exon,  £9890  10s. 

1035.  John  Burlace,  of  Buckinghamshire,        .     200      50    0    0 

1036.  Robert  Whitehall,  minister,  of  Adding- 

ton,  in  Bucks,  .....     100 

1037.  Sir  John  Hobbert,  Barrt.,  in  ye  county 

county  of  Norff., 600 

1038.  George   Price,    High    Sheriff   of   Surry, 

for  several  subscriptions  there  made,    .     225 

1039.  George  Garth,  of  Morden,  in  Surry,      .     100      25    0    0 


THE  ADVENTUEEES. 

1040.  Anthony  ffane,  of  Kingston,  in  Surry, 

1041.  Elizabeth  Evillin,  of  Kingston,  in  Surry, 

1042.  Ann  Cannockt,  of  Kingston,  in  Surry, 

1043.  Elizabeth     Dingley,     of     Kingston,     in 

Surrey,  ...... 

1044.  Dr.    Edmond    Staunton,    the    Vicar    of 

Kingston,  in  Surrey,       .         .         .         . 

1045.  Obadiagh     Weeks,      of     Kingston,      in 

Surrey,  .         .         .         .         . 

1046.  Heretage  Hartford,  Minister  of  Thames 

Ditton,  in  Surrey, 

1047.  James  Knowles,  of  Kingston,  in  Surrey 

1048.  John  Bond,  of  Kingston,  in  Surry, 

1049.  John  Redferne,  of  Kingston,  in  Surry 

1050.  James  Levit,  of  Kingston,  in  Surry, 

1051.  John  Childe,  of  Kingston,  in  Surry, 

1052.  Robert  Massey,  of  Kingston,  in  Surry 

1053.  Joshua  Sturmey,  of  Kingston,  in  Surry 

1054.  Sarah  Best,   widdow,   in   Surry, 

1055.  Ephraim  Smith,  of  Kingston,  in  Surry 

1056.  Mary  Baker,  of  ffeversham,  widdow, 

1057.  Grace  Tiffen,  of  Kingston,  in  Surry, 

1058.  Robert  Thomas,  of  Kingston,  in  Surry 

1059.  Robert  Wood,  of  Kingston,   in   Surry, 

gent., 

1060.  Robert  Stint,  in  Surry,  gent.,  of  Kings 

ton,  

1061.  Shadracke  Brice,  of  East  Moulsey, 

1062.  John  Evans,  phisitian,     . 

1063.  Ephraim  Bishopp,  of  Kingston,  in  Surry, 

1064.  William    Knightley,    of    Kingston,     in 
Surry,  ....... 

1065.  Thomas  Tipping,  Esq.,  High  Sheriff  of 

Exon,         ....... 

1066.  Edward   Taylor,    of  William    Scott,    in 

Oxford, 

1067.  Joseph  Gastrell,  Minister  of  Tettsworth, 

1068.  Vincent  Barg,  of  Thame,  Esq.,       . 


437 

£ 

£ 

s.  d. 

00 

AA 

25 

0  0 

UU 

50 

25 

0  0 

60 


100 


100 

75 

0 

0 

25 

18 

5 

0 

20 

6 

5 

0 

20 

5 

5 

0 

30 

7 

10 

0 

20 

5 

0 

0 

20 

5 

0 

0 

40 

20 

0 

0 

20 

15 

0 

0 

20 

15 

0 

0 

10 

10 

100 

75 

0 

0 

50 

200 


10 

2  10 

0 

100 

50 

20 

15  0 

0 

50 

10  10 

0 

200 

200 
15 
20 


7     1     0 


£ 

£    s.  d. 

25 

12  10     0 

220 

200 

200 

300 

438  THE  ADVENTUEERS. 

1069.  John  Parker,  of  Tettsworth, 

1070.  John  Woodhead,  of  Hallifax, 

1071.  Sir  Edward  Scott,  Knt.  of  ye  Bath,  of 

Smeath,  in  Kent, 

1072.  Robert  Scott,  Esq.,  of  ye  same, 

1073.  Thomas  Westrow,  of  Marsham,  in  Kent, 

1074.  Sir  Thomas  Payton,  Baronet,  of  Knol- 

ton,  in  Kent, 800 

1075.  Sir  William  Armine,   of  Orton   Longe- 

vill.  Baronet 400 

1076.  Mathew   Wells,    of  ye   same,    and   com- 

partners,  or  Wolter,        ....  250 

1077.  William  Wymer,  of  the  citty  of  Norwich,  100 

1078.  Thomas  Johnson,  of  ye  citty  of  Norwich,  150 

1079.  John  Knight,  of  ye  citty  of  Norwich     .  150 

1080.  William  Davy,  of  ye  citty  of  Norwich,  150 

1081.  John  Toft,  of  ye  citty  of  Norwich,          .  50 

1082.  Daniel    Dover,    Senr.,    of    ye    citty    of 

Norwich,  200 

1083.  Peter  Hazleburt,  of  ye  citty  of  Norwich,       50 

1084.  Edmond  Spring,  of  ye  citty  of  Norwich,       50 

1085.  Daniel  Dover,   Junr.,  of  ye  citty  of  Nor- 

wich,             50 

1086.  Sir  Roger  Smith,  Knt.,  of  Leicestershire,  300 

1087.  Henry  Smith,  of  Leicestershire,     .         .  200 

1088.  William  Sheares,  of  Leicestershire,         .  300 

1089.  John    Temple,   of   ffranckton,    Esq.,    in 

Warwickshire, 200 

1090.  John  Bridges,   of   Edson,   in  Warwick- 

shire,  gent., 50      25    0    0 

1091.  Samuel  Clarke,  Rector  of  Alcester,   in 

Warwickshire, 50      25    0    0 

1092.  ffoulke    Bellers,    Rector    of    Arrow,    in 

Warwickshire, 50      25     0    0 

1093.  Robert   Wilcox,    of  Brandon,    in   War- 

wickshire,   50      23    0    0 

1094.  John  Emes,  Junr.,  of  Alcester,  in  War- 

wickshire,   50      25    0    0 


THE  ADVENTUEEES.  439 

£        £    s.  d. 

1095.  John    Johnson,    of    Alcester,    in    War- 

wickshire,   50      25    0    0 

1096.  Eichard  Garnall,   of  Alcester,   in  War- 

wickshire,         50       25     0     0 

1097.  Humphrey  Eogers,   of  Bremingham,       .       50      25     0     0 

1098.  Ealph  Ashton,  of  Middleton,  in  Lanca- 

shire,  Esq., 400 

1099.  Thomas  Birch,  of  Birch,  gent.,  in  Lin- 

colnshire,   400 

1100.  Humphrey  Macworth,  of  ye  Sutton,  in 

ye  citty    of    Salop,     for    himself   and 
others, 1900 

1101.  Sir  Francis  Popham,  of  Hunsted,  Knt., 

in  Somersetshire, 1000 

1102.  John      Harrington,      of      Kelston,      in 

Somersetshire,  Esq.,        .... 

1103.  John  Buckland,  of  Westharptree,    . 

1104.  John  Stoker,  in  Somersetshire,  gent.,    . 

1105.  Thomas  Hippesley,  of  Somersetshire,     . 

1106.  John  and  Thomas  Curtis,  of  Eastharp- 

tree,  ....... 

1107.  Eichard  Hippesley,  of  Somersetshire.    . 

1108.  Edward  Hippesley,  of  ye  same, 

1109.  ffrancis  ffoard,      of     Stoanstaton,      in 

Somersetshire,  .         .         .         .         .25        6    5    0 

1110.  James     Burgis,     of     Stantondrew,     in 

Somersetshire, 10 

1111.  Thomas    Munday,     of    Brislington,     in 

Somersetshire, 

1112.  William  Bassett,  of  Calverton,  Esq.,     . 

1113.  Benjamin  Pitts,  of  Standerweeke, 

1114.  John   Curie,    of   ffleshford, 

1115.  William  Longe,  of  Stratton,  Esq., 

1116.  George  Stedderman,  of  Stratton,  gent., 

1117.  Henry  Salmon,  of  Stratton, 

1118.  Eichard  North,  of  Stratton,  in  Somer- 

setshire.   

1119.  John  Gay,  of  B'ath  Easton,     . 


50 

37 

10 

0 

50 

37 

10 

0 

50 

12 

10 

0 

100 

25 

0 

0 

40 

30 

0 

0 

25 

6 

5 

0 

25 

6 

5 

0 

10 

5 

0 

0 

300 

50 

50 

50 

50 

25 

0 

0 

25 

12 

10 

0 

10 

2 

10 

0 

25 

5 

0 

0 

440 


THE  ADVENTUEEKS. 


1120.  William  Robbins,  of  Bathwicke, 

1121.  Thomas  Shute,  of  Kilmersden, 

1122.  James   Bigg,    of   Bathford, 

1123.  John  Cornish,  of  Dunkerton, 

1124.  Thomas  Sibbs,  Mayor  of  Bath,  &c.,  for 

ye  said  Corporation. 

1125.  William  Atkins,  of  Chard,  clothier 

1126.  John  Atkins,  of  Chard,  clothier, 

1127.  John  Francis,   Coombflory,  Esq., 

1128.  John     Hippesley,     of     Stoneaston,     ii 

Somersetshire,  .... 

1129.  Ursula    Wright,     of     St.     Martins     1 

Grand.  

1130.  Sir  Walter  Roberts,  Knt.  and  Bart., 

1131.  Anthony     Reynolds,     of     Billingsgate 

clerke, 

1132.  Francis  Thorp,  servant  to  Major-Genl 

Skippon, 

1133.  Mrs.  Mary  Barker,  Bristoll,  widdow, 

1134.  Walter  Price,  of  Abbot's  Langley, 

1135.  John  King,  of  Abbot's  Langley, 

1136.  John     Elliston,     of     Gostinthorpe,     in 

Essex,  .        . 

1137.  Robert   Leaver,    Junr.,    of   Manchester 

clothier,  

1138.  Thomas  Harding,  .        .        . 

1139.  John  Harding, 

1140.  Thomas  Gallil©  of   [  ]   clothworker, 

1141.  William   Peacocke,   of  London,    painter 

steyner,  .... 

1142.  Dame  Philadelphia  Wharton,  Dowager, 

1143.  Thomas  Hotchkis,  parson  of  Taunton,  in 

Wiltshire,  ...... 

1144.  William      Prestly,      of      Essendon,      in 

Hartfordshire,        ....     £l46 

1145.  Isaack  ffoster,   of  London,   grocer, 

1146.  Thomas  Disney,  of  Gray's  Inn,  gent.,    . 

1147.  George  Arnold,  of  London,    gent., 


£ 

£ 

s. 

d. 

25 

10 

5 

0 

0 

15 

7 

10 

0 

15 

10 

10 

0 

100 

25 

0 

0 

50 

10 

10 

0 

50 

10 

10 

0 

50 

25 

10 

0 

50 

25 

0 

0 

53 

100 

50 

10 

1000 

50 

50 

100 

200 

100 

100 

60 

200 
200 

20 

10s. 

50 

300 

200 


10  10     0 


THE   ADVENTUEEES.  441 

£        £    s.  d. 

1148.  Edmond  Page,  Junr.,  haberdasher,        .  100 

1149.  Eobert  Shurtis, 50 

1150.  Edmond  Blacke,    of  London,    merchant,     30 

1151.  James  Caulier,  of  London,  merchant,     .  200 

1152.  Edward  White,  of  Tamworth,         .         .  50 

1153.  Henry    Wittingham,    of    London,    mer- 

chant.                    200 

1154.  Lawrence    Peacocke,    of    London,    mer- 

chant taylor,             50 

1155.  Christopher  Goad,  gent.,          .         .         .  100 

1156.  Sam  Eumney,  of  Mayfield,  in  Sussex,    .  35 

1157.  William  Lord  Mounson,  .         .         .600 

1158.  Anthony  Belfeild,  of  Stodham,        .         .  50 

1159.  John  Sibley,  of  Stodham,         ...  50 

1160.  Elizabeth  Blake,   of  Brixham,         .         .  10 

1161.  Richard      Culmere,       of      Canterbury, 

clerke,                  200 

1162.  John  Parkhurst,  of  Margretts,  in  Can- 

terbury,                20        7  10    0 

1163.  John  Mosia,  of  London,  cooke,         .         .  25 

1164.  Francis  Cole,  of  London,  gent.,              .  25 

1165.  John  Edwards,  of  London,  merchant,    .  40 

1166.  Michael  or  Nicholas  Burcott,  minister,  100 

1167.  Katerine  Triplett,  of  Hampton  Gay,     .  20 

1168.  Roger  Hill,  of  Taunton,  .         .         .200 

1169.  George  Powell,  Mayor  of  Taunton,  and 

others  of  the  said  Corporation.              .  1360 

1170.  Sir  John  Clotworthy,  Knt.,              .         .  1000 

1171.  John  Gouing,   of  Bristol,   merchant,       .  1000 

1172.  Robert  Wallis  of  Sutton,  in  Northhamp- 

tonshire,             25 

1173.  Thomas   May,   of  London,   clothworker,  50 

1174.  Sam       Gardner,       of       Evisham,       in 
Worcestershire,           .....  25 

1175.  Richard  Woolfe,  of  London,  girdler,      .  20 

1176.  William  Hussey,  of  Shafton,  in  Dorset- 

shire,            100 

1177.  Thomas  Jenner,   of  London,            .        .  10 


442 


THE   ADVENTUEEES. 


1178.  John    Swan,    minister,    of    Outon,    in 

Kent, 100 

1179.  John  and  Charles  Parker,  .         .     200 

1180.  John  Player,  minister,      ....       25 

1181.  James  Brickdell,  of  London,  .        .      10 

1182.  John  Allured,  Esq.,  .         .         .         .100 

1183.  Ralph  Gierke,   skinner,  .         .         .   [     ] 

1184.  Tobias  ffrere,  in  Norfolk,  Esq.,        .         .     750 

1185.  James  Gierke,  of  Stanes,  ...       50 

1186.  Out  of  the  Ghamber  of  London,      .         10.000 

1187.  ffrom  ye  Gustom  House,  .         .         .  2000 

1188.  Ranulph  Grew  freely  gave,  .         .       80 


Total, 


£249,305    19    8 


75     0     0 


THE    ADVENTUEEBS. 


443 


THE  SUBSCRIPTIONS  FOR  YE  SEA  FORCES. 

(See  supra  p.  74). 

£ 

1189.  Francis  Newman,  ....       50 

1190.  George  Gierke,  merchant  taylor,     .         .     100 

1191.  Robert  Barefoot,  merchant  taylor,  .     150 

1192.  Robert  Reynold,   Esq.,   a  member  of  ye 

House, 600 

1193.  Sir  David  Watkins,  .         .         .         .375 

1194.  Oliver  Gromwell,  Esq.,  a  member  of  ye 

House, 300 

1195.  Sir  Arthur  Hazlerigg,  Knt.,  a  member 

of  ye  House, 600 

1196.  William   Stroud,   Esq.,     of  Barrington, 

Somersetshire, 600 

1197.  Samuel  Grispe,   of  London,  .         .     850 

1198.  John   Wood,  850 

1199.  Sir  Nicholas  Grispe,         ....  1700 

1200.  Henry  Whittaker,  .         .         .         .200 

1201.  Robert  Staunton, 300 

1202.  Thomas  Andrews,  of  London,  alderman,     500 

1203.  Sampson    Sheffeild,     Pensioner    to    his 
Matie., 300 

1204.  Samuel   Moody,   of  Berry,   in    Suffolke,     600 

1205.  John  Bright,  of  Berry,   in   Suffolke,      .     300 

1206.  John  Glarke,   of  Berry,   in   Suffolke,      .     200 

1207.  Hugh  Grove,  of  Berry,  in  Suffolke,     .      50 

1208.  Richard  Goysh,  skinner,  .         .         .120 

1209.  Thomas  Barnardiston,  .         .         .50 

1210.  Samuel  Moyer,  merchant,         .         .         .     300 

1211.  William    fflesher, 300 

1212.  Richard  Hunt,  mercer,     .         .         .         .100 

1213.  Henry   Day,   mercer,  .         .        .     200 

1214.  Gapt.    Edmond    Harvey    and    Edmond 

Sleigh  300 

1215.  John  Marryot  and  Samuel  Cooper,   of 

London, 100 


£    s.  d. 


444  THE    ABVENTUBEBS. 

£ 

1216.  Abraham      Babbington,      of      London, 

draper, 400 

1217.  John  Bate,  of  London,  merchant  taylor,  100 

1218.  Thomas    Vincent,    of    London,    leather 

seller, 1000 

1219.  John  Brett,  of  London,  merchant  taylor,  300 

1220.  William  Booke,   merchant  taylor,           .  200 

1221.  William  Underwood,  of  London,  grocer,  100 

1222.  Richard  Rogers,  of  London,  grocer,        .  100 

1223.  Richard      Clutterbucke,      of      London, 
mercer,                 200 

1224.  Thomas     Prince     of     London,      tallow 

©handler,                   100 

1225.  Peter     Prince,       of     London,       tallow 

oh/andler,                   100 

1226.  Thomas  Stone,  of  London,  haberdasher,  200 

1227.  Samuel      Warner,       grocer;      William 

Thompson,  salter,             ....  600 

1228.  William  Pennoyer,   clothworker,              .  350 

1229.  Sam  Pennoyer,   of  London,              .         .  450 

1230.  Cornelius  and  Stephen  Mountney,         .  100 

1231.  Maurice  and  George  Thompson,      .        .  1000 

1232.  Jeremiah   Hearne,               ....  40 

1233.  Jasper  Davis,  of  London,  turner,          .  100 

1234.  Moses  Jenkins,   of  Coleman-street,          .  100 

1235.  John   Guxton,   gent.,  .         .         .200 

1236.  Richard  Turner,  Senr.  and  Junr.,  mer- 

chant taylors, 200 

1237.  Thomas  Alcocke,  haberdasher,          .         .  100 

1238.  John  Jurin,  of  London,  dyer,         .         .  200 

1239.  Richard  Shute,  of  London,  merchant,      .  300 

1240.  Everard  Boulton,  barber  chirurgeon,     .  100 

1241.  Robert  Lewellin,  of  London,   salter,     .  200 

1242.  Henry  Boyce,,  tallow  chandler,               .  150 

1243.  Thomas  ffoote,  of  London,        .        .        .100 

1244.  Samuel  Loughall,   of  London,         .         .  100 

1245.  William  Allen,  of  London,  vintner,       .  200 

1246.  Richard  Warring,  grocer,         .         .         .  660 


£    s.  d. 


THE    ADVENTUEEKS. 

1247.  Thomas   Turgis,   grocer, 

1248.  Robert    and   Richard    Smith, 

1249.  Thomas  Stocke,         .  ... 

1250.  Thomas  Brightwell,  of  London,  bowyer 

1251.  Thomas  Hussy,  of  London,  grocer, 

1252.  John  Lane,  of  London,  grocer, 

1253.  Giles  Townsend,         .... 

1254.  John  Strange,  merchant  taylor, 

1255.  John  Perry,  of  London,  skinner,      . 

1256.  John  Biff,  of  Maidstone,  in  Kent, 

1257.  Richard  Crispe,  of  Maidstone,  gent., 

1258.  Abraham    and    Thomas    Chamberlaine 

merchants. 

1259.  Robert  Lambell,   grocer, 

1260.  Hogan    Hawell    and    John    Baker,     of 

London,  ...... 

1261.  William     ffewster,     of     Richmoild,     in 

Surry, 

1262.  ffrancis  Collins,  of  London,  skinner, 

1263.  Richard    Porter,    of    Abbots,    Langely 

Esq., 

1264.  Stephen  Beale,   leather  seller, 

1265.  Thomas   Rodbeard   and   Deins   Gauden 

of  London, 

1266.  Robert  Ellis,  of  London,  mercer, 

1267.  Elisha  Robbins,  of  London,  mercer, 

1268.  ffrancis  Webb,  of  London,  dyer, 

1269.  Edward  Gethings,  painter  steyner, 

1270.  William  Willoughby,  of  Wapping  Wall 

1271.  John  Waterton, 

1272.  Henry  Roach, 

1273.  ffulke  Wormelayton, 

1274.  Abraham  Woodruffe, 

1275.  John  King, 

1276.  Richard     and     Nathaniel     Laeye,      of 

London,  .        .        .        • 

1277.  William  Greenhill,  of  Stepney, 

1278.  William  Hukins,  of  London,  merchant, 


£ 

200 
400 
400 
400 
200 
200 
100 
200 
50 
150 
[  ] 

1000 
100 

200 

50 
50 

400 
1200 

600 

200 

100 

1000 

100 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 

100 

100 

1000 


445 

£  s.  d. 


446  THE    ADVENTUEEKS. 

£        £    s.  d. 

1279.  Jam&s  Bunce,  of  London,         ,         .         .  200 

1280.  Thomas      and      William       Rainsborow, 

merchant   taylors.             ....  800 

1281.  Robert   Houghton,   of   Southwarke,        .  400 

1282.  Thomas  Melhuish,  of  London,  factor,     .  300 

1283.  John  Owen,  of  London,  grocer,        .         .  200 

1284.  Richard  and  Alexander  Vennor,             .  150 

1285.  John  -and   Thomas   Tyler,                 .         .  150 

1286.  George    Snelling,  .         .         .         .100 

1287.  Gilbert   Lambell, 500 

1288.  William  French  of  Emanuel  Colledge,    .  150 

1289.  Richard  Winston,  of  London,  grocer,    .  100 

1290.  James   Story,               150 

1291.  Thomas  Browne,   of  London,           .         .  500 

1292.  Samuel  Harsnett,   of  London,         .         .  150 

1293.  Symon  Beardolfe,  of  London,  merchant 

taylor,                 200 

1294.  William  Beale,  of  London,        .         .         .506  5s. 

1295.  Richard  Allen,   of  London,   grocer.        .  150 

1296.  Richard  Litler,  of  Silvester  Dennis,       .  90 

1297.  Serjt. -Major    Wagstaffe,     of    Harbury, 

&c.,             100 

1298.  Edw^ard  Woods,  compartners,         .        .  500 

1299.  William  Loupe,  of  Westmr.,  chirurgeon,  100 

1300.  Joshua  Woollnough,   merchant  taylor,    .  75 

1301.  Marke  Bradley,  of  London,  scrivener,    .  50 

1302.  William  Coop,             50 

1303.  George  Bradley,  stationer,        ...  50 

1304.  John  Harris,  of  London,  girdler,    .         .  50 

1305.  Philip  Skippon,  Serjt. -Major  General,  .  200 

1306.  Richard  Hutchinson,    of  London,  iron- 

monger,   100 

1307.  Edward  Vaughan,   of  Cheapside,            .  100 

1308.  Charles  Vaughan,  of  Devon,   Esq.,         .  100 

1309.  William  Vaughan,  of  London,  grocer,    .  100 

1310.  Edward  Ausley,    armorer,        .         .         .100 

1311.  Richard  Willett,  of  London,  merchant,  .  300 

1312.  Michael     Herring,     of     London,     haber- 
dasher,           200 


THE    ADVENTUEEES. 


447 


£ 

1313.  Gregory  Clement,  of  London,  merchant,  1300 

1314.  William  Methold,  of  London,  merchant.  400 

1315.  Laurence  Brimley,   of  London,       .         .  200 

1316.  Thomas    Brimley,     of    St.     John-street, 

Esq., 100 

1317.  Samuel  Browne, 50 

1318.  Gerrald  Boate,  of  Holland,      .         .         .100 

1319.  Nicholas  Isaacke,  of  Barnestaple,   mer- 

chant,           100 

1320.  William  Heecocke,  brewer,        .         .         .  400 

1321.  Diavid  Mercer,   dyer,         ....  50 

1322.  Christopher  Searle,  dyer,         .         .         .  100 

1323.  Christopher  Goad,  gent.,          .         .         .  100 

1324.  ffrancis  Whitson, 150 

1325.  Richard  Leader,  and  compartner,    .         .  200 

1326.  Robert  Roulston, 100 

1327.  Thomas  Hussey,  Junr.,     ....  200 

1328.  Robert  ffoote,               100 

1329.  William    Stane,    Dr.    of   phisicke,    .         .  100 

1330.  John   Lorrard,            200 

1331.  Thomas  Woodgate,             ....  200 

1332.  Richard  Piggott,  grocer,           .         .         .  300 

1333.  Mr.   Jeremy  Burroughs,            .         .         .  100 

1334.  John   Thompson,   Esq.,              .         .         .  200 

1335.  Robert  Thompson,              ....  100 

1336.  Richard   Hill,              700 

1337.  Benjamine     Whitcombe     and     Richard 

Vickars,              500 

1338.  Robert  Garner,  of  London,  merchant,    .  400 

1339.  Wiliam  Gomesdon, 300 

1340.  Capt.   Richard   Crandley,          .         .         .  300 

1341.  Robert  or  Richard  Wood,  of  Harlow,     .  25 

1342.  Christopher  Tabor,  of  Harlow,        .         .  50 

1343.  William  Wallis,  of  London,  mercer,       .  100 

1344.  Theophilus  Royley,             ....  50 

1345.  Moyses    Goodier,     of    Plymouth,     mer- 

chant,                  200 

1346.  Paul  Greensmith, 50 


d. 


75    0    0 


448  THE    ADVENTURERS. 

£ 

1347.  John  Cobb,  ...         .         .         .50 

1348.  Henry  Robrough,  minister,       ...       30 

1349.  John  Wallington, 25 

1350.  Jeremy  Bridges, 25 

1351.  Thomas  Cunningham '  1800 

1352.  Lewis  Dyke, 5200 

1353.  Mary  Silloby,  widdow,     ....       10 

1354.  Sarah,   ye    wife  of  Laurence     Brenley, 

merchant,  ......       50 

1355.  Marmaduke  Tenant,  clerke,     ...       50 

1356.  Lambert   Pitches, 50 

1357.  Samuel  Pearce,  beaver  maker,         .         .     100 

1358.  Samuel  fferris,  of  London,       .         .         .     160 

1359.  Henry  Eldred,    .         .         .         .         .         .100 

1360.  John   Whiteing, 50 


£   s.  d. 


Total, 


.  £43,406     5     0 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS 


ADVENTURERS  OF  1641," 

To  raise  a  private  army  to  conquer  lands  for  themselves  in  he- 
land,  72. 

lands  to  be  given  them  at  twelve  shillings  per  acre  in  Leinster 
and  proportionally  less  in  the  other  provinces,  73. 

their  names,  addresses,  and  subscriptions,  403-448. 

their  army,  when  ready  to  sail  from  Bristol,  is  drawn  off  by  the 
English  rebels  to  fight  against  the  King  at  Edge  Hill,  74. 

for  the  Sea  Service,  ordered  on  a  buccaneering  expedition  to 
Ireland,  74. 

their  names  and  subscriptions,  443 

first  proposals  for  their  Settlement,  dated  1st  January,  1652. 
show  that  the  Transplantation  was  not  yet  resolved  on,  83. 

pressed  by  Parliament  in  May,  1G52,  to  propose  a  form  of 
speedy  Plantation,  ib. 

pressed  to  undertake  to  plant  in  three  years,  ib. 

decline,  as  it  would  require  40,000  families,  for  whom  no  hous- 
ing was  prepared,  85. 

assigned  the  half  of  ten  counties  to  satisfy  £360,000,  94. 

they  and  the  Army  divide  ten  counties  betv.'een  them  by  lot,  94 

Colonel  Hewson  draws  for  the  Army,  and  Alderman  Avery  for 
the  Adventurers,   196. 

distribution  of  their  lots  by  the,   239. 

their  Quartering  and  Sub-quartering  of  their  baronies,  ib.,  239. 

Adventurers'  Certificate,  239,  n. 

names  of,  and  quantities  of  land  respectively,  barony  of  Garry- 
castle,  in  the  King's  County,  252. 

cause  Lady  Dunsany  to  be  dragged  by  force  out  of  her  castle 
like   a  common   Irishwoman,    257. 

Mr.  John  Pitts,  Adventurer,  refused  possession  of  his  lot  in 
Tipperary  by  the  old  proprietor,  258. 

by  misquartering  the  barony  of  Connello,  they  throw  Sir 
Nicholas  Crispe  into  a  bog  for  his  lot.  210. 

Dr.  Petty  inquires  what  rules  they  had  in  turning  about,  so  as 
to  maintain  contiguity  when  they  passed  out  of  the  S.  E. 
quarter  into  the  S.  W.,  243. 

lists  of  the  Adventurers  in  the  Countj'  of  Tipperary,  386. 
12 


450  INDEX  OF    SUBJECTS. 

ADVENTURERS— coniin-ued. 

in  barony  of  Middle  Third,  389. 
of  Iff  a  and  Off  a,  391. 
of  Clanwilliam,  394. 
of  Eliogartie,  396. 
of  Ileagh,  398. 
of  Ikerrin,  399. 
ALEXANDER,  SIR  JEROME, 

his  will  (A.D.  1672),  forbidding  his  daughter  to  marry  an  Irish- 
man, or  any  one  born  and  bred  there,  265. 
ALLEN,  COL.  WILLIAM,  ADJUTANT-GENERAL, 

prays  that  now  they  had  gotten  into  houses  they  had  not  built, 
and  vineyards  they  had  not  planted,  they  might  not  forget 
the  Lord  and  his  goodness,  271. 
AMERICA, 

soldiers  commanded  thither  sell  their  debentures    at    8s.    per 

pound,  224. 
England  likened  (A.D.  1863),  to  a  ship  delivered  from  a  plague  of 

stinking  rats,  by  the  flight  of  the  Irish  to,  341. 
lately  expatriated  English  in,  invited  back  in  1651,  to  plant  in 

Ireland,  249. 
perhaps   the  now   expatriated   Irish  will  be   invited     back   by 
England,  250. 
ANECDOTES, 

of  the  Kilkenny  innkeeper  and  young  absentee  nobleman,  36,  n. 
of  Connaught  coachman,  and  prophecy  that  Irishmen  should  yet 

weep  over  Englishmen's  graves,  49,  n. 
of  Molly  Hore's  cross  at  Killsallaghan,  135,  n. 
of   the  Irish   girl  opening  the   door   to   a  young  constabulary 
officer  and  his  men,  holding  a  white  plate  before  her  like  the 
Venus  de  Medicis,  260,  n. 
ANGLO-SAXON  RACE, 

the  Land-hunger  characteristic  of,  125,  135,  n. 
denied  land  at  home,  thej'    make    prey    of,    like    Buccaneers 
abroad,  ib. 
ANTRIM,  MARQUIS  OF, 

employed  by  the  King  into   Ireland,   to  raise  Ireland  against 
England,  53. 
ARCHER,  MARY, 

prays  to  be  dispensed  with.  111. 

"  has  an  aged  father,  who  would  be  suddenly  brought  to  his 
grave,"  ib. 
ARMY, 

in  1649  mvitinous  at  being  ordered  to  Ireland,  227. 


INDEX  OF   SUBJECTS.  451 

ARJNIY — continued. 

setting  out  of  lands  to  the  arnij^ : 

equalising  counties  and  baronies,  212. 

counties  as  valued  by  the  army,  213. 

baronies,  ditto,  214-220. 

they  "  box  "  for  their  lands,  206. 

the  regiments  of,  draw  lots  for  provinces,  203. 

that  the  rank  and  file  should  have  land  for  their  arrears  at 

a  cheaper  rate  than  officers,  86. 
privates  to  compound,  if  they  would,  for  ten  acres  for  every 

year  of  service,  ib. 
Committee  of  Parliament  report  (23rd  December,  1652),  that 
ten  counties  should  be  divided  between  the  Adventurers 
and  the  soldiers,  86. 
and    the    regiments     of    each    province    for    counties    and 

baronies,  207. 
Commission   to   Lord   Broghill     and   others   for   setting   out 

lands  in  the  county  of  Cork,  for  arrears,  211. 
list     of     officers     set     down     in     Munster,     Leinster     and 
Ulster,  216-220. 
ARREARS, 

Committee  of  Parliament  suggest  lands  at  lower  rates  to  rank 

and  file  than  officers,  86. 
suggest  ten  acres  for  every  year's  service,  to  privates,  86. 

a.  for  service  in  Ireland  since  5th  June,  1649,  to  be  first  paid, 

187. 
this  the  day  Cromwell's  army  began  their  march  towards 
Ireland,   187. 

b.  for  service  in  England  before  5th  June,   1649,   next  to  be 

paid,  188. 
consisted  in  pulling  down  King  and  Parliament,  188. 
called  English  arrears,  188. 
receive  Mayo  in  payment,  taken  from  the  transplanted,  189. 

c.  for  service  in  Ireland  before  5th  June,  1649,  to  be  paid  next 

after  English  arrears,  189. 
called  shortly  'Forty-Nine  arrears,   189. 
1st.  'Forty-Nine  arrears  of  Coote's  and  Monk's  Irish  (Protes- 
tant) brigade,  satisfied  in  1653,  188,  189,  191. 
are  set  down  along  Lough  Erne,  and  along  the  line  of  the 
Blackwater,  in  county  of  Cork,  191. 
2nd.  Old  Protestants,  who  betrayed  the  Munster  garrisons  to 
Cromwell,  in  October  and  November,  1649,  191. 
the  arrears  of  such  as  could  prove    themselves    active    in 
betraying  the  garrisons,  to  be  paid,  193. 


452  INDEX  OF   SUBJECTS. 

ARREARS — continued. 

The  army  sullenly  give  up  to  them  Donegal,  Longford,  and 

Wicklow,  193. 
Cromwell  adds  Leitrim  and  the  Mile  Line,  193. 
ASSESSMENT, 

In  1653,  double  the  amount  of  rent  in  time  of  peace,  81. 
soldiers  throw  up  their  farms,  unable  to  bear  the  weight  of  it,  ib. 
ASSIGNMENT  OF  DEBENTURES  BY  COMMON  SOLDIERS  TO 
THEIR  OFFICERS. 
See  Debentukes,  221. 
ATHLONE  COMMISSIONERS, 

appointed  on  28th  December,   1654,   155. 

their  court  called  "  The  Court  of  Claims  and  Qualifications  of 

the  Irish,"  155-157. 
their  "  Discrimination  Books,"  ib. 
called  "  the  Black  Books,"  157,  n. 

the   Athlone   Decrees   called    Final   Settlements,    as   compared 
with  the  Assignment  of  Lands  De  bene  esse  of  the  Lough- 
rea  Commissioners,  158. 
the   Loughrea   Commissioners   commissioned     to   set   out   lands 
according  to  the  Athlone  Decrees,  ib. 
ATKINSON,  LADY  MARGARET, 

prays  to  be  dispensed  M'ith  from  transplantation.  111. 
"  of  great  age,  and  no  one  to  support  her,  but  her  son.  Sir  G. 
A.,  a  Protestant,"  ib. 
AXTELL,  COLONEL  RICHARD, 

shoots     six    women     on     the    high    road    betwixt     Athy    and 
Kilkenny,  164,  n. 
BARNEWALL,     NICHOLAS,     OF     TURVEY,     COUNTY     OF 
DUBLIN, 
and  Bridget,  Countess  of  Tyreonnell,  his  wife,  plead  (against 
being  transplanted)  their  great  age  and  infirmities,  114. 
BARNEWALL,  MARGARET, 

applies  to  be  dispensed  with  from  transportation,   as    "  long 
troubled  with  a  shaking  palsy,"  110. 
BEDEL,  BISHOP, 

kind  treatment  of  him  and  his  family  by  the  Irish,  62. 
a  mistake  to  suppose  he  died  a  prisoner,  ib. 
BIBLE, 

no   bloodier   instrument  in   the   arsenal   of   the   English   in   the 

war  of  1641-78. 
served  out  with  ammunition  to  the  trocps,  for  the  propagation 
of  the  Gospel,  ib. 


INDEX  OF   SUBJECTS.  453 

BIBLE  STUFF, 

with  which  the  English  and  the  Soldiery  had  crammed   their 
heads,  and  hardened  their  hearts,   141. 
"  BLACK  BOOKS,"  OR  "  BLACK  BOOKS  OF  ATHLONE  "— 

the  discrimination  hooks  popularly  so  called,   157,   n. 
"  BOXING  "  OF  THE  ARMY  FOR  LANDS, 

described,  206. 
BREHON  SYSTEM, 

established  side  by  side  with  the  Feudal  system  in  Ireland,  15. 
their  Sessions  described  by  Spenser  and  Campion  (1571-1590), 

eye-witnesses,  15. 
continued  to  the  reign  of  James  I.,  16. 
the  Brehon  of  the  M'Guires  and  Sir  John  Davis,  16. 
BRITONS, 

civilised  by  the  Romans  into  cowardice,  3. 
BURKES  OF  GALWAY  AND  MAYO, 
are  "  English  Rebels,"  30. 
"  tall  men  that  boast  themselves  to  be  of  the  King's  blood,  and 

berith  hate  to  the  Irishrie,"  30. 
drive  the  King's  writ  out  of  Connaught,  or  it  had  driven  out 

them,  ib. 
fear  of  confiscation  kept  them  in  the  class  of  English  rebels, 
ib.,  and  35,  n. 
BURNELL,  HENRY, 

pleads   (against   being  transplanted)   his   languishing   sickness, 
and   a   respite   till   1st   June,     when   probably   he   will   have 
strength  to  travel  on  foot  to  Connaught,  113. 
BURREN, 

barony  of,  in  Clare,  had  not  wood  enough  to  hang  a  man,  water 
enough  to  drown  him,  or  earth  enough  to  bury  him,  121. 
BUTLER,  MARY, 

widow,   of  Co.   Tipperary,   pleads   (against  being  transplanted) 
that  she  discovered  an  ambushment  of  the  Irish  to  cut  oiF 
the  Enghsh,  113. 
EUinor,  widow,  prays  to  be  dispensed,  "  for  her  chardge  of  help- 
less children,"  111. 
CARRICKMINES  CASTLE, 

Sir  Simon  Harcourt  (August,  1642),  killed  at  the  siege,  and  every 
living  creature  massacred  in  revenge,  57. 
CARTHAGINIANS, 

to  hear  the  English  complain  of  massacres  is  as  entertaining  as 
it  proved  to  the  Rhegians  to  hear  the  Carthaginians  complain 
of  anything  effected  by  guile,  71. 


454  INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS. 

CARTHAGINIANS— continued. 

the  desolation  of  Ireland  by  the  English  in  1652  likened  to  the 
state  of  Sicily  under  the  Carthaginians,  283,  284. 
CASHEL, 

to  be  cleared  of  Irish,  277. 

citizens  of,   dispensed  from  Transplantation ;     but  God,   better 
knowing  their  wickedness,  burnt  down  the  town,  23rd  May, 
1654,  sparing  only  the  English,  126. 
CAULFEILD,  LORD, 

not  murdered  by  Sir  Phelim  O'Neil,  63. 
CHEEVERS,  WALTER, 

of  Monkstown  Castle,  near  Dublin,  is  transplanted,  and  Ludlow 

is  given  his  castle,  176. 
his  transplanter's  certificate,  177. 

the  Council  order  him  in  vain  a  good  house  in  Connaught,  178. 
CHURCH  OF  CHRIST, 

"  sitting  at  Chichester  House,  in  College  Green,  Dublin,"   in 
1659,  93. 
CLONMEL, 

ordered  to  be  cleared  of  Irish  by  25th  March,  1655,  except  43 
artificers,  277. 
COMYN,  SIR  NICHOLAS, 

of  Limerick,  his  certificate  on  transplanting,  104. 
"  numb  at  one  side  of  his  body  of  a  dead  palsy,"  ib. 
CONNAUGHT, 

Strafford  confiscates  it,   in  order  to  found    a    noble    English 

Plantation,  47. 
intends  to  take  half  of  each  man's  estate,  ib. 
the  Parliament  of  England  angry  with  Charles  I.  for  not  carrj^- 

ing  out  the  plan,  48. 
by  Act  of  26th  Sept.,  reserved  "  for  the  1653  habitation  of  the 

Irish  nation,"  97. 
selected  because  it  is  an  island  all  but  ten  miles,  101. 
a     four-mile    belt    of    English    military    planters    round    Con- 
naught,  ib. 
transplanters  have  to  bribe  the  officers  and  the  Commissioners 
at  Loughrea  if  they  would  get  a  good  allotment,  or  speedy 
despatch,  151. 
in  1654  a  waste,  120. 
the  horses  being  all  eaten  (June,  1653),  the  Irish  were  feeding 

upon  one  another,  the  living  eating  the  dead,  120. 
the  first  transplanters  scared  at  the  sight,  122. 
Sligo  county  taken  from  the  transplanted,   and  given  to  the 
soldiers,  150. 


INDEX  OF   SUBJECTS.  455 

CON'NAJJGB.T— continued. 

the  best  part  of  the  barony  of  Tyrawley,  in  the  county  of  Mayo, 
given  to  the  soldiery,  ib. 

Mayo  taken  for  English  arrears,  163. 

Leitrim  taken  for  arrears  before  5th  June,  1649,  151. 

certain  baronies  in,  appointed  to  receive  the  inhabitants  from 
the  different  counties  in  the  other  three  provinces,  161. 

proprietors  insult  the  transplanters,  152. 

supply  of  land  for  the  transplanted  exhausted  long  before  half 
of  them  are  provided  for,  164. 
CONVERSIONS, 

Dispensation  Committee  to  satisfy  themselves  whether  it  was  a 
real  desertion  of  Popery,  or  only  to  escape  Connaught,  131. 

Edward  Spring,  of  Killeagh,  county  of  Kerry,  132. 

converts  at  Wexford,  ib. 

unworthy  ones  at  Dublin,  ib. 
COOK,  JOHN,  CHIEF  JUSTICE  OF  MUNSTER, 

his  vision  during  a  storm  at  sea,  in  "  The  Hector,"  of  meeting 
his  Sweet  Redeemer  in  a  room  with  a  long  table,  two  can- 
dles, two  trenchers,  and  tobacco  and  pipes,  and  obtaining  the 
safety  of  the  ship,  317. 

"  Hector  (said  Christ),  is  for  heathens,  but  you  shall  be  as  safe 
as  if  you  were  in  Codd's  boat,  or  the  governor's  house  in 
Wexford,"  317. 

fears  that  the  malignants  in  England  would  laugh,  hearing  he 
and  his  wife  were  drowned,  318. 

their  rhymes  upon  his  execution  in  1660,  318. 
COOTE,  SIR  CHARLES, 

"  kills  the  nits,  that  they  shall  not  grow  lice,"  58. 
CORK, 

the  loyal  ancient  English,  when  turned  out  by  Inchiquin  in  1644, 
send  the  sword,  mace,  and  Cap    of  Maintenance  by  Robert 
Coppinger,  the  Mayor,  to  Lord  Ormond,  the  King's  repre- 
sentative, who  knights  him,   167-169. 
"  COSHERERS  AND  WANDERERS," 

proprietors  dispossessed  by  James  I.  and  Charles  I.  become,  49. 

Stat,  of  10th  and  11th  Charles  I.  against,  ib.,  n. 

the  brothers,  nephews,  uncles,  etc.,  of  the  transplanted  pro- 
prietors are  found  coshering  (1656),  on  the  tenants  of  the 
estate,  and  are  therefore  transplanted,  326,  n. 

oiitlawed  priests  and  dispossessed  gentlemen  cosher  on,  that  is, 
are  supported  by,  the  peasantry  (1660-1688),  351. 

Archbishop  King's  remarks  upon  this  great  evil,  ib. 


456  INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS. 

COUGHLAN,  DANIEL, 

loses  in  the  King's  County  plantation,  not  every  fourth  acre, 
according  to  rule,  but  all,  45. 
COUGHLAN,  MRS., 

got  out  with  difficulty  by  Gregory  Clements    and  other  Adven- 
turers, in  Garrj'castle  barony,  in  King's  County,  252. 
CRISPE,  SIR  NICHOLAS, 

his   petition    (14th   December,    1644),    complaining   of   the   mis- 
quartering  of  the  barony  of  Connello,  241,  n. 
his  plan  or   "  character  "   to   show  the  misquartering    of    the 
barony  of  Connello,  county  of  Limerick,  240. 
CROCODILE, 

Englishman's  taking  an  Irish  girl  to  wife,  likened  to  going  to  bed 
to  a  naked  crocodile,  261. 
CROMWELL,  OLIVER, 

"the   service    [of  Ireland]    will  be  gallant;   the  design   super- 
lative ;  and  if  Old  Noll  or  anj'  man  of  fidelity  and  gallantry 
do  accept  of  that  brigade,  he  cannot  want  men  or  money," 
227. 
lands  at  Ringsend,  near  Dublin,  on  14th  August,  1649,  75. 
is  called  home  immediately  after  the  taking  of  Clonmel,  24th 

May,  1650,  ib. 
his  letter  to  the  Deputy  and  Council  that  Lord  Ikerrin  be  not 
transplanted,  nor  suffered  to  perish  for  want  of  subsistence, 
181,  n. 
CROMWELL,  THE  LORD  HENRY, 

succeeds  his  brother-in-law,    Fleetwood,     as'  Lord   Deputy,    in 

September,  1655,  230. 
gets  Portumna  Castle,  the  seat  of  the  Earls  of  Clanricard,  with 

6,000  acres  adjoining,  163. 
enchanted  with  Ireland,   137,  n. 

his  letter  (March  8,  1662),  to  the  Duke  of  Ormond,  ib.,  ib. 
wishes  to  live  there,  above  all  other  places,  ib.,  ib. 
CUSACK,  MARGARET, 

pleads  (against  being  transplanted)  that  she  is  seventy-eight, 
and  dropsical,  113. 
DANES  OR  OSTMEN, 

object  to  be  killed  for  five  marks,  like  the  Irish,  22. 
because  they  had  paid  £3,000  for  their  freedom,  ib. 
DEBENTURES, 

(See  also  Soldiers  or  Cromwell's  Army). 
board  for  stating  soldiers'   accompts  (A.D.  1652),  and  issuing 
debenture's,  196. 


INDEX  OF   SUBJECTS.  457 

DEBENTURES— coniintferf. 

a  mere   acknowledgment  of  debt  to  be  paid   in  land,   but   no 
conveyance,  197. 
though  the  land  came  to  be  called  "  a  Debenter,"  197. 
5'et  "  Prithee  where  are  C<-esar's  bands, 

Allotted  their  debenture  lands?"     197,  n. 

Sir  John  Reynolds's  debenture  lands  considered  personalty  for 
want  of  the  certificate  or  patent  of  possession,  198. 

Soldiers  refuse  to  part  with  them  till  they  get  plenary  satis- 
faction, 200. 

of  33,419  issued,  21,615  remained  in  their  hands  at  the  Restora- 
tion, 201. 

the  tenour  of  the  debenture  in  the  frontispiece  given,  196. 

to  be  given  up  on  lands  being  assigned,  and  certificates  given  in 
their  stead,  210. 

sale  of,  by  the  common  soldiers  to  their  officers,  frequent, 
through  distress,  consequent  upon  delay  in  assigning  lands, 

though  forbidden  by  Act  of  Parliament,  221. 

sale  of,  by  common  soldiers  to  their  officers,  deed  of  assign- 
ment by  thirty-four  soldiers  to  their  ensign,  222,  n. 

advances  made  by  government  on,  to  starving  widows  of 
soldiers,  223. 

various  instances,  224,  n. 

sold  for  the  greater  part  by  the  common  soldiers  to  their  officers 
before  the  assignment  of  lands  to  the  army,  226. 

DESOLATION, 

Ireton,  in  a  march  of  180  miles,  finds  districts  of  30  miles 
together,  with  hardly  a  house  or  living  thing,  79. 

such,  that  (in  1652)  wolves  were  hunted  in  the  suburbs  of 
Dublin,  284. 

Ireland  in  ruins,  like  Sicily,  from  the  tyranny  of  the  Cartha- 
ginians,  ib. 

wandering  orphans  (1653)  preyed  upon  by  wolves,   307. 

twenty  and  thirty  miles  (1652-53),  without  a  living  thing — man, 
beast,  and  bird,  all  dead  or  fled,  ib. 

such  was  the  depopulation  that  great  part  of  it,  it  was 
believed,  must  lie  waste  many  years — much  of  it  for  many 
ages,  308. 

whole  districts  laid  waste,  and  put  out  of  protection  (1650-59), 
so  that  any  found  within  the  limits  were  liable  to  be  shot 
on  the  spot,  326. 


458  INDEX  OF   SUBJECTS. 

DESOLATION— continued. 

all  Kerry  put  out  of  protection,  and  the  adjacent  mountains  of 

Cork  and  Limerick,  326. 
other  districts,  ibid.,  n. 

DISCRIMINATION, 

books  of,  "  see  Black  Books." 
DISPENSATIONS   FROM   TRANSPLANTATION, 

various  applications  for,  110. 

orders  of  Council  on  petitions  for,  277-385. 

on  the  petition  of  Lord  Brittas,  377. 

of  Piers  Creagh,  378. 

of  Dowager  Lady  Louth,  379. 

of  Elinor  Butler,  ib. 

of  Mary  Thorpe,  380. 

of  Lady  Trimleston,  ib. 

of  Mary  Archer,  381. 

of  Lord  Ikerrin,  ib. 

of  Edmund  Magrath,  382. 

of  Old  Native  Inhabitants  of  Limerick,  ib. 

of  Richard  Christmas,  383. 

Dame  Mary  Culme,  389. 

Lady  Grace  Talbot,  ib. 

DISPENSATIONS, 

committees  of,  to  dispense  temporarily  the  impotent,  the  con- 
verted, the  good-affectioned,  123,  124. 

DOWN  SURVEY, 

soldiers'    allotments   intended    to    have     been    marked    on    the 

maps,  205. 
field  work  done  by  soldiers  instructed  by  Dr.  Petty,  ib. 
eight  of  them  captured  by  Tories,  206. 

DUNSANY,  THE  LADY, 

dragged  out  of  her  castle,  with  her  children,  like  any  common 
Irishwoman,  by  the  Adventurers,  255. 

DUNSANY,  THE  LORD, 

an  Englishman  born,  his  mother  an  Englishwoman,  his  wife  an 
Englishwoman,  and  his  house  lords  under  the  Crown  of  Eng- 
land for  300  years,  255. 

had  rather  die  a  lover  of  the  prosperity  of  England  than  to 
possess  in  quiet  all  the  North  of  Ireland,  256. 

yet  forced  to  leave  his  castle  to  the  Adventurers  and  to  trans- 
plant, 256. 


INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS.  459 

DROGHEDA  QUARTER, 

by  the  slaughter  at  Dungan's  Hill  (A.D.  1647)  Colonel  Jones 

almost  anticipates  the  term  Drogheda  Quarter,  and  revives 

"  the  Pardon  of  Minooth,"  189. 
DUBLIN, 

the  puling  of  a  flock  of  seabirds  in  the  night  air  over  the  citv 

(December,  1641),  terrifies  the  inhabitants,  56. 
a  way  ordered  to  be  made  (October  9,   1646),  beside  the  wall 

within  and  without,  that  a  troop  of  horse,  20  in  front,  may 

travel,  274. 
the    Ostmantown    (or    Oxmantown),    formed    perhaps    on    the 

expulsion  of  the  Danes,  as  in  Waterford,  296,  n. 
cleared  of  Irish  by  Colonel  Michael  Jones  on  Ormonde's  surren- 
dering the  city  and  the  sword  (July,  1647),    to  the  Parlia- 
ment,   274. 
Sir  Thomas  Sherlock,  the  only  Papist  allowed  to  stay  on  the 

clearing  of  Dublin  by  Col.  Michael  Jones,  and  only  till  he 

could  find  shipping,  275. 
Ormonde's    Proclamation    (in     1645),    making  it  death  for  the 

soldiers  to  pull  down  the  empty  houses  for  firing,  274. 
"to  be  always  kept  a  chaste  English  town  "  (Sir  W.  Temple, 

1668),  297. 
though  then  (in  Justice  Clodpole's  opinion),    "  but  the  lesser 

Sodom,"  297. 
ENGLISH, 

"  many  thousands  of,  who  came  over  in  Queen  Elizabeth's  day, 

had  become  one  with  the  Irish  in  1641,"  142. 
the    eternal     enemies    and    revilers     of   the    Irish    name     and 

nation,  59. 
ENGLISH,  THE, 

such  slaves  to  the  Normans,  that  it  became  a  disgrace  to  be 

called  "  Englishman,"  5. 
cut  the  throats  of  any  stray  Norman  tyrant,  as  the  only  means 

of  making  themselves  respected,  5. 
In  Giraldus'  time  one  of  the  basest  races  under  heaven,  7. 
cleaners  of  privies  to  the  Normans,  ib. 
have  always,  by  their  insolence,  forced  their  provinces  to  throw 

off  their  yoke,  7,  n. 
called  by  the  Irish  "Buddagh  Sassenach,"  or  Saxon  clowns,  35. 
because  of  their  manners,  35. 
"  being  often  conquered,  slavish;  and  take  it  not  ill  to  be  slaves 

to  their  superiors,"  136. 
"  English  divill  of  keeping  state,"  136, 


460  INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS. 

ENGLISH,  THE  NATURALIZED, 

their  dress  Irish,  31. 

use  March  law,  being  a  mixture  of  English  law,  and  the  law  of 

Kincogish,  312. 
ENGLISH,  THE  OLD, 

of  Dublin,  Drogheda,  Cork,  Kinsale,  and  Youghal,  remain  faith- 
ful to  England,  273. 
but  outnumbered  and  overpowered  in  Waterford,  Limerick,  and 

Galway,  by  the  Irish,  ib. 
"  ENGLISCHERIE,"  PRESENTMENT  OF, 

to  punish  the  townland  for  a  Norman  tyrant  killed,  5. 
ENGLISH  INTEREST,  THE  ANATOMIZED, 

"  if  the   English   interest  cannot  be   maintained   in   Kilkenny, 

etc.,  without  extirpating  those  that  have  built  and  walled 

them  to  defend  that  interest  what ?"  293. 

"  an  unsocial,  unchristian,  and  inhuman  interest,"  294. 

"  if  this  Cannibal  English  interest  gives    no  quarter  to   the 

children  of  English  what  can  foreign  nations  expect?"  ib. 
"  the  only  interest  on  earth  that  cannot  be  preserved  without 

destroj'ing  all  the  rest  of  mankind,"  ib. 
EXTERMINATION  OF  THE  IRISH, 
preached  for  gospel  in  1642,  58. 
women  and  infants  not  to  be  spared,  ib. 
projected  in  Henry  VIII 's  reign,  38. 
but   abandoned   because   no   precedent   found     for     it     in     the 

cronycle  of  the  Conquest,  ib. 
to  be  confined  at  that  time  to  the  Irish  gentry,  ib. 
FAMINE, 

in  Connaught  (in  1653),  such  that  the  horses  were  all  eaten,  120. 
and   the   Irish   eating  one  another,   the   living  preying  on   the 

dead,  120. 
carrion  and  corpses  eaten,  1652-53,  307. 
old  women  and  children  found  (1652)  in  a  ruined  cabin  eating 

collops  from  a  roasting  corpse,  308. 
FEUDAL  SYSTEM, 

framed  in  an  area  of  darkness  and  violence,  2. 

the  basis  of  the  law  of  real  property  in  Europe,  ib. 

overthrown  happily  in  France,  ib. 

its  burdens,  16-18. 

the  King  sells  the  wardships  and   marriages   of  his   tenants' 

orphan  heirs  and  heiresses,  17. 
one  of  the  inducements  to  settle  in  towns  was  to  enjoy  freedom 

of  marriage,  18. 


INDEX  OF   SUBJECTS.  461 

FEUDAL  SYSTEM— continued. 

divided  society  in  England,  and  in  rest  of  Europe,  except  Ire- 
land,   into    the    conquerors    and    conquered,    gentlemen  and 

serfs,  135. 
the   common    people    of    Europe    are    mostly    but    emancipated 

villeins,  ib. 
Ireland  escaped   the   thousand  years     of   Roman     and   Feudal 

slavery  suffered   by  the  Western   World,   ib. 
meaning  of  wardships,  marriages,   fines  for  alienation,   primer 

seizins,  etc.,  17. 
Countess  of  Warwick  pays  £1000    for    liberty    to    remain    a 

widow,  18. 
could  not  subsist  beside  the  freer  Brehon  sj'stem  of  Ireland,  26. 
the   English  of  Ireland  declare    that    the    Exchequer    officers 

exacting  the  Feudal  dues  are  worse  than  the  Irish  enemy,  26. 
FETHARD,  IN  COUNTY  OF  TIPPERARY, 

"  to  be  differenced  from  the  whole  nation,"  125. 
FIFTH  OF  JUNE,  1649. 

the  day  Cromwell's  forces  began  their  march  for  Ireland,  137. 
FINES  FOR  RECUSANCY, 

employed  to  build  Protestant  bishops'  palaces,  51. 
Primate's  Great  House  at  Drogheda  so  built,  51. 
FRTE  COUNTIES,  THE, 

south  of  Dublin,  within  the  Liffey  and  Barrow,  to  form  a  new 

English  Pale,  245. 
to  be  cleared  of  Irish  because  of  the  fastnesses,  ib. 
the  English  planters  get  liberty  to  keep  a  few  on  condition  of 

their  adopting  English  manners  and  religion,  270,  271. 
FLEETWOOD, 

his  angi-y  proclamation,  1st  June,  1655,  against  officers  taking 

Irish  gentry  as  tenants,  268. 
his   Circiilar   Letter   of   20th   August,    1655,     to   the   disbanded 

officers,  to  march  their  men  to  take  possession  of  lands  for 

their  arrears,  228. 
"  FLIGHT  OF  THE  IRISH  RATS  TO  AMERICA," 

England  thus  freed   (A.D.    1863)   like   a   ship   of  a   plague   of 

stinking  rats,   341. 
"  the  iron  has  not  entered  into  the  Irishman's  soul   (like  the 

English  labourer's),  so  he  conspires  with  his  class,"  342. 
"  he  despises  the  English  labourer's  lot  as  without  rights,  with- 
out dignity,   without  prospects,"   342. 
"  FORTY-NINE  ARREARS,"  189. 


462  INDEX  OF   SUBJECTS. 

"  FORTY-NINE,  THE,"  AND  THE  "  FIFTY-THREE," 

the  "  Fifty-three  "  were  Coote  and  Monk's  Irish  (Protestant) 
Brigade,  satisfied  their  "  Forty-nine  "  arrears  in  1653,  195. 

the  "  Forty-nine  "  were  the  old  Munster  garrisons  under 
Inchiquin,- — ordered  their  arrears  by  Cromwell  in  1655 — but 
overtaken  by  the  Restoration,  and  the  officers  only  satis- 
fied, 195. 

FOSTERAGE,  ITS  VALUE,  20, 

a  tie  stronger  than  that  of  blood,  21. 
GALLOGLASSES, 

professional  soldiers,  20. 

knew  not  how  to  till  the  ground  or  to  navigate  ships,  but  their 
business  to  fight  and  conquer,  ib. 
GALWAY,  TOWN  OF, 

"  hated  (in  1641)  by  powerful  neighbours  for  being  ail  Eng- 
lish," 302. 

"neither  O  ne  Mac  to  strutte  ne  swagger  in  the  streets  of 
Galway,"  being  an  English  town,  ib. 

their  400  years  unsuspected  loyalty  forgotten  and  distrusted  in 
1641,  ib. 

offered  for  sale  by  the  Parliament  of  England,  July,  1643,  with 
10,000  acres  contiguous,  for  £7,500  fine,  and  £520  rent,  pay- 
able to  the  State,  272. 

described  by  the  Council  as  the  most  considerable  port  of  trade 
in  the  three  kingdoms  before  the  war,  London  only  excepted, 
306. 

cleared  of  Irish,  30th  October,  1655,  and  given  to  the  Corpor- 
ations of  Liverpool  and  Gloucester,  for  their  debts  of  £10,000 
each,  to  plant  with  English,  305,  306. 

its  noble,  uniform,  marble  buildings  before  1652,  306. 

it  is  a  comparatively  easy  thing  to  unsettle  a  nation  or  ruin  a 
town,  but  not  so  easy  to  resettle  either  when  ruined,  ib. 

its  "  hungry  air  "  becomes,  in  1862,  the  mock  of  the  Official 
stranger,  ib. 
GAME  LAW, 

Irish  never  knew  it,   19. 

one  of  the  mistakes  (according  to  Sir  John  Davis)  in  the  con- 
quest of  Ireland,  ib. 

might  have  been  the  means  of  enslaving  them  like  the  Eng- 
lish,   ib. 

one  of  King  John's  Flemish  soldiers  is  shocked  at  the  tame- 
ness  of  the  game  in  England,  ib. 


INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS.  463 

GARRYCASTLE,  BARONY  OF, 

in  King's  County,   the  ancient  territory  of  the  M'Coughlans, 

252. 
falls  to  the  Adventurers,  ib. 
the  officers  connive  with  Mrs.  Mary  M'Coughlan  in  her  attempt 

to  keep  possession,  ib. 

GAULS, 

one  of  the  mightiest  races  the  world  ever  brought  forth,  1. 
Camillus  called  second  founder  of  Rome,  for  ransoming  Rome 

from  them,  ib. 
serve  in  the  armies  of  Pyrrhus  and  of  Carthage,  2. 
Marius  called  Third  founder,  for  defeating  them,  ib. 
take  the  side  of  the  injured,  ib. 

march  openly  to  their  end,  and  are  thus  easily  circumvented,  ib. 
Antiochus  called  Soteer,   or  Saviour,   for  rescuing  Asia  Minor 

from  them,  2. 
song  of  three  Ionian  young  ladies,   who  quit  life  for  fear  of 

them,  ib.,  n. 
the  chosen  soldiers  of  Pyrrhus,  ib. 
Gauls  of  France,  weighed  down  with  Roman  taxes,  and  ruined 

by  large  landed  estates,  welcome  the  barbarian  invaders,  3. 

GIRALDUS  CAMBRENSIS, 

on  the  liveliness  and  freedom  of  the  Irish,  137. 

on  the  coldness  of  men  of  Saxon  and  German  stock,  ib. 

how  strangers  are  immediately  enchanted  by  the  country,  136. 

calls  the  English  the  most  degraded  of  all  races  under  heaven, 

7,11. 
the  most  treacherous  and  murderous,  ib. 
doubts  whether  their  servile  habits  arise  from  long  slavery',  or 

the  natural  dulness  of  the  Saxon  race,  11. 

GOOKIN,  SIR  VINCENT, 

in  1634  publishes  an  invective  against  all  the  inhabitants  of 
Ireland,  who  would  have  him  hanged,  if  they  could,  137. 

GOOKIN,  VINCENT, 

son  of  Sir  Vincent,  returned  as  representative  of  Kinsale  and 
the  adjoining  towns  to  the  Little  Parliament  in  1653,  134. 

his  national  land  hunger  satisfied,  he  learns  to  love  the  Irish, 
135. 

opposes  Ti-ansplantation  by  his  book,  "  The  Great  Case  of 
Transplantation   Discussed,"    135-140. 

fury  of  the  officers  of  the  army  at  his  book,  140. 


464  INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS. 

HANGING,  DEATH  BY,  FOR  NOT  TRANSPLANTING, 

the  officers'  tender  of,  but  had  no  scruple  of  sending  the  oifend- 

mg  Irish  proprietors  to  West  Indies,  129. 
Daniel   Fitzpatrick   and   another  condemned     to   death   at  Kil- 
kenny,  133. 
Mr.  Edward  Hetherington  hanged  at  Dublin  with  placards  on 

back  and  breast,  ib. 
Irish   gentry  choose   to   be   hanged   rather   than    remove   from 
their  wonted  habitations,  133. 
HARCOURT,  SIR  SIMON, 

burns  the  English  Pale  in  1642,  57. 

in  the  churchyard  at  Kinsale,  in  December,  1641,  cries,  "  Down 

with  all  males  above  thirteen,"  37. 
his  soldiers  massacre  man,  woman,  and  child  at  Carrickmines 
(August,  1642),  because  of  his  death  at  that  siege,  57. 
HARP, 

fondness  of  the  old  English  families  of  the  Pale  for  the  Irish 

harp,  33,  n. 
"  There  was  old  Tracy,  with  old  Darcy,  playing  all  weathers  on 

the  clarsey,   the  Irish  harp,"   ib. 
silenced  in  Britain  by  the  Saxons,  12. 
heard  only  in  Wales,  ib. 

it  retires  with  the  advance  of  English  power  in  Ireland,   and 
after  the  battle  of  the  Boyne  is  heard  only  in  Connaught, 
63,  n. 
they  are  forbidden  to  keep  their  Irish  harpers,  33. 
HEAD  MONEY, 

two  pence  per  ploughland  for  every  Irishman's  head  brought 
(A.D.  1465),  to  the  chief  towns  of  the  four  counties  of  the 
English  Pale,  328. 
£500  put  on  Lord  Muskerry's  head,     £300  on   Lord  Mount- 
garret's,  and  other  sums  on  other  commanders,  328. 
the  Irish  soldiers  offered  these  rewards  for  bringing  in  their 
officers'  heads,  328. 
HENRY  II. 

not  resisted  by  the  Ii'ish,  as  the  English  came  recommended  by 

the  Pope  and  the  Bishops,  28. 
neither  Henry  II.  nor  King  John  ever  struck  stroke  against 

the  Irish  in  Ireland,  ib. 
the  ruling  tribes  in  each  of  the  five  provinces  became  allies  of 

the  English,  ib. 
known  in  Law  as  "  The  Five  Bloods,"  ib. 
engages  by  the  Treaty  of  Windsor  that  the  Irish  kings  and 


INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS.  465 

HENRY  II.— continued. 

people   shall   enjoy   all   their   lands,     except     the     parts     of 

Leinster  and  Meath  in  possession  of  him  and  his  barons,  14. 
unknown   to   the   Irish,   divides   Ireland     between     ten    of    his 

barons,  17. 
HETHERINGTON,  MR.  EDWARD, 

hanged   (April,   1655)   at  Dublin,   with  placards  on  breast  and 

back   "  for  not  transplanting,"   133. 
HORE,  MRS., 

of  Kilsallaghan,  near  Dublin,  driven  mad  at  the  order  to  trans- 
plant, and  hangs  herself,  185. 
"  Molly  Here's  cross,"  ib. 
HUE  AND  CRY, 

(or  Hullaloo,  as  the  Irish  call  it),  on  occasion  of  the  kiUing  of  a 

Cromwellian   planter   (A.D.   1656),    sure   to   be   sent   by   the 

Irish  the  wrong  way,  175. 
IKERRIN, 

Lord   Viscount,    prays     to   be   dispensed     for   his   weakness    of 

body,  181. 
his  transplanter's  certificate,  105. 
ancestor  of  the  present  Earl  of  Carrick,     dwelt  at  Lismalin 

Park,    barony   of   Ikerrin,    Co.   Tipperary,     adjacent   to   Co. 

Kilkenny,   179. 
is  transplanted,   ib. 
"  indeed   [writes  the  Lord  Protector]   he  is  a  miserable  object 

of  pity,  and  we  desire  that  he  be  not  suffered  to  perish  for 

want  of  subsistence,"   181. 
Viscountess,   falls   sick,   and  is   unable  to  follow  her  husband, 

with  her  daughters  and  cattle,  to  Connaught,  at  the  time 

appointed,   181. 
Pierce  Butler,  Viscount,  his  grandson  and  heir,  claims  at  the 

Restoration  as  an  innocent  Protestant,  182,  n. 
INCHIQUIN,  EARL  OF, 

gives  houses  in  Cork  to  his  grooms  and  servants  to  occupy,  to 

save  them  (on  the  expelling  of  the  Irish  thence  in  1644)  from 

being  torn  down  for  firing  in  guard  houses,  283. 
turns  all  the  old  English  natives  out  of  Cork,  because  of  the 

King's  treaty  with  the  Irish,  167. 
expects  that  deserving  men  will    have  their  enemies'   estates 

after  this  war,  as  after  Tyrone's  wars,  166. 
hopes  "  to  see  the  Parliament  on  the  flat  of  their  backs  before 

Michaelmas,"  192. 
in   the   presence   chamber   of  the   Castle   of  Mallow,   persuades 

his  officers  to  desert  the  Parliament  for  the  King    ib. 
K2 


466  INDEX  OF    SUBJECTS. 

INTERMARRIAGES  (see  Mariuages). 
INVITATION,  THE, 

the  Piu-itan  leaders  invite  tlie  Scotch  rebels  to  invade  Eng- 
land,   51. 

the  King  at  Edinburgh  collecting  evidence  of  the  treason  of 
Pym  and  the  other  inviters  when  the  Irish  Rebellion  breaks 
out,  64. 

they  impeach  the  King  of  tyranny,  to  be  beforehand  with  his 
projected  impeachment  of  them,  64. 
IB  ELAND, 

described  by  Giraldiis  as  another  world,  8. 

never  enslaved  by  the  Romans,  or  brought  under  feudal  serf- 
dom, ib. 

was,  at  Henrj'  II. 's  arrival,  like  Gaul  at  Julius  Caesar's  in- 
vasion, 9. 

not  covered  iij  1172,  like  England,  with  castles  on  heights, 
where   foreign  tyrants   secured   themselves,    10. 

one  of  the  barbicans  of  the  realm,  52. 

might  be  made  a  fortress  for  the  reduction  of  England,  52. 

if  the  Irish  were  all  in  Connaught,  would  be  a  very  good  land, 
and  soon  all  planted,   141. 
IRETON,  LORD  DEPUTY-GENERAL, 

his  proclamation  of  1st  May,   1651,   against  intermarriages   of 
English  officers  or  soldiers  with  Irish  women,  233,  n.,  and 
261. 
IRISH,  THE, 

"  the  most  ancient  nation  in  Western  Europe,  and  come  of 
as  mighty  a  race  as  the  world  ever  brought  forth,"  1. 

belong  to  the  Gaulish  race,  ib. 

never  swaddled  their  infants,  11. 

delighted  in  the  harp,  12. 
in  hurling,  ib. 

loved  detached  houses,  and  hated  towns,  10. 

their  freedom  of  speech  in  presence  of  their  chiefs,  11. 

the  freedom  of  the  chiefs  with  their  followers,  ib. 

a  hearty  race  of  men,  who  belong  to  an  earlier,  inicorrupted 
world,  135. 

the  commonest  Irishman  has  something  about  him  of  the 
gentleman,   135. 

never  knew  game  law  or  forest  law,  19. 

Sir  John  Davis  regrets  it,  as  it  might  have  been  a  means  of 
enslaving  them  like  the  English,   ib. 

fosterage  a  kind  of  wardship  with  the  Irish,  but  voluntary,  20. 


INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS.  467 

IRISH,  THE— continued. 

give  large  gifts  to  the  Earl  of  Kildare  to  have  his  sons  to 
foster,  ib.,  n. 

their  land  system,  13. 

knew  no  such  thing  as  tenure,  rent,  or  forfeiture,  14. 

denied  the  use  of  English  law  to  defend  their  bodies  or  lands, 
21. 

killing  an  Irishman  no  murder,   ib. 

a  fine  of  five  marks  payahle,  but  mostly  they  killed  us  for 
nothing,  ib. 

unable  to  purchase  land,  22. 

lands  seized  by  the  King  and  confiscated  because  purchased  by 
Irishmen,   23. 

forced  by  the  Popery  Acts  to  discover  an  oath  against  them- 
selves, 24,  n. 

this  law  prevailed  practically  till  the  first  American  war,   v. 

how  they  preserved  any  lands  in  the  early  times  from  the  Eng- 
lish,  24. 

there  were  no  Arms  Acts,  ib. 

loved  the  descendants  of  the  early  invaders  as  their  natural 
leaders,  40. 

untruly  charged  with  questioning  their  titles  in  times  before 
the  Plantations  of  Elizabeth,  ib. 

had  rather  see  Kildare's  banner  displayed  than  to  see  God 
reign  upon  earth,  41. 

were  loved  by  their  English  leaders  of  the  birth  of  Ireland,  ib. 

the  great  Earl  of  Desmond  (A.D.  1580)  declared  that  he  had 
rather  forsake  God  than  forsake  his  men,  ib. 

reoccupy  their  native  land  deserted  by  the  English,   37. 

much  of  Kildare,  and  Tipperarj',  and  Kilkenny  thus  re- 
occupied,  ib. 

the  Parliament  offer  the  lands  to  any  English  that  will  recover 
them,  ib. 

Earls  of  Ormond  and  Kildare  have  gi'ants  of  all  lands  they 
could  win  from  the. Irish,  ib. 

of  opinion  among  themselves,  in  Henry  VIII. 's  reign,  that 
Englislimen  will  one  day  put  them  from  their  lands  for 
ever,  ib. 

have  ever  lacked  gall  to  supply  a  wholesome  animosity  to  the 
eternal  enemies  and  revilers  of  their  name  and  nation,  59. 

"the   nature   of,    to   be   rebellious;     the   more   disposed    to    it 
(August,  1654),  being  highly  exasperated  by  the  transplant- 
ing work,"  126. 


468  INDEX   OF    SUBJECTS. 

IRISH,  THE— continued. 

forbidden  by  the  Danes  and  English  who  built  the  towns  to  dwell 
in  them,  273. 

this  rule  applied  (in  1659)  by  the  Cromwellians  to  the  descend- 
ants of  the  founders,  ib. 

the  peasantry  not  like  submissive  and  subdued  Saxons,  330. 

deprived  of  their  gentrj',  the  nation  yet  lived  in  the  peasants,  ib. 

"  would  rather  (1650)  pluck  God  from  His  throne,  or  throw 
themselves  headlong  into  the  sea,  than  be  loyal  to  the 
Crown  of  England,"   ib. 

the  peasantry  possessed  of  unconquerable  minds,  ib. 

unsubdued  after  500  years  of  English  conquest,  ib. 

looked  upon  the  Parliament  as  a  body  of  conspirators  against  the 
religion,  property,  liberty,  and  existence,  of  the  Irish,  331. 

their  flight  to  America  (1850-1863)  disburthens  England,  like  a 
ship  of  a  plague  of  stinking  rats,  342. 
IRISH  ENEMY, 

all  Irish,  from  time  of  Edward  III.,  that  had  not  charters  of 
English  freedom,  29. 

a  less  injurious  term  than   "  Irish  Papist,"     in  17th  and  18th 
centuries,  ib. 
IRISH  GENTRY, 

become  tenants  of  their  old  estates  to  the  Cronuvellian  officers, 
under  the  permission  given  to  them  to  take  Irish  tenants, 
as  none  others  were  to  be  had,  266. 

Fleetwood's  angry  Proclamation  against  Irish  gentry  being 
taken  as  tenants  by  the  officers,  268. 

it  interrupted  their  transplantation,  ib. 
IRISH  PEASANTS  (A.D.  1655), 

skilled  in  the  husbandry  proper  to  the  country,  138. 

in  every  hundred  of  them  five  or  six  masons  and  carpenters  at 
the  least,  ib. 

few  of  the  women  but  skilled  in  dressing  flax  and  hemp,  and 
making  woollen  cloth,  ib. 
IRISH  PAPISTS, 

"  a  disjointed  People;  though  all  equally  Papist,  thej'  are  not 
equally  Irish,"  148. 
IRISH  TENANTS, 

their  hearty  courtesy  preferable  to  the  brutal  manners  of  Eng- 
lish clowns,    135. 

none  but  Iri.sh  to  be  had  by  Cromwellian  Officers,  because  Eng- 
lish woiUd  not  become  tenants  where  thej'  could  get  land  in 
fee-simple  for  asking,   ib. 


INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS.  469 

JURORS, 

fined  £1C,000  in  Michaelmas  Term,  1616,  in  Dublin,  for  refusing 

to  find  verdicts  of  recusancy  against  their  fellow-Catholics,  51. 
fined  in  countj'  of  Cavan  alone,  £S,000,  ib. 
packed  in  prison  like  herrings  in  a  barrel,  ib. 
the   Primate's     Great   House     in    Drogheda     built    out   of   the 

fines,  ib. 
KERRY,  COUNTY  OF 

the   officers   of   the   Munster   lot   endeavour   to   get    rid    of   it, 

notwithstanding  it  had  come  to  them  "  as  a  lot  from  the 

Lord,"  203. 
KILKENNY, 

ordered  to  be  cleared  of  Ii'ish  by  1st  May,  1654,  277. 

except  forty  artificers,  to  be  cleared  of  all  Irish  (1656),  and  no 

English  merchants  or  traders    to  drive  any  trade  there  by 

Irish  agents,  278. 
beside  the  English  town,  walled  and  forfeited,   stood  the  Irish 

town,  285,  286. 
inhabitants  of  the  Irish  town  serve  the  English  with  butter, 

carts,  etc.,  as  the  native  town  in  India  serves  the  English 

cantonments,  286. 
a  kind  of  .second  capital  of  Leinster,  287. 
the  sweet,  oval  faces,  the  graceful  figures,  and  clear  complexion 

of   its  women,   287. 
the  high  Court  of  Justice  sits  in  pomp  (October,   1652),  in  the 

hall  where  sat  the  Confederate  Assembly,  287. 
Michael  Langton's  widow  and  orphans,  at  the  clearing,  retire  to 

Ballynekill,  Queen's  County,  288. 
Nicholas  Langton  returns  to  Kilkenny  from  slavery  in  Morocco, 

to  find  Engli.sh  slavery  here  as  bad  as  the  Algerine,  239. 
the  exiled  inhabitants  address  the  King  (13  June,  1661),  "  from 

out   of   their     coverts   and   lurking     places,     being    still    in 

durance  in  their  old  prisons  of  misery,"  291. 
the  thirty-two  artificers'   families    spared  by  Cromwell  at  the 

clearing   (1654),   are  driven  out  (December,     1660),   by  the 

Royalists,  292. 
"  If  the  interest  of  England  cannot  be  maintained  in  Wexford, 

Kilkenny,  and  Gialway,  without  extirpating  those  that  built 

and  walled  them,  to  preserve  this  interest !"  295. 

KILKENNY  (OR  LEINSTER)  ARTICLES, 

the  Leinster  army  surrenders  on  12  May,   1650,  81. 

such  regiments  as  will  may  go  to  Spain,  ib. 

are  led  by  Gen.  Ludlow    (on    submitting)    to    hope    for    such 


470  INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS. 

KILKENNY  (OR  LEINSTER)  ARTICLES— continued. 

remnant  of  their  estate  as  may  make  their  lives  comfortable 
among  the  English,  ib. 
1st  May,  1655,  are  transplanted,  114. 
submittees,  who,  ib. 
KINCOGUS  AND  PREY  MONEYS, 

the  Irish  in  protection  in  the  English  quarters  are  rendered 
answerable  for  the  spoils  done  by  their  kindred  in  arms,  334. 
Colonel  Michael  Jones  (Governor  of  Dublin),  his  Kincogus  Pro- 
clamation of  2nd  November,  1647,  334. 
the  protected  Irish  so  ruined  by  them  in  the  coixrse  of  eighteen 
months,  that  the  law  is  repealed,  336. 
KINDRED  MONEYS, 

levies  under  Colonel  Jones's  Proclamation  of  2nd  November, 
1647,  334. 
LAMB, 

license  to  kill  lamb  required  in  1652,  on  account  of  destruction 

of  cattle  by  war,  79. 
order  for  Mrs.  Alice  Bulkely,  to  kill  some,  because  of  weakness; 
but  not  more  than  three  in  the  whole  year,  ib. 
LAND, 

balance  of  power  in  a  state  rests  with  that  class  which  has  the 

balance  of  land.  Preface, 
schemes  to  divest  the  Irish  of  land,  and  with  it  of  power,  ib. 
large  landed  estates,  after  destroying  Italy,  destroyed  the  Pro- 
vinces, 3. 
LAND-HUNGER  OF  THE  ENGLISH, 

greater  than  that  of  all  other  people,  135,  n. 
they  "  fight  for  land  wherever  they  settle,"  ib.,  ib. 
denied  it  at  home,  they  sail  off  to  make  prey  of  it,  like  land 
pirates  beyond  the  shores  of  England,  ib.,  ib. 
LAW, 

the  will  of  the  strongest ;  practically  learned  by  those  who  were 
thrust  out  of  house  and  land  for  the  Soldiers  and  Adven- 
turers, 258. 
"  administering  of  justice  "  is  but  the  enforcing  of  the  will  of 
the  strongest,  ib. 
LAWRENCE,  COLONEL  RICHARD. 

his  "  Interest  of  England  in  the  Irish  Transplantation  Stated," 
etc.,  in  answer  to  Vincent  Gookin's  "  Case  of  Transplanta- 
tion in  Ireland  Discussed,"  143. 
LIMERICK, 

(among  other  towns),  to  be  cleai-ed  of  Irish,  272. 


INDEX  OF   SUBJECTS.  471 

LlMEmCK— continued. 

offered  for  sale  by  the  Parliament  in  July,  1643,  with  12,000 
acres   contiguous,    to   English   and   foreign   merchants,     for 
£30,000  fine,  and  £625  rent,  payable  to  the  State,  ib. 
LE  HUNTE,  COLONEL, 

Captain  of  Cromwell's  Life  Guard,  236. 

seeks  to  appropriate  1,500  acres  in  Liberties  of  New  Ross,  ap- 
plicable to  Major  Shepherd's  company,  236. 
LEITRIM, 

filled  by  the  transplanting  Ulster  Creaghts,  150. 

taken  for  the  soldiers,   though  assigned  by  the  Parliament  to 
the  Irish,  151. 
LIMERICK,  LIBERTIES  OF, 

the  several  towns  and  seats  in  the  Liberties  of  Limerick  equal- 
ized  by   the    gentlemen    of    Cromwell's    Life    Guard    before 
casting  lots,  221. 
LINE  OF  PROTECTION  ROUND  GARRISONS, 

bej'ond  it  all  liable  to  be  shot  as  enemies,  and  crops  destroyed 
to  starve  the  Tories,  326-327. 

Shanganah  and  Loiighlinstown  beyond  the  line,  and  inhabitani  .s 
to  move  in,  first  sowing  their  crops,  327. 
LOTS, 

officers  resolve  that  they  had  rather  take  a  lot  upon  a  barren 
mountain  as  coming  from  the  Lord,  than  a  portion  in  the 
most  fruitful  valley  upon  their  own  choice,  203. 

casting  lots  for  provinces,  203. 
for  counties,  207". 

common  soldiers  cheated  of  their  lots  by  their  ofl&cers,  234. 

soldier  shown  a  bog  as  his  lot,  and  loses  the  good  land  at  the 
price  of  the  bog,   235. 

September  1st,  1655,  the  first  and  largest  of  the  three  great 
disbandings ;  the  disbanded  regiments  march  to  the  different 
counties,  to  cast  lots  upon  the  spot  for  the  order  of  theiv 
setting  down,  215. 

the  officers  and  soldiers  (September  5th,  1655)  are  all  marched 
(that  were  disbanded)  to  their  lots  in  the  counties  of  Wex- 
ford, Limerick,  Meath,  and  Westmeath,  230. 

"  to  sit  down  in  the  enjoyment  of  their  enemies'  fields  and 
houses,  which  they  planted  not,  nor  built  not,"  ib. 

divers  officers  and  soldiers  refuse  (September,  1655),  to  sit 
down  upon  their  lots,  231. 

though  offered  a  new  suit  of  clothes  to  set  up  in,  like  gentle- 
men, ib. 

and  to  keep  some  Irish  till  they  can  do  without  them,  ib. 


472  INDEX   OF    SUBJECTS. 

LOT  AND  STRING, 

the  setting  clown  the  soldiers  by  lot  and  string,  practically  the 
completion  of  the  work,   though  letters  of  possession  were 
required,  199. 
LOUGHREA  COMMISSIONERS, 

appointed  instead  of  the  Commissioners  of  Revenue  of  Precinct 

of  Galway,  147. 
their  office  was  to  assign  to  the  transplanters  lands  competent 

for  the  live  stock  they  brought,  103,  104. 
the  rule  for  stock,  105. 
to  set  out  lands   (in  1(356)     according  to  the  Athlone  Decrees, 

158. 
Sir  Charles  Coote's  Scheme,  assigning  certain  baronies  in  Con- 
naught  to  the  inhabitants  removing  from  certain  counties  in 
the   other   provinces,    158. 
LOUTH,  DOWAGER  LADY  OF, 

prays  to  be  dispensed  with  from  transplantation,  for  her  "  great 
age  and  impotency,"  111,  379. 
LOUTH,  COUNTY  OF, 

laid  aside  for  a  supply  for  the  Adventurers  in  case  of  a  deficiency 

in  the  ten  half  counties,  242. 
the  officers  claim  it,  insisting  that  the  Adventurers  are  overpaid 
by  the  ten  half  counties,  ib. 
Dr.  Petty  appointed  to  examine  the  Adventurers'  proceedings,  ib. 
LUTTREL,  THOMAS,  OF  LUTTRJ]LSTOWN,  NEAR  DUBLIN, 
his  wife  dispensed  for  six  weeks,  for  her  great  charge  of  child- 
ren,  and  stock  not  in  a  condition  to  drive,   108. 
proves  much  good,  but  not  "  Constant  good  affection,"  ib. 
turned  out  in  1649  for  Lord  Broghill,  ib. 
is  transplanted,  ib. 
LUTTRELL,  JOHN, 

being  transplanted   from   Luttrellstown,     near   Dublin,     worth 
£2,500  a  year,  his  four  sisters  are  given  ten  pounds  apiece 
and    bidden    like    Irishwomen    no    further    to    trouble    the 
Council,  346. 
MAD, 

"Mad  Eustace,"  of  the  countj'  of  Kildare,  recovers  his  estate 

(in  1660),  but  not  his  wits,  185. 
Molly  Hore,  of  Kilsallaghan,  near  Dublin,  is  driven  mad  at  the 
order  to  transplant,  and  hangs  herself,  185. 
MALLOW  COMMISSION, 

to  try  the  claims  and  qualifications  of  the  Ancient  native  inhabi- 
tants of  Cork,  Kinsale,  and  Youghal,  164. 


INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS.  473 

MALLOW  COMMISSION— fOM/;flHr(/. 

nothvvithstanding  their  loyalty  to  the  English  interest,  they  are_ 

turned  out  by  orders  of  the  Earl  of  Inchiquin,  in  1644,  167. 
the  Commissioners  report  to  the  Council  that  they  had  granted 

to  none   of  the   Ancient   inhabitants     of  Cork,   Kinsale,   or 

Youghal  a  decree  of  constant  good  affection,  174. 
their  graphic  account  of  the  scene,  170. 
the  claimants  declare    they  had  rather  go  to  Earbadoes  than 

amongst  the  Irish  their  enemies,  in  Connaught,  174. 
MARCH  LAW, 

the  mixture  of  the  English  law  and  the  Irish  law  of  Kincogish, 

administered    by    the    barons    of    English    descent    dwelling 

beyond  the  Pale,  31. 
MARRIAGE, 

every,  feudal  landlord  claimed  the  right  of  marrying  to  whom 

he  would  his  tenant's  orphan  heir,  or  heiress,  17. 
an  heii'ess  once  a  king's  ward  was  always  a  ward,   and  must 

marry  again,  or  remain  a  widow,  at  his  orders,  18. 
people  become  burghers  to  have  freedom  of  marriage,  ib. 
MARRIAGES  BETWEEN  ENGLISH  AND  IRISH, 

any  Englishman  of  the  birth  of  Ireland  taking  an  Irish  girl  for 

wife  or  mistress  to  be     (by  Statute  40th    Ed.     HI.),     half 

strangled,    disembowelled    while   yet   alive,    and   to   undergo 

other  horrors  not  to  be  mentioned  with  decency,  -"iS. 
caused  the  English  planters  of  Queen  Elizabeth's  day  to  have 

become  Irish  in  1641,  142. 
"  the  land  is  an  unclean  land," — "  ye  shall  not  therefore  give 

your  sons  to  their  daughters,   nor  take  their  daughters  to 

your  sons  "  (Officers'  petition),  142. 
the  officers  and  soldiers  of  Ireton's  army  take  Irish  wives  even 

before  peace  proclaimed,  233. 
Major-General  Ireton's  proclamation  of  1st  May,  1651,  against 

inter-marriages  of  English  officers  and   soldiers   with  Irish- 
women, 233,  n. 
the  soldiers  always  pretend  that  the  girls  are  converts  to  Eng- 
lish religion,  233. 
Ireton  orders  that  the  girls  pass  an  examination  into  the  true 

state  of  their  hearts  before  a  board  of  military  saints,  233. 
the  board  to  ascertain  whether  the  change  be  a  real  work  of  God 

upon  the  heart,   or   (as   is  to  be  feared),     for  some   carnal 

ends,   233,  n. 
taking  an   Irish   girl   to  wife   likened   to  going   to   bed   with   a 

naked  crocodile,   261. 


474  INDEX  OF   SUBJECTS. 

MARRIAGES  BETWEEN  ENGLISH  AND  miSTI— continued. 
Commissioners  of  Revenue  of  the  Precinct  of  Galway  to  inquire 

after  inter-marriages,  262,  n. 
W.   Moreton,   Clerk  of  Revenue  Commissioners,   dismissed  his 
office  by  order  of  Council  of  14th  July,  1654,  for  marrying  an 
Irishwoman,  ib. 
"  the  children  of  Oliver's  soldiers  in  Ireland,  many  of  them  (in 
1697),    their   fathers   having     married   Irishwomen,     cannot 
speak  a  word  of  English,"  266,  n. 
the  children  of  King  William's  soldiers  in  the  same  case,  ib.,  ib. 
Sir  Jerome  Alexander's  care  by  his  will  that  his  daughter  should 
not  marry  any  Irish  Lord,  Archbishop,  or  Bishop,  etc.,  nor 
any  Knight,  Squire,  or  Gentleman  born  and  bred  in  Ireland, 
or  having  his  relations  and  means  of  subsistence  there,  265. 
MASSACRE,  THE  SUPPOSED,  OF  1641, 

the  guilty  conscience  of  the  English  made  them  expect  one,  59. 
the  Irish  have  ever  lacked  gall  to  supply  a  wholesome  animosity 
against  the  eternal  enemies  and  revilers  of  their  name  and 
nation,  59. 
proved  false  by  contemporaneous  English  accounts,  61. 
the  report  of  the  despoiled  Ministers  commissioned  to  inquii'e 

in  December,  1641,  make  no  mention  of  it,  ib. 
some     English     massacred   in   1642,     by     Sir   Plielim   0' Neil's 
followers,  in  revenge,  for  arson  and  massacre  by  English,  70, 
and  n.,  ib. 
English  massacre  the  Irish,  and  do  not  spare  infants,  58. 
story,  how  and  why  invented,  and  why  kept  up,  65. 
in  one  day  eighty  Irishwomen,  some  with  infants  at  the  breast, 
cast  by  order  of  the  Scottish  Parliament  over  a  high  bridge, 
according  to  treaty  with  the  Parliament  of  England,  68. 
Mayo  set  out  for  English  arrears,   163,   189. 
to  be  all  planted  with  Protestants,  189. 
MIDWIVES,  IRISH, 

malicious  calumnies  of  the  English  (1651)  against  the  poor  Irish 

midwives,  281. 
an  English  one  imported,  and  all  officers,    civil  and  military, 
ordered  to  be  aiding  her  in  the  performance  of  her  duty,  ib. 
"  MILE   LINE,    THE," 

a  belt  of  land  four  miles  wide   (afterwards  reduced  to  one), 
winding  along  the  sea  coast  of  Connaught   and   Shannon, 
101,  149. 
"  MTNOOTH,  THE  PARDON  OF," 
origin  of  the  term,  189,  n. 


INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS.  475 

MURCOT,  JOHN, 

"  renders  himself  ridiculous  to  the  wicked  ax;  Chester,"  comes 

to  Dviblin,  and  "  obtains  a  great  flock  of  admirers,  especially 

women  and  children,"  131. 
MURDER, 

killing  by  law  (which  is  the  will  of  the  strongest)  no  murder,  67. 
English,  being  the  strongest,  make  killing  the  Irish  no  murder, 

ib.,  and  21. 
MURDERS, 

by  the  English  of  their  French  landlords,  6. 

fines  imposed  on  district  for,  ib. 

of   Cromwellian   settlers   frequent     (A.D.    1654),     even   though 

dwelling  in  strong  castles,  .348. 
the  Lackage  murder,  Co.  Kildare,  22nd  October,  1655,  338. 

all  the  inhabitants  transported  for  it,  to  the  Barbadoes,  ib. 

including  H.   Fitzgerald,   Esq.,   and  his  wife,   near  eighty 

years  of  age,  ib. 
Irish  charged  with,  to  defeat  their  suits  in  Court  of  Claims,  68 
none,  for  Captain  Swanley,  to  drown  seventy  of  the  King's  Irish 

soldiers,  67. 
nor  Colonel  Mytton  to  do  the  like,  ib. 
English  in  arms,  killed  by  Irish,  are  called  murdered,  68. 
a  whole  regiment  thus  made  guilty  of  murder,  68. 
for  murders  by  Tories,  four  Papists  of  the  neighbourhood  to  be 

seized  and  transported,    unless  the  murderers  made  amen 

able  in  28  days,  338. 
MYTTON,  COLONEL, 

ties  the  King's  Irish  soldiers  back  to  back,  and  drowns  them,  67. 
but  this  no  murder,  67. 
NAKED, 

ladies  of  the  highest  rank  slept  so,  260. 

anecdote  of  the  Irish  girl  opening  the  door  to  a  young  police 

officer  and  his  men  with  a  white  plate  held  before  her,  like 

the  Venus  de  Medicis,  ib. 
Englishman  to  marry  an  Irish  girl  likened  to  going  to  bed  to  a 
'      naked  crocodile,  261. 
NAPOLEON  CODE, 

the  blessings  of  it,  with  its  abolition  of  primogeniture  and  entail, 

and  equal  partibility  of  landed  inheritance,  4. 
NITS  (IRISH  INFANTS). 

killed  that  they  should  not  grow  lice,  58. 


476  INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS. 

O'CONNOR   FAILEY'S    COUNTRY, 

called  by  the  Irish   "  the  Door  of  the  Pale,"    and  O'Connors 
"  their  key,"  246. 
O'DERRICK,  DONAGH, 

who  slew  8  of  Petty's  English  surveyors,  reward  for  his  head, 

337. 
OFFICERS    OF    CROMWELL'S    ARMY, 
suggest  that  arrears  be  paid  in  land,  187. 
some  dissatisfied,  231. 

Lieut. -Col.    Scott   arrested    for    agitating   the   disbanded    com- 
panies sitting  down  in  the  county  of  Wexford,  by  treasonable 

words  against  His  Highness,  ib. 
in  Januarj',  1652,  propose  that  they  be  set  down  together  with 

the  Adventurers  and  have  lands  for  their  arrears,  85. 
and    at    "  the  Act,"    or    Adventurers'  rates,    because  of  the 

difficulty  and  cost  of  surveying,   ib. 
the  lands  being  waste,  the  inhabitants  destroyed,  and  none  to 

give  evidence  of  value,  86. 
their  attempts  to  take  advantage  of  one  another  in  the  setting 

out  of  the  lots,  235. 
Colonel  Warden  seeks  to  leave  out  all  the  coarse  land  in  his  lot, 

and  encroach  on  the  good  land  in  Quartermaster  Farr's  lot, 

236. 
Colonel  Le  Hunte  seeks  to  appropriate  1500  acres  in  Liberties 

of    Wexford    applicable    to    Major    Sam    Shepherd's    com- 

jmny,  ib. 
list  of  those  set  down  in  different  bai'onies  in  Leinster,  Ulster, 

and  Munster,  216,  220. 
kinder  masters  than  the  Adventurers,  259. 
were  six  years  settled  in  Ireland  before  the  Adventurers  came 

over,  259. 
captivated  by  Irishwomen,  they  take  them  to  wife,  even  before 

peace  proclaimed,  260. 
Ireton's  order  in  1651  against  intermarriages,  261,  233. 
suggestion  in  1G52  that  officers  marrying  Irish  girls  should  lose 

their  commands,  261. 
why  abandoned,  ib. 
planted  in  a  wasted  country,   with  no  women  but  Irish,   they 

must  love  them  as  necessarily  as  a  geometrical  conclusion 

follows  from  the  ]Dremises,  261. 
their  patriotism  not  proof  against    the  imperious  demands  of 

love,  261. 


INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS.  477 

O'FARRELS    OF   LONGFORD, 

two  of  them  taken  from  their  deathbeds  to  have  abroad  the  sight 
of  the  hills  and  fields  they  lost  in  that  plantation,  47. 
OWLES,  THE, 

part  of  Murrisk  and  Bnrrishool  baronies  in  Co.  Mayo,  so  called, 

105. 
the  Irish  name  is  Umhal  ioghtragh  and  Umhal  uaghtragh  (lower 

and  upper  Umhal),  ib. 
pronounced  "  Owles,"  ib. 
O'HANLON,  REDMOND, 

history  of  this  Tory,  the  Irish  Scanderbeg,  352,  355. 
O'KEEFFE,  DANIEL, 

a  distinguished  outlaw  and  Tory  of  the.  county  of  Cork,   kills 
his  mistress,  who  attempted  to  betray  him,  353,  n. 
O'NEIL,  SIR  PHELIM, 

rises  in  rebellion  in  the  King's  interest,  55. 

learns   that   a   royal   plot   is   on   foot   through    the   Duchess   of 

Buckingham,  9,  n. 
anticipates  the  design  to  show  superior  zeal,  54. 
O'NEIL,  PHILIP, 

his  house  and  lands  in  Co.  Tipperary  fall  to  Mr.  Pitts,  Adven- 
turer,  from  Devonshire,   258. 
he  is  driven  with  wife  and  children  to  Connaught,  ib. 
his  probable  respect  for  English  law,   ib. 
PAGANS, 

if  the   Irish   had   only  continued  honest  Pagans,     Ireland  had 

perhaps  been  owned  by  Irishmen  now,  9. 
regarded  the  interpretation  of  signs  and  omens  as  the  voice  of 

the  Church,  9,  n. 
the  wise  and  brave  ones  disregarded  signs  and  omens  and  their 
interpretation   wliere  the  cause    of  their  country   was  con- 
cerned,  9,   n. 

"  Without  a  sign  his  sword  the  brave  man  dra-iws. 
And  asks  no  omen  but  his  country's  cause,"  9,  n. 
PALE,    THE    ENGLISH, 

closed   against  attacks  from   O'Connor's   Country   by   the   four 
castles  at  Kinnefad,  Castlejordan,  Ballinure,  and  Kishayann 
(A.D.  1520),  246. 
the  burning  of,  by  Orniond  and  Sir  Simon  Harcourt,  in  1642,  57. 
PARLIAMENT, 

Convocation,  or  anti-Parliament  of  old  English,  at  Kilkenny 
(A.D.  1314),  to  defend  their  lands  from  a  pa(4ved  Parlia- 
ment of  New  English  at  Dublin,  286. 


478  INDEX   OF    SUBJECTS. 

PARLIAMENT— coniimted. 

same  (A.D.  1642,  1650),  at  Kilkenny,  287. 
PENAL    LAWS, 

forbade  pi'operty  in  land  to  the  Irish,  Preface. 

because  influence  follows  property,  ib. 

their  estates  made  to  crumble  to  pieces. 

PETTY,  DR.  WILLIAM, 

employed  by  the  Army  and  State  to  survey  the  lands,  204. 
joins   Colonel   Tomlinson     in   a    solemn    seeking   of   God   for    a 

blessing  on  the  Down  Survey,  204. 
individually,  is  a  Freethinker,  205. 

"  indifferent  to  the  wrangles  and  jangles  of  the  churches,"  207. 
considers  sects  to  be  maggots  in  the  guts  of  a  Commonwealth, 

205. 
considers  the  gathering  of  churches  to  be  the  listing  of  soldiers, 

205. 
charged  with  fraud  in  obtaining  satisfaction  in  the  Liberties  of 

Limerick,  207. 
appointed  to  examine  into  Adventurers'  proceedings  in  setting 

out  their  lands,  243. 
his  mode  of  comijensating  deficient  Adventurers,  ib. 
forms  two  parallel  lists  of  deficient  and  redundant  baronies,  the 

first  deficient  to  be  repaid  out  of  the  first  redundant,  244. 

PHYSICIANS,  IRISH, 

the  English,  according  to  their  national  custom  of  reviling  other 

nations   (i.e.,   weak  ones),   vent  the  calumnies   (A.D.    1650) 

against  the  Irish  physicians,  279. 
yet  obliged  to  testify  to  their  great  skill  and  fidelity,  278,  279. 
Dr.    Richard   Madden,    of   Waterford,    and   Dr.    Anthony   Mul- 

shinogue,  of  Cork,  279. 
the  latter  to   remain   near,    not   in,    the  city   of  Cork,   for  his 

ability,  ib. 
Dr.     Thomas    Arthur,     of    Limerick,     administers    to    Colonel 

Ingoldsby  and  the  Cromwell ian  officers,  and  does  not  poison 

one  of  them,  279. 
as  a  reward  is  ordered  a  house  in  Connaught  on  the  Mile  line, 

280. 

PLANTATION, 

of  the  King's  County,  45. 

of  Wexford,  14  ;  and  500  people  evicted,  45. 

of  Longford,  46. 


INDEX    OF    SU15JECTS.  479 

PLANTATION,   THE  NEW,   OF  IRELAND, 

proposal  that  Ireland  be  formed  into  three  separate  Plantations 

or  Pales — an  Irish,  an  English,  and  a  Mixed,  245. 
a  pure  Irish  Plantation  or  Pale  in  Connaught.  a  pnre  English 

within  the  line  of  the  Boyne  and  the  Barrow,  and  a  Mixed 

in  the  intermediate  and  central  parts  of  Ireland,  suggested, 

245. 
Connaught  selected  for  a  pure  Irish  Plantation  or  Pale  as  being 

an  island  all  but  ten  miles,  246. 
a  pure  English  Plantation  or  Pale  proposed  within  the  line  of 

the  Rivers  Barrow  and  Boyne,  246. 
Avliose  head  waters  rise  within  five  miles  of  each  other,  and  the 

whole  easily  made  into  one  line,  ib. 
similar  project  in  Richard  II. 's  day,  247. 
in  Henry  VIII. 's  time,  ib. 
in   the   mixed   Plantation,    lying   between    the    pure    Irish    and 

English   Plantations   or   Pales,    the   Irish   to   give   up   their 

names  of  Teig  or  Dermot,  to  speak  no  Irish,  to  send  their 

children  to  learn  English  religion,  to  build  chimneys,  247. 
PLOT,  "  THE  PHANATICK," 

in    1663   the    Cromwellian    officers   conspire    to    overthrow    the 

Government,    because   of   the   proceedings   of   the   Court   of 

Claims,  211. 
and  lands  in  barony  of  Lower  Ormond,  and  county  of  Tipperary, 

described   (A.D.    1669),   as   "  lately  the  Debenter  of  Lieut. - 

Colonel  William  Moore,  who  had  a  deep  hand  in  the  Plot  (of 

1663),  and  is  fled  for  the  same,"  197. 
PLUNKET,  ROBERT, 

dispensed  with   from  Transplantation,   as   his   safety  would  lie 

risked  in  Connaught,  as  he  was  an  informer,  40. 
POETRY  QUOTED, 

"  Archdekin,  Archer,  Cowley,  Langton,  Shee,"  286. 

"  And  I  believe,  nothing  has  drawn  a  curse,"  195. 

"  Brave  Sir  Cliarles  Coote  I  honour,"  58. 

"  But  let's  see  how.  The  galkmt  soldiers  are  rewariled,  now," 

263. 
"  Dear  head  of  my  darling,  how  gory  and  pale,"  355. 
"  Find  out  the  man,  quote  Pluto,"  318. 
"  For  though  outnumbered,  overthrown,"  357. 
"  From  Gloucester  siege,  till  arms  laid  down,"  196,  n. 
"  From  ladies  down  to  oyster  wenches,"  274. 
"  Here  in  the  saddle  of  one  steed,"  78. 


480  INDEX  OF   SUBJECTS. 

POETRY— continued. 

"  Ho!,  brother  Teige,  what  is  your  story?"  350. 
"  No  more  shall  mine  ear  drink,"  353,  n. 
"  Scathelock  stood  full  styll  and  lough,"  348. 
"  That  such  a  worthy  man  as  he,"  339. 
"  Then  let  us  hence,  Miletus  dear,"  2,  n. 
'/  Then  Robin  pulled  out  an  Irish  knife,"  6. 
"  These  healthful  sports  that  graced  the  happy  scene,"  13,  n. 
"  This  caused  the  'Forty-nine  for  to  suspect,"  195. 
"  To  see  what  game  they  can  devise,"  232. 
"We  know  from  good  experience,"  260. 
"  With  Voarneen  glagal  and  Agramacree,"  264. 
"  W^ithout  a  sign,  his  sword  the  brave  man  draws,"  9,  n. 
"  Yet  pri'thee  where  are  Csesar's  bands,"  197,  n. 
POWER,  JOHN,  LORD  BARON  OF  CURRAGHMORE, 

dispensed    with    from    Transplantation,    because    "  for    twenty 

years  last  past  distracted  and  destitute  of  all  judgment," 

111. 
PREY  MONEYS  (see  Kincogus). 
PRIESTS, 

the  English  come  into  Ireland  recommended  by  the  Pope  and 

the  Irish  bishops,  28. 
Spenser's  admiration  at  the  zeal  of  the  Irish  priests  in  Queen 

Elizabeth's  reign,   coming  from  Rome   and  Rheims  to  run 

the  risk  of  death,  only  to  bring  the  people  to  the  Church  of 

Rome,   313. 
Pym  boasted  they  would  not  leave  a  priest  in  Ireland,  312. 
both  Houses  of  Parliament  (11th  December,  1641)  declare  they 

will  suffer  no  toleration  of  the  Roman  Catholic  religion,  311. 
in  1650  to  harbour  them  was  death,  312. 
Barnaby    Ryche's    description    of    Sir   Tady   Mac    Marr-all,    a 

priest  in  the  streets  of  Waterford  (1611),  in  ruffling  apparel, 

with  gilt  rapier  and  dagger,  for  disguise,  314. 
dress  themselves  as  gentlemen,   soldiers,  carters,  ttc,  for  con- 
cealment, 316. 
occasionally   discovered   by   the   hastening   of  pregnant   women 

to  them  out  of  the  Protestant  parts  of  Ireland,  314. 
Conor   O'Dovan,     Bishop   of  Down,     thus   tracked   and     taken 

(1611),  ib. 
reward  for  discovering  a  priest  (1650),  if  eminent,  £20,  312,  n. 
harbouring  a  priest,  a  monk,  or  a  nun,  death,  and  forfeiture  of 

estate,  312,  n. 
conceal  themselves  to  avoid  arrest,  and  get  the  Irish  officers, 


INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS.  481 

PRIEHTii— continued. 

in  1650,  1653,  shipping  their  troops  to  Spain,  to  apply  for 

liberty  to  transport  them  thither  with  their  men,  312. 
Father     Nugent     becomes     gardener     to     Colonel     Lawrence, 

Governor   of  Waterford,   316. 
pretends  to  be  of  his  confraternity,  the  Anabaptists,  ib. 
Father  Ford  dwells  in  an  island  in  a  bog  with  scholars  round 

him,   in  huts,  316. 
Nicholas  French,  Bishop  of  Ferns,  escapes  from  the  massacre 

of    Wexford    to    the    mountains,    and    sleeps    often    on    the 

ground  in  frost,  315. 
Roger  Beggs,  priest,  after  nine  months  in  prison,  is  allowed 

(1654)  to  transport  himself  to  Spain,  321. 
Five  pounds  to  Captain  Thomas  Shepherd  for  taking  a  priest 

with  his  appurtenances  (1653),  in  the  house  of  Owen  Birne, 

Cool-ne-Kishin,   near  Old  Leighlin,   322. 
twenty-five  pounds  to  Lieutenant  Wood  for  five  priests  by  him 

apprehended  (1658),  in  the  county  of  Cavan,  320. 
ten  pounds  to  two  soldiers  of  Colonel  Leigh's  companj',  for  two 

priests   by    them   taken    (1657),    and    lodged    in    Waterford 

gaol,   321. 
five  pounds  (1657),  to  three  of  Colonel  Abbot's  Dragoons,  for 

arrest  of  Donogh  Hegarty,  priest,  and  lodging  him  in  Clon- 

mel  gaol,  320. 
ditto  to  three  others  for  bringing  one  Edmund  Dunn,  priest, 

before  Chief  Justice  Pepys,   ib. 
gentlemen  of  the  Tuites  and  Barnewalls  maintain  the  Castle  of 

Baltrasna,  Co.  Meath   (1653),   in  defence  of  a  priest  come 

thither  to  say  mass,  322. 
general  arrest  of,  in  1655 ;  gaols  full ;  all  sent  to  Carrickfergus 

gaol  for  transportation  to  Barbadoes,  323. 
W.  Sheil,  old  priest,  lame  and  weak,  not  able  to  travel  with- 
out crutches;  allowed  (1651)  to  reside  in  Connaught,  where 

the  Governor  of  Athlone  shall  direct,  321. 
of  the  many  priests  waiting  in  Carrickfergus  gaol  (1656),  to  be 

transported  to  Barbadoes,  some  offer  to  renounce  the  Pope, 

and  to  frequent  Protestant  meetings,  324. 
Spain,  their  place  of  transportation  at  first,  321,  322. 
Barbadoes  next,  323. 

Isles  of  Arran,  in  Bay  of  Galway,  last,  324. 
though  banned  by  the  English  rulers  of  Ireland  (1660,   1690), 

cosher,  i.e.,  are  supported  by  the  poor  Irish  farmers,  351. 
according  to  Primate  Boulter's  return  to  the  House  of  Lords 
L2 


482  INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS. 

PRIESTS— continued. 

(1732),    priests   celebrate   mass   in   huts,   old  forts,    and   at 

moveable  altars  in  the  fields,  325,  n. 
English  traveller   (1746),   sees  one  saying  mass  under  a  tree, 

ib.,   ib. 
PRIESTS,  WOLVES,  AND  TORIES, 

"  the   three   burdensome   beasts,"    on   whose   heads   were   laid 

rewards,   308. 
RAPPAREES, 

their  hideous  ferocity    [to  the  English]    who  are   appalled  at 

their  remaining    [A.D.    1688]    untameable   by  them   for   so 

many   ages   since   (what  is   called)   British  civilization   was 

planted  amongst  them,  356. 
RATS,  THE  STINKING  IRISH, 

England    relieved    (A.D.    1850-1863),    by    the    Irish    flying    to 

America,  as  a  shii?  freed  from  a  plague  of  stinking  rats,  341. 
RATES  OF  LAND, 

By  the  Acts  of  Subscription,  called  the  Act  Rates,  1,000  acres 

plantation   measure    (equal   to    1,600    English    measure),    in 

Leinster   for  £600,   adventure  or  arrears ;   in  Munster,   for 

£450,  ditto;  in  Ulster,  for  £300,  ditto,  187. 
set  upon  the  several  counties  in  Leinster,  Munster,  and  Ulster, 

by  the  army,  213. 
of  certain  baronies  in  Leinster  and  Munster,  216-220. 
set  by  the  officers  of  a  troop  or  company,  on  the  several  seats, 

estates,  and  holdings  within  the  lot  of  the  troop  or  company, 

212,  220. 
REAPE-HOOKS  AND  RUBSTONES, 

implements  of  war  (witli  the  Bible)  amongst  the  English  forces 

in  Ireland,  78,  n. 
REBELLION  OF  23rd  OCTOBER,  1641, 

preceded,    not   by   40   years    of    peace    and    happiness,    but    of 

misery,  49-51. 
breaks  out  under  Sir  Phelim  O'Neil  in  Ulster,  55. 
terror  of  the  planters,  56. 
no  cock  heard   to   crow,   nor  dog  to  bark,   for  the  first  three 

nights,    ib. 
RECUSANTS, 

fined  in  January,    1616,   for   "  refusing  "    to   attend   the   Pro- 
testant service,  51. 
fines  in  county   of  Cavan   alone  amounted   to   £8,000  in   1616, 

ib.,  n. 


INDEX   OF    SUBJECTS.  483 

RECUSANTS— coniintterf. 

penalties  on  obstinate  juries  for  refusing  to  ''  present  "  their 
co-religionists   for  fines   in   one   term   in   1616   amounted   to 
£16,000,    ib. 
RELIGION, 

provincials  alwaj^s  more  stupidly  religious  than  people  at  head- 
quarters, 141. 
REYNOLDS,  SIR  JOHN, 

he    and    the    Lord    Henry    Cromwell    marry    daughters    of    Sir 
Francis  Russell,  of  Chippenham,  in  Cambridgeshire,  198,  n. 
being  drowned  at  sea,  his  debenture  lands  considered  per- 
sonalty, for  want  of  certificate  of  possession,  ib. 
RICHARDS,  COLONEL  SOLOMON, 

prosecutes    Captain    Williamson    for    suspicion    of    fornication 
committed  with  a  woman  of  the  county  of  Tipperary  during 
his  time  of  service  there,  233,  n. 
ROCHE,  JORDAN, 

his  three  daughters  reduced  from  a  landed  estate  of  £2,000  a 
year  to  nothing  to  live  on  but  what  they  could  earn  by  their 
needles  and  washing  and  wringing,  339. 
ROCHE   (OF   FERMOY),   MAURICE,   VISCOUNT, 

his  grandfather  had  three  sons  slain  in  Tyrone's  wars,  fighting 

for  the  Queen,  182. 
"But  what  if   the   Spaniards   come?"      "Then   trust  not  me, 

nor  Lord  Barry,  or  Roche,"  183. 
liis  wife  unjustly  hanged  for  murder,  ib. 

Colonel  Widnam,   one  of  the  Munster  revolters,   gets   Castle- 
to  wnroche,   193. 
his  (Lord  Roche's)  petition  (18th  March,  1661),  362. 
has  to  travel  to  The  Owles  on  foot,  184. 
one  of  his  four  daughters  dies  of  want,  ib. 
SALLEE  ROVERS, 

originate  amongst  the  Moors  expelled  from  Andalusia  in  1610, 

in  hatred  of  the  injustice  of  the  Christians,  357. 
Nicholas  Langton,  of  Kilkenny,  captured  and  enslaved  by,  289. 
SANKEY,    SIR   HIEROME, 

charges  Dr.  Petty  with  withdrawing  the  Liberties  of  Limerick 

from  the  officers,   237. 
his   unhandsome   dealings   with   his   soldiers   in   the   matter   of 
Lismalin  Park  (late  Lord  Ikerrin's),  182. 
SATISFACTION,  ACT  OF,  OF  26th  SEPTEMBER,   1653, 
its  chief  provisions  and  general  scope,  93-95. 


484  INDEX   OF    SUBJECTS. 

"  SATURDAY  REVIEW,"   THE, 

on  the  exodus  as  of  "  demons  of  assassination  and  mui'der," 
59,  n. 
SAXONS, 

the  land  hunger,  peculiar  to  their  race,  5. 

pen  up  the  relics  of  the  Britons  behind  the  Severn,  ib. 

as  their  descendants  did  the  Irish  behind  the  Sliannon,  ib. 
SCOTCH,   THE, 

the  puritan  leaders  invite  the  Scotch  rebels  to  invade  England, 
51. 

the  first  of  the  three  nations  to  rebel,  ib. 

the  rebel  army  of  Scotch  stand  bj'  on  English  soil  to  see  Straf- 
ford executed,  53. 

massacre  of  Irishwomen  by  the  Scotch  forces  at  Newry,  69. 

a  free-born  people,   unlike  the  slavish  English,   and  won  with 
courtesies,  136. 

basely  sell  their  native  king,  who  fled  to  them  for  protection, 
for  £30,000,  to  his  murderers,  138. 
SECTS, 

"  maggots,"  in  Dr.  Petty 's  opinion,  "  in  the  guts  of  the  Com- 
monwealth," and  "  the  gathering  of  churches  the  listing  of 
soldiers,"  205. 
SETTLEMENT, 

meaning  of  the  term.  Preface. 

Cromwellian,   Restoration,   and  Revolution   of  Settlements  ex- 
plained, ib. 

the    Cromwellian    Settlement    the    foundation    of    the    present 
Landed  Settlement,  ib. 

Act  of  Settlement  of  1662  unintelligible  without  a  knowledge 
of  the  Cromwellian  Acts  of  Settlement  and  Confiscation,  ib. 
SETTLEMENT  OF  ULSTER, 

King  James  I.  attempts  to  introduce  the  Feudal  system,  42. 
promises  (1607)  each  man  his  land,  43. 

next  year's  confiscates  all,   ib. 

details  of  the  Settlement,  44,  45 
SHERLOCK,  SIR  THOMAS, 

turned  out  of  his  castle  of  Btitlerstown,  near  Waterford,  by  the 
Irish  (Easter,  1642),  for  refusing  to  join  them,  275. 

left  standing  in  a  red  cap  and  green  mantle  in  slippers,  he  and 
his  wife  and  children  being  stript  of  all,  ib. 

flies  to  Dublin  by  night  in  a  bare  suit  and  mantle,  ib. 

is  oi-dered  (in  1647)  to  quit  Dublin,  being  a  Papist,  ib. 


INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS.  485 

SHERLOCK,  SIR  TUOM AS^continued. 

though  pitied  by  Cromwell,  and  protected  by  Charles  II.  at 
Restoration,  dies  broken-hearted,  and  is  buried  as  a 
pauper,  ib. 

SLIGO,  THE  TOWN  OF, 

proposals  in  1655  for  planting  it  with  families  from  New  Eng- 
land,  120. 

Oyster  Island  and  Coney  Island,  adjacent  to,  reserved  for  their 
use,   249. 

SOLDIERS,  IRISH, 

Prince  of  Orange  declai-ed  the  Irish  were  born  soldiers,  87. 

Sir  John  Norris,  a  General  of  Queen  Elizabeth's,  and  who  had 
served  in  many  armies  and  countries,  was  wont  to  say, 
that  there  were  fewer  fools  and  cowards  there  than  in  any 
other  kingdom,    87. 

SOLDIERS  OF  CROMWELL'S  ARMY  {see  also  Debentubes). 
in  1646,  mutinous  at  being  ordered  to  Ireland,  227. 
"  If  Old  Noll  (December,  1648),  or  any  man  of  gallantry  accept 

of  the  brigade,  he  cannot  want  men  or  money,"  ib. 
not  so  anxious  to  be  paid  their  arrears  in  land  as  the  officers, 

230. 
it  was  with  the  officers  that  the  scheme  originated,  231. 
cheated  by  their  officers,  234. 
in  1649,  fourteen  regiments,  after  a  solemn  seeking  of  God  by 

prayer,  try  which  should  go  to  Ireland  by  lots  drawn  from 

a  hat  by  a  child,  227. 
set   down   (in   September,    1655),   in   their  enemies'    fields    Lliat 

they  planted  not,  and  houses  they  builded  not,  230. 
Fleetwood  gives  them  his  blessing,  229. 
prays  that  they  be  kept  from  the  sins  for  which  the  Irish  lost 

their  lands  to  them,  224. 
found   in    Ireland    no   beer,    no   cheese ;   had    no    ploughs,    nor 

horses,  nor  money  to  buy  them,  which  renders  them  loth  to 

become  planters,  231. 
for  any  amours  with  Irish  girls,  they  are  severely  flogged,  232. 
sentences  of  courts  martial  on  different  soldiers  for  fornication. 

ib.,  n. 
if,  after  being  disbanded,  they  married  any  of  these  attractive 

but    "  idolatrous  "    daughters    of    Erin,    they    must    march 

after  them  to  Connaught,  234. 
are  forbidden  to  take  Irish  girls  to  wife,  even  tiiough  they  be 


486  INDEX   OF    SUBJECTS. 

SOLDIERS  OF  CROMWELL'S  ABMY—continued. 

"  converts,"  unless  tht  q;irls  pass  an  examination  before  ii 
board  of  military  saints  ./ito  the  state  of  their  hearts,   to 
try  if  their  conversion  be  a  real  work  of  God  upon  their 
hearts,  or  that  they  only  so  pretend  (as  is  to  be  feared)  for 
carnal  ends,  233. 
taking  Irish   girls  to  wife  are  to  be  reduced — if  dragoons,   to 
foot  soldiers  ;  if  foot  soldiers,  to  ijionet-rs,  without  hope  in 
either  case  of  iDromotion,  233. 
whole   troops   and   companies   assign   their   debentures   to   their 
officers,  222. 
deed  of  assignment  of  their  debentures  by  36  soldiers  of  Colonel 
Daniel  Axtell's  regiment  to  Arnold  Thomas,   their  ensign, 
222,  n. 
the  many   traditionary   stories   in   Ireland,   like   that   of   "  The 
white  horse  of  the  Peppers,"  that  such  and  such  an  estate 
was  given  for  a  white  horse,  are  founded  on  fact,  and  are 
sometimes  probably  true,  235. 
lines     in     "  The    Moderate     Cavalier,"     describing    how     they 
"  were,   by  their  commanders,   choused  of  their  lands  and 
packed  away  to  Flanders,"  &c.,  262. 
SPAIN, 

instead   of  40,000  Irish   transported   thither,    "  we   could   wish 
the  whole  nation  there,"  89. 
SPENSER,  EDMUND, 

Secretary  to  Lord  Grey  de  Wilton,  Lord  Deputy  of  Ireland,  75. 
approved  of  his  mode  of  war,  which  reduced  the  Irish  to  eat 

dead  corpses  out  of  the  graves,  76. 
recommends  this  warfare  to  Lord  Essex,  ib. 
is  liated  by  the  Irish  for  his  deadly  enmity  to  them,  116. 
his  castle   (confiscated  from  the  Fitzgeralds)  burned,  with  his 

infant  son,  117. 
driven  out,  and  dies  in  darkness  in  lodgings  in  London,  ib. 
was    for    transplanting   the    Irish,     and   his    grandson    is    now 

ordered  to  transplant  as  "  Irish,"  117. 
his  petition  against  being  transplanted,  ib.,  n. 

STRAFFORD,  EARL  OF, 

his  confiscation  of  Connaught  was  with  a  view  to  a  noble  Eng- 
lish Plantation  there,  48. 

intends  to  take  one-half  of  the  lands  of  the  Old  English,  ib. 

proposed  to  line  the  Old  English  "  thoroughly  "  with  Pro- 
testants,  i.b. 


INDEX   OF    SUBJECTS.  487 

STRINGS  OF  CONTIGUITY, 

land  aiTanged  in  a  fixed  sequence,  called  a  file  or  string  of  con- 
tiguity, and  the  sequence  of  setting  down  ascertained  by 
lot,  208. 

omitted  by  the  Adventurers,  but  supplied  in  the  re-survey  of 
their  lands  by  Dr.  Petty,  244. 

"  of  Ensign  Thomas's  lot  "    (properly  of  Col.   Stephen's  Regi- 
ment), 208,  n. 
SURVEY,  THE  CIVIL, 

was  the  report  of  commissioners  upon  evidence  taken  in  the 
country  of  the  quantity  and  value  of  the  lands  forfeited  or 
in  the  disposal  of  the  Government,  201. 

specimen    of,    to    be    found    printed    in    "  Desiderata    Curiosa 
Hibernica  "   (vol.   ii.,   203). 
SURVEY,  LORD  STRAFFORD'S,  OF  CONNAUGHT, 

maps  made  by  his  order  in  1637,  when  an  English  Plantation 
was  intended  there,   204. 

enabled  the  Government,  in  1654,  to  set  down  the  transplanted 
more  easily,   ib. 
SURVEY,  THE  DOWN, 

articles  of  agreement  for,  with  Dr.  W.  Pettj',  signed  on  11th 
December,  1654,  after  a  solemn  seeking  of  God  by  Col. 
Thomlinson  for  a  blessing  upon  conclusion  of  so  great  a 
business,   204. 

eight   English   surveyors   of,    seized   by    "  Blind   Donogh,"    the 
Tory,   and  carried   into  the   woods,   and  tried  by   him,   and 
executed  as  accessories  to  a  gigantic  robbery,  206. 
SWANLEY,   CAPTAIN, 

made  trial  if  an  Irish  cavalier  could  swim  without  hands,  67. 

ties  seventy  of  the  King's  Irish  soldiers  back  to  back,  and 
drowns  them,  67. 

but  this  is  no  murder,  ib. 

makes  those  who  would  not  take  the  covenant  take  the  water, 
with  their  heads  downward,  67. 
SWORDSMEN, 

departure  of  40,000.  86. 

for  King  of  Spain,  87. 

for  King  of  Poland,  ib. 

for  Prince  de  Conde,  ib. 
"  SWORDSMEN  AND  PROPRIETORS.  ■ 

to  transplant, 

who    "  swordmen,"    101,    130. 

who   "  proprietors,"    130. 


488  INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS. 

TALBOT,  JOHN,  OF  MALAHIDE  CASTLE, 

ancestor   of  Lord   Talbot  de   Malahide,    turned   out  for   Chief 

Baron  Corbet,  and  transplanted,  108. 
gets  liberty  to  return  to  Leinster  to  make  sale  of  his  crop,  on 
'  condition  to  return  to  Connaught,  ib. 

TALBOT,  THE  LADY  MARGARET, 

"  being  an  Englishwoman,"  obtains  an  order  from  the  Council 
for   additional   lands   in   Connaught,    and   is   given    £20   to 
enable  her  to  return  to  her  husband  and  children  there,  67. 
THURLES,   VISCOUNTESS, 

the  mother  of  the  Earl  of  Ormond,   thrust  out  of  her  dower 

lands  by  the  Adventurers,  as  being  an  Irish  Papist,  254. 
ordered  to  transplant  to  Connaught,  ib. 
establishes  much  good   affection,   but  fails  to  prove  Constant 

good  affection  to  the  Parliament  of  England,  ib. 
notwithstanding    that    she    was    an    Englishwoman,    and    gave 
relief  and  shelter  to  Major  Peisley  and  his  officers  and  men, 
ib. 
TILLAGE, 

officers  and  soldiers  encouraged  to  till  round  their  posts  because 

of  scarcity  in  1651,   80. 
Irish   promised   their   crop   if   they   will   come   down   from   the 
mountains,  and  till  in  1651,  ib. 
"  TIMES,"  THE, 

on  the  flight  of  the  stinking  Irish  rats,  341. 
on  the  Irish  being  a  race  with  an  innate  taste  for  conspiracy 
and  manslaughter,  59,  n. 
TIMOLIN,  COUNTY  OF  KILDARE, 

sad  case  of  a  republican  soldier  and  his  son  murdered  there  by 
bloodthirsty    Tories    while    repairing    for    themselves    the 
deserted  house  of  some  transplanted  gentleman,  337. 
TIPPERARY,   COUNTY  OF, 

"  man  of,  has  a  heart  as  big  as  a  bull's,  and  to  foes  as  fierce; 

but  to  woman  or  friend,  tender  as  a  thrush's,"  1,  n. 
hurling  in,  in  1778,  12. 
some  fair  girl,  the  prize  of  the  winner,  ib. 

left  desolate  by  the  Transplantation,  and  four  fit  and  knowing 
persons  of  the  Irish  nation  sent  back  to  show  the  bounds  of 
estates  to  Dr.  Petty's  surveyors,  202,  n. 
TORIES,  PRIESTS,  AND  AVOLVES, 

"  the    tliree     burdensome     beasts,     on     whose     heads    wee    lay 
rewards,"   308. 


INDEX   OF.  SUBJECTS.  489 

TORIES, 

bands  of  men  who  retired  to  the  wilds  rather  than  transplant, 

and,  headed  by  some  dispossessed  gentlemen,   attacked  the 

Cromwellian  planters,   340. 
the  term  Tory  first  used  in  a  Proclamation  by  Ormonde,  dated 

25th  Sept.,  1650,  333,  n. 
only  rob  the  robbers,  333. 

the  plunderers  lead  the  plundered  to  the  gallows,   ib. 
murder   of   eight   English    surveyors   of   the   Down    Survey   by 

Blind  Donogh,  206. 
Captain  Adam  Loftus  receives   £20  (1657),   for  taking  Daniel 

Kennedy,   an   Irish  Tory,   whose  head   is  set  up  on  Carlow 

Castle,  343. 
kindred  of  Tories  in  a  baronj-  bound  to  repair  losses  of  English 

by  the  Tories,  under  the  law  of  Kincogish,  334. 
if  the  kindred  were  too  poor,   or  undiscoverable,   then  all  the 

Irish  of  tlie  barony,   or  of  any  barony  through  which  the 

robbers  passed,   335. 
arms   and   ammunition   occasionally   intrusted   to    Irishmen    to 

hunt  and  kill  Tories,  345. 
may  have  often  shot  innocent  Irish,  but  they  could  not  shoot 

amiss  so  as  they  shot  somebody,  and  no  great  loss  if  some- 
body shot  them,  ib. 
twenty  Irish  employed  (1659),  with  guns  and  ammunition,  into 

the  counties  of  Carlow  and  Kilkenny  for  three  months  to 

kill  Tories,  345. 
Major  Charles   Kavenagh   (1656)   dispensed   from   Transplanta- 
tion,   and   placed   with    thirteen   chosen   Irish    in   a   ruined 

castle  in  the  county  of  Carlow  to  kill  Tories,  345. 
murders  by,  at  Lackagh,  in  county  of  Kildare,  338. 
at  Timolin,  in  same  county,  337. 
Lieutenant  Francis  Rowlestone  receives  £6  13s.  4d.,  for  killing 

Lieutenant  Henry  Archer,   a  chief  or  leading  Tory,  whose 

head  is  brought  to  Kilkenny,  343. 
rewards  (in  1655),  for  the  heads  of  Donnogh  ©'Derrick,  called 

"Blind  Donnogh,"  £30;  of  Dermot  Ryan,  £20;  of  James 

Leigh,  £5;  of  Laughlin  Kelly,  £5,  337. 
Lieutenant  Francis  Rowlestone  employed  to  deal  with  Gerald 

Kinshelagh,  "  a  leading  Tory,"  to  murder  his  fellow-Tories, 

345. 
dispossessed  Irish  gentlemen  dwelling  in  the  Avoods,  wilds,  and 

bogs,  and  supporting  themselves  (A.D.  1660-1710)  by  tory- 

ing  and  "  coshering  "  on  their  tenants  and  followers,  350. 


400  INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS. 

TORIES — continued. 

Col.  Poer,  in  Munster ;  Col.  Coughlan,  in  Leinster ;  and  Red- 
mond O'Hanlon,  in  Ulster,  distinguished  Tories  (1660-80), 
352. 

any  Tory  murdering  two  brother  Tories,  entitled  (by  7  Will.  3, 
c.  21)  to  his  own  pardon,  349. 

this  law  only  expired  A.D.  1776,  351. 

Ballad  about  Tory  hunting,  beginning — "Ho!  brother  Teig, 
what   is  your   story?"   350. 

where    mvirder    committed    by    Tories,    and    the    criminals    not 
found,  four  Irish  Papists  of  the  neighbourhood  to  be  seized, 
imprisoned,    and    if    the    culprits    not    made    amenable    in 
twenty-eight  days,   to  be  transported,   338. 
TOWNS, 

of  Ireland  built  by  Danes  and  English,  50,  272. 

Irish  originally  forbidden  to  inhabit  them,  30,  285. 

called  by  Sir  Henry  Sidney  "  the  Queen's  unpaid  garrisons," 
ib. 

all  towns  in  Ireland  ordered  to  be  cleared  of  Irish,  272,  284. 

the  Old  English  of,  remain  faithful  to  England,  in  Dublin, 
Drogheda,  Cork,  Kinsale,  and  Youghal,  273. 

all  habitations  of  the  Irish  destroyed  within  a  circle  of  two 
miles  of  any  town  (April,  1651),  and  residence  there,  death, 
276. 

clearing  of  Kilkenny,  285. 
of  Waterford,  285. 
of  Galway,  302. 

the  officers  connive  at  the  stay  of  many  of  the  trading  inhabi- 
tants for  their  utility,  277,  278. 

Colonel  Sadleir,  being  engaged  in  clearing  Wexford  in  1654, 
according  to  the  Proclamation,  desires  to  know  How  many 
packers  and  gillers  of  herrings  are  to  be  allowed  to  stay  ? 
How  many  coopers  ?  What  shall  be  done  with  Irishwomen 
married  to  English?   119. 

Proclamation  for  clearing  the  towns  of  Irish,  sent  by  the  Coun- 
cil to  England  as  an  encouragement  to  the  English  to  come 
over,   284. 

general  arrest  (31st  December,  1656)  of  all  transplantables  in 
towns,  in  order  to  their  being  tried  and  transported,  ib. 

shipping  for  them  secured  at  Galway  to  carry  them  to  Barba- 
does,  145. 

the  Irish  being  driven  out,  some  of  the  towns  in  1644  fall  into 
ruins,   283. 


INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS.  491 

TOWNS— continued. 

3,000  good  houses  in  Cork,  and  as  many  in  Youghal,  for  want 
of  inhabitants,   fall  down   (1647),   ib. 

wolves  hnnted  (1652)  in  the  suburbs  of  Dublin,  284. 
TOWNS',    SEAPORT, 

Limerick,  with  12,000  acres,  offered  for  sale  14th  Jiily,  1643, 
by  the  Parliament  to  English  and  foreign  merchants,  for 
£30,000  fine,  and  a  rent  of  £625;  Waterford,  with  1,500 
acres,  at  same  fine  and  rent ;  Galway,  with  10,000  acres,  for 
£7,500  fine,  and  £520  rent;  Wexford,  with  6,000  acres,  for 
£5,000  fine,  and  £156  4s.  4d.  rent,  272. 

of  Limerick,  Waterford,  Galway,  and  W^exford  offered  for  sale 
by  the  Parliament  of  England  to  English  and  foreign  Pro- 
testant merchants  on  14tli  July,  1643,  while  still  in  posses- 
sion of  the  Irish,  272. 
TRANSPLANTATION, 

proclaimed  by  sound  of  trumpet  and  "  beate  of  drum,"  96. 

the  nobility  and  gentry  especially  requiretl  to  transplant,  98. 

the  common  people  spared,  and  why,  ib. 

husbandmen  and  labourers  not  possessed  of  ten  pounds'  value 
excepted  from,  96,  n. 

in  order  that  the  transplanted  nobility  and  gentry,  without 
them,  shall  become  peasants,  or  starve,  98. 

order  of  15th  October,  1653,  for  heads  of  families  to  proceed  to 
Connaught  to  i:)repare  huts  for  their  wives  and  children,  104. 
TRANSPLANTERS'   CERTIFICATES, 

to  describe  their  families,  friends,  and  termnts  who  intend  to 
bear  them  company  to  Connaught,  104. 

their  stock  and  crop  in  ground,  ib. 

remonstrances  of  the  inhabitants  of  Ireland  against  being 
transplanted,    106. 

the  petitioners  are  the  highest  in  the  land,  ib. 

the  Irish  ordered  to  transplant  in  the  winter  time,  102. 

the  nation,  panic  struck,  are  about  to  abandon  tlie  tillage  of  the 
land,  ib. 

fourteen  certificates  given  in  the  Appendix,   308-376. 

"  hard  work  to  put  in  practice,  whatever  you  in  England  may 
imagine,"    118. 

asked  how  many  gillers  and  packers  of  herrings  may  stay  in 
Wexford,  119. 

"  whether  men  marrying  transplantable  widows  are  themselves 
transplantable?"   120. 

answered,  130. 


492  INDEX  OF    SUBJECTS. 

TRANSPLANTATION,  DIFFICULTY  OF, 

Commissioners  of  the  Parliament  of  England  in  Ireland  feel 
they  have  not  strength  nor  wisdom  for  so  great  a  work, 
103. 

"  the  children  are  now  come  to  the  birth,  but  there  is  no 
strength  to  bring  forth,"   ib. 

because  of  difficulty  of,  officers  of  the  army  are  to  lift  up 
prayers  with  strong  crying  and  tears  to  Him  to  whom 
nothing  is  too  hard,  that  His  servants,  whom  He  has  called 
forth  in  this  day  to  act  in  these  great  transactions,  might 
be  carried  on  by  His  own  outstretched  arm,  ib. 
TRANSPLANTERS, 

"  The  men  gone  to  prepare  new  habitations  in  Connaught 
(Dec,  1654);  wives  and  children  are  packing  away  after 
them  apace.     All  will  be  gone  by  1st  March,  1655,"  127. 

the  earliest  of  the  transiilanters  set  down  in  the  barony  of 
Burren,  where  there  is  "  not  wood  enough  to  hang  a  man, 
water  enough  to  drown  him,  or  earth  enough  to  bury  him," 
121. 

the  coming  transplanters  scared,  like  beasts  driven  too  sud- 
denly to  a  slaughter-yard,   121 

their  condition  in  Connaught,    146-155. 

many  peers  of  the  realm  buried  in  smoky  cabins,  and  starved 
to  death,  with  their  wives  and  children,  in  Connaught,  155. 

in  1660,  said,  in  England,  to  be  up  in  arms  when  they  were  up 
in  prison,  289. 

ordered  back  (10th  December,  1661),  301. 
TRANSPLANTATION, 

the  descendants  of  those  who  urged  the  Transplantation  in 
Henry  VIII. 's  time  are  now  to  transplant,  106. 

Irish  who  are  collectors  of  assessment  to  be  watched  lest  they 
escape  to  Connaught  without  accompting,   118. 

Gookin  objects  to  it  that  the  soldiers  have  need  of  the  Irish, 
138. 

the  Irish  women  skilled  in  dressing  hemp  and  flax,  and  in 
making  woollen  cloth  ;  the  men  good  masons,  138. 

"  Irish  have  ('tis  strange)  as  great  resentment  against  it  as 
even  against  death  itself  "  (Gookin),  140. 

"  supposing  they  should  have  a  dram  of  rebellious  blood  in 
them,  or  be  sullen,  and  not  go,"   ib. 

"  will  a  whole  nation  drive  like  geese  at  the  wagging  of  a  hat 
upon  a  stick?"    (Gookin),   ib. 

reasons  for,  given  in  the  petition  of  the  officers  of  the  precincts 


INDEX   OF    SUBJECTS.  493 

TRANSPLANTATION— CO  n  f  /  nuerf. 

of   Dublin,    Carlow,    Wexford,    and   Kilkenny,    in   behalf   of 

themselves,  their  soldiers,  &c.,  142. 
Saints  seek  the  Lord  together  (by  order  of  Commissioners  of 

Parliament)  for  direction  in  this  work  (Lawrence),   144. 
they    never    objected    to    it,    though    very    many    godly    and 

judicious  persons  complained  of  its  slow  pace  (id.),  ib. 
not  as  a  punishment  for  blood,   99. 
to   spare    the   new   proprietor's    feelings    at    the    sight    of    the 

miser j^  of  the  former  owner,  ib. 
hated  by  the  Irish  becaiise  it  destroyed  their  national  interest, 

and  cut  off  their  hope  of  ever  recovering  their  lost  ground 

(Lawrence),    144. 
and  because  they  foresaw,  perhaps,  that  the  Connaught  pro- 
prietors might  bid  them  such  welcome   as   they  would  bid 

the  Soldier  or  Adventurer  on  their  lands  (id.),  ib. 
had  left  the  county  of  Tipperary  so  desolate,  that  no  inhabitant 

of  the  Irish  nation  that  knew  the  country  was  left  to  show 

the  bounds  of  estates  to  Dr.  Petty's  surveyors,  202. 
four  fit  persons  sent  back  from  Connaught  for  this  purpose,  ib. 
it   is   found   to   require   a   little   hanging   to   make    the   gentry 

transplant,  133. 
the  officers   "  are  tender  of  hanging  any  of  the  Irish  proprie- 
tors but  leading  men ;  but  they  are  resolved  to  seize  and 

fill  the  gaols  with  them,   by  which  the  bloody  people  will 

know   that   they    (the    officers)    are    not   degenerated    from 

English  principles,"   128. 
"  We  shall  have  no  scruple  in  sending  them  to  the  West  Indies 

to  help  to  plant  the  plantation  that  General  Venables,  it  is 

hoped,  hath  reduced,"  129. 
Daniel  Fitzpatrick  and  another  sentenced  to  be  hanged  (A.D. 

1655)   for  not  transplanting,   133. 
Mr.     Edward    Hetherington,     of    Kilnemanagh,     hanged    with 

placards    on    his    breast    and    back    inscribed — "  For    not 

transplanting,"   ib. 
children,   grandchildren,   brothers,   nephews,   uncles,   and   next 

heirs,   transplanted,   to  ease  the  fears  of  the  Adventurers 

and  Soldiers,   326,   n. 
Standing  Committee  appointed  1st  August,  1653,  consisting  of 

Roger    Lord    Rroghill,    Hierome    Sankey,    Colonel    Richard 

Lawrence,    and  others,    147. 
transplanters  inhabiting  within  ten  miles  of  the  Shannon  on 

this  side,  not  to  be  set  down  within  ten  miles  of  the  other, 

148. 


494  INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS. 

TRANSPLANTATION— con^in/ued. 

Sir  C.  Coote,  Major  Ormsby,  and  others,  take  lands  in  Con- 
naught,    diminishing   the   fund   for   transplanters,    163. 

the  whole  inhabitants  of  no  one  county  to  be  set  down  together 
in  Connaught,  148. 

the  several  septs  or  clans  to  be  set  down  dispersed,  ib. 

transplanted  Irish  of  English  descent  to  be  kept  separate  from 
the  Irish,  ib. 

Sir  Charles  Coote's  scheme  for  assigning  certain  baronies  in 
Connaught  for  the  abode  of  the  inhabitants  of  certain 
counties,  respectively,  the  selection  being  made  on  the 
ground  of  the  supposed  resemblance  of  the  baronies  to  the 
counties  whence  the  families  removed,  160,  161. 

ordered  to  be  searched  for  in  Dublin  (1656),  and  arrested,  in 
order  that  their  houses  may  be  given  to  new-arrived  Eng- 
lish, 282. 

general  arrests  in  towns,  and  transportation  of  them  to  Bar- 
badoes,   283. 
TRANSPLANTERS, 

rule  for  setting  out  land  to,  for  stock  of  cattle,  105. 

their   wives    and    children   watching    their    crop,    during    their 
absence  in   Connaught,   turned  out  of  their  houses  by   the 
disbanded   soldiery,    109. 
TRANSPLANTABLE  PERSONS, 

general  arrest  of  all  not  transplanted  (order  of  19th  March, 
1655),   129. 
TRIMLESTON, 

Lord  Baron  of.  Sir  Richard  Barnewall,  Mr.  Patrick  Netter- 
ville,  and  others  (Kilkenny  submittees),  require  a  pass 
from  the  suburbs  of  Athlone  over  the  bridge  to  attend  their 
business  in  the  town,   116. 

Cusack,  Lord  Trimleston's  brother-in-law,  tenant  of  his  manor 
under  Mrs.  Bayley,  betrays  the  possession  to  him,  114. 

his  grave  in  the  ruined  Abbey  of  Kilconnell,  with  the  epitaph, 
"  Here  lies  Mathew  Lord  Baron  of  Trimleston,  one  of  the 
transplanted,"   186. 
TRUMPET,  THE  FIRST, 

on  11th  October,  1652,  commands  the  Irish  nation  to  get  ready 
to  take  up  their  residence  wherever  the  Parliament  of  Eng- 
land  should   direct,    96. 
TRUMPET,  THE  SECOND, 

with  the  doom  of  the  Irish  nation,  on  26th  September,  1653, 
101. 


INDEX   OF    SUBJECTS.  495 

TRUMPET,  THE  SECOND— continued. 

Irish  to  transplant  to  Connauglit  before  1st  May,  1654,  ib. 
ULSTER,   PLANTATION  OF— 42,  45. 
USSHER,  ARCHBISHOP, 

knew  of  women  to  lie  in  wait  for  a  rider,  and  drag  him  down, 
to  eat  his  hor.se  like  famished  wolves,  77. 
VANDALS, 

injustice   to   them   to   equal   them   with    the    English    of    1652, 
Preface. 

WAR,  ENGLISH  METHOD  OF, 
in  Ireland,   75. 

Spenser's  description  of,  in  Munster,  in  1580,  76. 
recommends  it  for  Ulster,  76. 
country  wasted  till  man  and  beast  died,   ib. 
children  killed  for  food,  77. 
Archbishop     Ussher     knew     women     to     drag     a     rider     from 

his  horse  to  devour  it,   ib. 
difficulties  of,  in  Ireland ;  islands  in  bogs,  secure  fortresses  to 

Irish,  nearly  inaccessible,  and  whence  they  could  escape  at 

pleasure,  79. 
WATERFORD, 

(among   other   seaports),   with   1,500   acres   contiguous,   offered 

for  sale  by  Parliament  in  July,  1643,  to  English  and  foreign 

merchants,  for  £30,000  fine  and   £'625  rent  payable  to  the 

State,   272. 
the   Danish   inhabitants,    driven   out   by   the   English    in   1172, 

found  the  Ostniantown  of  Waterford,  296. 
the  city  English,  and  "  of  unspotted  loyalty,"  298. 
the  inhabitants  banished  (1650),  and  a  regiment  of  1,200  Eng- 
lish ordered  by  Ireton  to  be  raised  to  repeople  it,  298. 
in    1660    the    banished    merchants    petition    from    St.    Malos, 

Cadiz,  itc,  to  be  at  liberty  to  return  with  their  capital  and 

skill,  299. 
would   render   it   as   flourishing   as   ever,    and    second   only    to 

Dublin,  300. 
they  excel  all  their  predecessors  in  skill,  and  equal  lliose  of  all 

Ireland  put  together,  299. 
WIDOWS  AND  ORPHANS,   AND  THE  DESTITUTE, 
seized  and  sent  to  the  Barbadoes,  88. 
the  men  and  boys  for  bondmen,  ib. 
the  girls  for  companions  for  the  planters,   instead  of  Maroon 

women  and  Negresses,   ib. 


496  INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS. 

WIDOWS,  ETC.— continued. 

Bristol  merchants  deal  witli  the  Government  for  supplies  cf 
them,    ib. 

Sellick,  and  Leader,  and  Robert  Yeomans,  some  of  the  con- 
tractors,   ib. 

Broghill,  afterwards  Earl  of  Orrery,  undertakes  to  find 
crowds,  in  the  County  of  Cork  alone,  91. 

2,000  boys  and  1,000  girls,  "  Irish  wenches  "  (the  latter  seized 
by  force  by  order  of  H.  Cromwell),  sent  by  Gal  way  for  the 
use  of  1,500  soldier  planters,  92. 
WIDOWS,  IRISH,  OF  ENGLISH  EXTRACT, 

Commissioners  are  asked  to  define  what  they  mean  by?  120. 

are  to  be  set  down  in  the  four  baronies  of  Ballintobber, 
TuUa,   and  Bunratty,   163. 

Ballintobber   afterwards  withdrawn   from  them,   ib. 
WIVES  AND  YOUNG  CHILDREN  OF  TRANSPLANTERS, 

in  the  absence  of  their  protectors  away  in  Connaught  building 
huts  for  them,  are  turned  out  while  watching  their  last 
crop,  without  being  given  a  cabin  to  shelter  in,  or  grass  for 
a  cow,  109. 

WOLVES,  PRIESTS,   AND  TORIES, 

"  the    three    burdensome   beasts    on    whose   heads    we    lay   re- 
wards," 308. 
WOLF  DOGS, 

and  hawks  of  Ireland,  of  old,  fit  presents  for  kings,  309. 

taken  from  the  officers  departing  (1654)  for  Spain,  on  account 
of  the  plague  of  wolves,  ib. 
WOLVES, 

public  hunt  for,  ordered  in  the  suburbs  of  Dublin,  1652,  284. 

inci'ease  upon  the  English,  from  exterminating  the  Irish  too 
rapidly,  contrary  to  the  wise  injunction  of  Jehovah  in  the 
case  of  the  killing  of  all  the  Canaanites  by  the  Jews,  309. 

public  hunts  organized,  and  deer  toil  brought  from  England,  ib. 

increase  of,  charged  by  Cromwell  (conqueror's  logic)  on  the 
priests,  310. 

rewards  for  the  head  of  a  bitch  wolf,  £6  ;  of  a  dog  wolf,  £5 ; 
of  every  cub  that  preyeth  by  himself,  40  shillings — of  every 
sucking  cub,   10  shillings,   ib. 

lands  near  Dublin  (1653)  leased  by  the  State,  on  condition  of 
lessee's  keeping  two  packs  of  wolf  hounds — one  at  Dublin, 
the  other  at  Dunboyne,  and  yielding  a  certain  number  of 
wolf  heads,  311. 


INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS.  497 

YOUGHAL, 

ancient  (English)  inhabitants  driven  out  by  the  English  rebels 

in  1644,  283. 
3,000  deserted  houses  there  pulled  down  by  the  English  soldiery 

for  firing,  ib. 
the  clearing  of  (A.D.   1649)  witnessed  and  described  by  Lady 

Fanshawe,   288. 


M2 


INDEX  OF  NAMES 


Figures  within  Parentheses. 

The  figures  within  parentheses  refer  to  the  Lists  of  the  Adven- 
turers for  the  Land  and  Sea  Services,  and  give  the  number 
attached  to  the  Adventurer,   and  his  subscription  in  that  Series. 

Figures  not  so  distinguished. 

The  figures  not  so  distinguished  refer  to  the  page  numbers  of  this 

vohime. 

Names  in  Italics. 
Names  in  Italics  signify  Authors  cited. 


Abbott,  Daniel,  199,  n.  :  216,  254, 

320. 
Acherly,  Roger,  54,  n. 
Adams,  Robert  (226). 

—  Thomas  (137). 

—  William  (15). 
Addys,  Thomas,  393. 
Agricola,  9. 
Ailston,  Joseph  (166). 
Ailster,    Penning    (164). 
Aitkins,   Alexander,   225,   n. 
Alcock,  Charles,  392. 

—  Thomas,  (422),  (1237). 

—  William    (185). 
Alexander,       Sir     Jerome,       265, 

266,  n. 
Alford,  James  (548). 
Alice,  Countess  of  Warwick,   18. 
Alithinologus  Eudonius,  110. 
AUand,  Captain,  218. 
Allen,  fFrancis  (676),  389. 

—  John  (248). 

—  Lady  Marv,  119. 

—  Richard,  394,  (811),  (1298). 

—  Toby  (981). 

—  Colonel  William,  271,  n. 

—  William,     397,      (478),      (801), 
(1245). 

—  William  and  Thomas  (599), 
Allenson,    Sir  William    (132). 
Allot,  Richard  (420). 


Allured,  John   (1182). 
Ally,   Samuel,  320. 
Almain,  Robert  de,  21,  n. 
Almery,   George   (162),   240,   n. 
Almond,  William  (193),  392,  394. 
Ames,  John  (352). 
Amyos,    John,    392 
Anderson,   Nathaniel  (267). 
Andrews,   Matthews    (839). 

—  Thomas  (155),  (1202),  240,  n. 
Anglesey,  Earl  of,  168. 
Annally,   Lord,   107. 

Annesly,  Mr.,  269. 
Anthony,   Edward   (989). 
Antigonus,  40,  n. 
Antrim,  Marquis  of,  54,  280. 
Arcliebold,  Stephen  (289). 
Archer,  Henry,  343. 

—  Mary,  111,  381. 

—  Thomas,  381. 

—  Walter,  293. 

Armine,  Sir  William  (1075). 
Arnold,   George   (1147). 
Arnop,  Colonel,  276. 
Arthur,  Dorothy,  224,  n. 

—  Dr.  Thomas,  279,  280,  n. 
Arundel],   Henry  (34). 

—  William  and  John  (36). 
Ash,   Matthew   (885). 

—  Edward,  395. 

—  Francis  (143). 


499 


500 


INDEX   OF    NAMES. 


Ash,  John  (3),  395. 

—  Symon  (847),  393. 
Ashley,   Sir  Anthony  (89). 

—  John  (490). 
Ashurst,  Henry   (418). 

—  Richard  (362). 
Ashton,  Michael  (798). 

—  Ralph  (1098). 
Ashwell,  William  (536). 
Atkins,  Benjamin,  396. 

—  John  (1126). 

—  Peter,  396. 

—  William  (1125). 
Atkinson,  Sir  George,  111. 

—  Lady  Margaret,  111. 
Audley,  Lord,  41,  n. 
Aunsley,  Edward  (831). 
Ausley,  Edward   (1312). 
Austin,      Edward,      or      Edmund 

(908). 

—  Edward,  397. 

—  George  (707). 
Austrey,  Elizabeth  (74). 
Avery,  Alderman,  386. 

—  Samuel,   240,  n. 
Avesnes,  Comte  d',  4. 

Axtel,  Colonel,  215,  216,  222,  n. ; 

223,   n.;   270,   291,  292,  n. 
Avres,  Thomas  (666),  240. 
Ayycough,  Sir  Edward  (109). 

Babb,  William  (262). 

Babington,  Abraham  (272),  (1216). 

—  Michael  (498). 

—  Thomas  (945). 

Bagnal,  Col.  Walter,  68.  288. 
Baily,  Thomas   (875). 
Baker,  John  (190). 

—  Katharine  (35). 

—  Mary  (1056). 
Balam, 'William  (199). 
Ball,  Samuel,  397. 

—  William  (439),  (673). 
Ballard,  John  (423). 

—  Thomas  (969). 

—  William  (393). 
Bamford,  Patrick  (607). 
Bancks,  Thomas  (717). 
Banks,  John  (396). 

Banister,  Benjamin  (745),  253,  n. 
Barber,  Mr.,  173. 

—  Chirurgeons  Co.  of  (188). 

—  Gabriel   (833). 

Barefoot,      Robert      (10),      (690), 
(1191). 


Barg,  Vincent  (1068). 
Barker,  Edward,  396. 

—  George  (100). 

Barker,  John  (125),  250,  n. 

—  Joseph  (552). 

—  Mrs.  Mary  (1133). 
Barker,  Thomas,  397. 

—  William  (637). 
Barnabye,  Abraham,  391. 
Barnard,   Dean,    77. 
Barnard,  Richard  (967). 
Barnardiston,   Sir  Nathaniel  (21). 

—  Thomas  (207),   (1209),  240,  n., 
393. 

Barnes,  James  (30). 
Barnwalls,   the,    106,    115. 
Barnewall,  of  Breymore,  209.  20. 

—  of  Turvey,  209,  n. 

—  Edmond,  322. 

—  George,  ib. 

—  John,   313,  n. 

—  Margaret,   110. 

—  Nicholas,  114,  119. 

—  Sir  Richard,  116. 

—  Richard,  209,  n. 
Barrett,  Robert  (400). 
Barrington,   Captain,   216. 

—  Alexander,  192,  n. 

—  Sir  Thomas  (20). 
Barry s.  The,  29. 
Barrv,  Daniel,  177. 

—  The  Lord,  183. 
Barton,   Symon   (549). 

—  William  (503). 
Barwicke,   Thomas   (457). 
Basil,  William,  59,  n. 
Bassett,  William  (1112). 
Bate,  John  (1217). 
Bateman,   John   (699). 
Bath,  Corporation  of  (1124). 
Bayley,  Colonel,  114. 

—  Ambrose,  222,  n. 

—  Mrs.  Penelope,  114,  115. 

—  Thomas,  399. 
Baynton,  James  (629). 
Bavntun,    Sir   Edward    (59). 
Beale,  Thomas  (941). 

—  Stephen  (647),   (1266). 

—  WilHam  (810),  (1297). 
Beamont,  Richard  (261). 
Beard,    Maximilian    (528). 

—  Robert  (346). 
Beardolph,  Samuel  (809). 

—  Svmon  (1296). 

Bedel,  Bishop,  62,  63,  64. 


INDEX    OF    NAMES. 


501 


Bedingfield,  Anthony  (82). 

—  Humphrey   (145),  391. 
Beeke,  WiUiam  (284). 
Begg,  of  Navan,  209,  n. 
Begg,  Robert,  209,  n. 
Begs,   Roger,   321. 
Beighton,  Richard  (374). 
Behield,   Anthonv  (1158). 
Bell,  Angelo  (702). 
Bellers,  Fulke  (1092). 

Benco,  Abraham  Alexander,  393. 
Bence,   Alexander  (81). 
Bendigo,   James   (381). 
Bendish,   Sir  Thomas    (645). 
Bennett,   George,  271,  n. 

—  Sir  Henry,  292,  n.  ;  294,  n. 

—  Captain  John,  131. 
Bonnvyn,   Gabriel  (936). 
Bentley,  John  (102). 
Bernard,   Richard   (79). 
Betagh,  Thomas,  208,  n. 

—  William,  209,  n. 
Bettsworth,  William  (704). 
Bewley,  Thomas,  Sen.  (518). 

—  Thomas,  Jun.  (519). 
Bidle,  Christopher  (532). 
Bidolph,  Theophilus  (606). 
Biddolph,  Theophilus,  394. 
Bigg,    James  (1122). 

—  John  (1256). 

—  Thomas,  393. 
Biggs,  John  (561). 

—  Joseph  (303). 

—  Miles  (427). 
Birne,   Arthur,   177. 

—  Owen,  322. 

—  Philip,   177. 

—  William,  177. 
Birch,  Thos.  (1099). 
Bird,    John    (956). 
Birkenhead,  Theophilus,  394. 
Bisby,  William  (390). 
Biscoe,  John   (686). 
Bishop,  Ephraim  (1063),  392. 
Black,   Edmond   (1150). 
Blackborrow,  Wtii.   (294). 
Blackett,  John,  240,  n. 
Blackiston,   John    (61). 
Black  well.  Jar  vis   (611). 

—  John  (521). 

—  John,  Senior,  399. 

—  John,  Junior,  399. 

—  Jonathan  (556). 
--  Joseph  (556),  398. 


Blackwell,  Samuel,  395. 
Bladen,  William,   214,  n. 
Blague,  Nicholas  (887). 
Blake,    Elizabeth   (1160). 
Bland,   Capt.,   113. 
Blande,   Jane,   395. 
Blate,  John  (280). 
Blatt,  Edward  (353). 

—  James   (351),  392. 
Blenkhome,  John,  253,  n. 
Blood,  Dean,  182,  n. 
Blount,   Charles,   368. 
Blow,   James,   222,   n. 
Blunsdon,  Overrington  (949). 
Boate,  Catherine,  399. 

—  Gerarde  (865),  248,  n.,  399. 

—  Gerrald   (1318). 
Bodkin,  Dominic,  112. 
Boggeste,   Thos.    (258). 

—  William  (701). 
Bolton,  Gregory,  222,  n. 

—  Capt.  Wm.,  218. 
Bond,  John  (1048). 

—  Dennis  (130). 

Bone,  Nicholas  (688),  389. 
Bonfield,  Bridget,  369. 

—  Catherine,  369. 

—  James,  368,  369. 
Bonner,  Nicholas  (246). 
Brooke,  William  (1220). 
Borlase,   56,   n.;   62,   n. 
Bosfield,  Anthony,  392. 
Bosville,  Colonel  William,  391. 
Botterill,  William,  253,  n. 

—  William  (223). 
Broughton,  Richard,  398. 
Boulter,  Major,  346. 
Boulton,  Everard  (444),   (1240). 

—  William  (402). 
Boulter,   Primate,   325,   n. 
Bourcher,  Nathaniel  (973). 
Bourke,   Anebel,   372 

—  Lady  Catherine,  871. 

—  Sir  David,  371. 

—  Edmund,  371,  374. 

—  Henry,  372. 

—  Sir  John,  375,  110,  n. 

—  Margaret,  375. 

—  Mary,  375. 

—  Patrick,  371. 

—  Thomas,  375. 
Bownell,  Captain,  216. 
Box,  Henrv,  394. 
Boxley,  Richard,  222,  n. 


502 


INDEX    OF    NAMES. 


Boyce,  Henry  (446),  (1242). 
Boynton,  Sir  Matthew  (537). 
Boyse,  John,  392. 
Box,  Henry  (534). 
Breakinge,   Nicholas   (1021). 
Bradley,  George  (820),   (1303). 

—  Mark  (818). 
Bradshaw,    Elizabeth    (254). 
Bradj^  Cornelius,  384. 
Braket,  John  (256). 
Bramhall,  Primate,  97,  155. 
Branckstead,  John  (677). 
Brand,   Joseph    (500). 
Brenly,  Mrs.  Sarah  (1354). 
Breenagh,   Richard,   366. 

—  William,    366,   368. 
Brennan,  Denis,  338. 
Brentley,  Lawrence  (856). 

—  Nicholas  (857). 
Brereton,  Major,  218. 
Bryfield,   Adinram  (840). 
Buckland,  John  (1103). 
Bulkelev,  Mrs.  Alice,  79. 
Buller,  George  (110). 
Bunce,  James  (1280). 

Burcott,      Michael      or     Nicholas 

(1166). 
Burgatt,  Ann,  372. 

—  Dr.  William,  320,  n. 

—  William,   210,  n. 

Burgess,     Cornelius     (508),     390, 

400. 
Burgis,  James  (1110). 
Burke,  Sir  Bernard,  182,   n. 

—  Edmond,   153. 

—  Sir  John,  110. 

—  Ladv  Margaret,  375. 

—  Mayler,  153. 

—  Theobald,     Baron    of    Brittas, 
375. 

Brereton,  Sir  William  (28),  393. 

—  William,  391. 
Best,  Sarah  (1054). 
Bretland,  Thomas  (575). 
Brett,  John   (283),   (1219). 
Brewer,  Christopher  (867). 

—  J.  S.,  7,  n. 
Brewster,  Sir  Francis,  355. 
- —  Samuel  and  Daniel,  394. 
Brice,  Shadracke  (1061). 
Brickdell,  John  (1181). 
Bridges,  Jeremy  (1350). 

—  John  (1090). 

Brien,  Honora  ny,  354,  n. 
Briggs,  Thomas  (740). 


Bright,  John  (176),  (1205). 

—  Thomas  (892). 

Brightwell,  Thomas  (504),   (1250), 

240,  n. 
Brimley,  Laurence  (1315). 

—  Thomas  (859) 
Briscoe,  Thomas  (394). 
Brittas,  Lord  Baron,  377. 
Briver,  James,  113. 
Brockett,  Thomas  ^910). 
Broderick,  Capt.,    1 92.  n. 
Broghill,   Lord,   90,   91,    108,    147, 

189,   n. ;   211,   218,   283,   n. ;   329, 

335,  n. 
Bromeswold,  Laurence,  240,  n. 
Bromwich,  John   (714). 
Brouker,  Thomas  (763). 
Brooke,  Gabriell  (78). 
Broomer,  Richard  (373). 
Broughton,   Andrew,   396. 
Brown,  John,  374. 

—  Patrick,  373. 
Browne,   Richard   (711). 

—  Edward,  383. 

—  George  (395). 

—  Humphrey  (572). 

—  John  (88),  (117),  (751). 

—  Samuel  (863),  (1317). 

—  Thos.   (804),   (1291). 
Bruen,   John,   320. 
Brunskill,   Heather,   399. 
Bruoder,  Shorilly  ny,  375. 
Bruster,  Edward  (591). 
Bryan,  John,   112,  293. 

—  Marv,  293. 

—  Patrick,  292,  n.,  301,  n. 
Burlace,  John  (920),   (1035). 
Burnell,  Henry,  113. 
Bussell,  Capt.,  216. 
Burroughs,  Jeremy  (1333). 
Bust,  Tobias,  222,  n. 
Butters,  28,  29,  31,  40,  106. 
Butler,  Elinor,  111,  379. 

—  Esmond,  23. 

—  Giles,  367. 

—  Lord  James,  40,  n. 

—  John,  368. 

—  Katherine,  367. 

—  Mary,  113. 

—  Pierce,   Viscount  Ikerrin,   179, 
367. 

—  Richard,  113,  367. 
Button,  Mathias  (483). 
Bye,  Thomas  (294). 
Bynce,  James  (710). 


INDEX    OF    NAMES. 


503 


Cacott,  Thos.  (953). 

Cads,  John,  222,  n. 

Ccesar,  3,  9,  197,  n. 

Caff  on,  Morish,  363. 

Caffose,  Robert,  376. 

Cahill,  Ellen  ny,  369. 

Cambell,  Capt.,  216. 

Cambrensis,   Giraldiis,   7,   n. ;   10, 

n.;  73,  272,  n. 
Camillus,  1. 
Campbell,  James  (114). 
Campliield,  Capt.  Nathaniel  (694). 
Campion,  15,   20,   n. ;  40. 
Candler,   Captain,   216. 
Cannockt,    Ann    (1042). 
Canting,   Daniel  (265). 
Carew,   Anthony,    300,   n. 
Carhampton,  Lord,  107. 
Casey,  William,  132. 
Carleton,    Bishop    of    Chichester, 

41,  n. 
Carpenter,  John  (911). 
Carrick,  Earls  of,  179. 
Carrill,  Joseph  (860). 
Carte,?,  n.  ;  57,  n.  ;  58,  n.  ;  62,  n. ; 

68,  n.;  69,  n.  ;  71,  n. 

—  84,  n.  ;  85,  86,  n.  ;  98,  n.  ;  130, 
n.  ;  134,  n.  ;  152,  n. ;  153,  n. 

—  195,  n. ;  167,  n. ;  168,  n. ;  169, 
n.  ;  189,  n.;  201,  n. ;  254,  n. 

—  263,  n. ;  267,  n. ;   274,  n. ;   278 
n.  ;  288,  n.  ;  292,  n.  ;  293,  n. 

—  294,   n. ;   299,  n. ;   300,   n. ;   302, 
n.  ;  304,  n.  ;  333,  n.  ;  355,  n. 

Carter,  John  (245). 
Carter,  Edward  (514). 
Carter,  Ralph  (425). 
Cartrett,  Captain,  216. 
Cartv,    Connor,   368. 
Carwithin,  Nicholas  (995). 
Castle,   Richard   (322). 
Castleconnell,  Lady  Ellen,  374. 

—  Margaret,  Lady  Dowager,  372, 
373. 

—  William,  Lord  Baron  of,  374. 
Cathn,  John  (269). 

Caulier,  James   (1151). 
Caulfield,  Lord,  63. 
Cavenaghs,   27. 

Cavenagh,    Major   Charles,    112. 
Chamberlain,  Abraham  (567). 

—  Thomas  (567). 

—  Abraham  and  Thomas  (1258). 
Chambers,  Mr..  281,  n. 

—  Humphrey  (866), 


Chandler,  Richard  (747). 

—  Thomas,  192,  n. 

Charles  I.,  47,  49,  n. ;  51,  54,  72, 
n. ;   187,  296,  401. 

—  II.,  22,  156,  176,  n. ;  185,  n. ; 
187,  252,  275,  n. ;  293,  n. ;  299,  n. 

—  315,  n.;  316,  n.;  330,  n. 

—  v.,  4,  n. 
Chaveney,  Peter,  391. 

—  Hiimphrey  (669). 

■ — ■  Cheatley,  Francis,  196. 
Cheevers,  the,  106,  186. 

—  Mr.,  177,  178. 

—  Walter,  176. 
Cheney,  Ann  (249). 
Cheny,   Francis  (618). 
Cheswick,   James   (876), 
Chatwood,  325,   n. 
Chewning,   Thomas   (318),  392. 
Chichester,  Sir  Arthur,  16,  42,  43, 

45,  n. ;  46,  n. ;  280,  330,  n. 
Chidley,  William,   172. 
Childe,  John   (940),    (1051). 

—  Robert  (406). 
Chillingworth,  Robert  (922). 
Christmas,   Richard,   383. 
Clanricard,  Lord,  31,  n.  ;  75,  163, 

252. 

—  Marquis  of,  35,  n. 

—  Marchioness,  152,  254. 
Clapham,  Rawleigh,  395. 
Clapp,   Richard   (1006). 
Clare,  Stafford   (354). 
Clarence,   Lionel,   Duke  of,   33. 
Clarendon,   60,   62. 

Clarke,   Colonel,   205,   216. 

—  John  (177),   (1206). 

—  Charles,  390. 

—  George,     393,     395,     400,     (8), 
(1190). 

—  Ralph  (574),  (1183). 

—  Samuel  (1010),  (1091),  392. 
Clay,   John,   391. 

—  Roger  (729). 
Claydon,  John  (675). 
Cleypoe,  Captain,  216. 
Clement,    Gregory    (850),    (1313), 

252,  253,  n. 

—  Hugh,  402,  n. 
Gierke,  Christ.   (992). 

—  James  (494),  (1185). 

—  Robert  (930). 

—  James  (403). 

Cliff,  Mr.  124,  n. ;  190,  n. 
Clifton,  Joseph,  391. 


504 


INDEX    OF    NAMES. 


Clodpole,  Mr.  Justice,  297. 
Clogy,  Alexander,  62,  n. 
Clotworthy,   Sir  John   (1170),   78, 

240,  n. 
Clutterbuck,  Richd.   (314),  (1223), 

389. 
Cobb,  John   (1347). 
Cobden,  Mr.,  342,  n. 
Cocke,  Thomas  (312). 
Codd,   — ,   317. 
Coish,  Richard  (184). 
Colbron,  Henry  (486). 
Colchester,  Osmond  (240). 
Coles,  the,  151. 
Cole,  Francis  (1164). 

—  Henry,  22,  n. 

—  Peter  (539). 

—  Thomas  (53). 
Coleman,  Captain,  338. 

—  John  (683). 
Coles,  Henry  (288). 
Collect,  Richard  (9). 
Collins,  — ,  31,  n. 

Collins,  Francis  (625),  (1262). 
Collis,  Captain,  216. 
Collyer,  Joseph  (944). 
Coombs,  Ambrose  (377). 
Coomb,    John    (901). 
Coomb,  Thomas   (977). 
Combe,  Thomas,  391, 
Comyn,  Lady  Catherine,  104. 

—  Gennel,  369. 

—  Sir  Nicholas,  104. 
Conde,  Prince  of,  87,  88. 
Connery,  Daniel,  89. 
Connor,  Charles,  190,  n. 
Conroy,  Michael,  364. 
Conway,  Marshal,  69. 

—  Secretary,  401,  n. 
Cooke,  Cornelius  (904). 

—  Edward  (464). 

—  Elizabeth,  392. 

—  Mr.  James,  253,  n. 

—  Mr.  Justice,  170,  171,  175,  275, 
n.  ;  316,  317,  318,  319. 

—  Thomas  (€84). 
Coop,  William  (1302). 
Cooper,  Colonel,  324. 

—  Marv,  68. 

—  William  (819),  157,  n. ;  1.58,  n. 

—  Samuel  (659). 
Cootes,  the,  151. 

Coote,   Sir  Charles,     58,   90,    102, 
121,  111,  n. ;  125,  n. ;  145,  152, 


154,  159,  162,  163,  189,  200,  215, 
225,  303,  384. 

—  Col.  Chidley.  218. 

—  Col.  Richard,  218,  225,  n. 
Coppinger,  John,  171,  365,  367. 

—  Robert,  167,  n. ;  168. 

—  Stephen,  171. 
Corbally,  Patrick,  177. 
Corbane,  Donagh,  365. 

Corbet,  Miles  (122),  97,  n. ;  108, 
110,  n. ;  206,  n. ;  208,  n. ;  319, 
381,  382,  383. 

Corke,  John  (480). 

Cornish,  John  (1123). 

Cornock,  Captain,  216. 

Cory,  Thomas  (217). 

Costello,  Col.  Dudley,  352. 

Cosgrave,  Handle,  6,  n. 

Coughlan,   Colonel,   352. 

—  Daniel,  45,  46. 

—  Francis,  252. 

—  Mrs.,  253.,   254. 

—  Terence,  252,  253,  n. 
Coulson,  John  (855). 
Coventry,  Sir  H.,  297,  n. 
Cowden,   Mori sh,  365. 

Cowley,  37,  n. ;  38,  n. 

Cox,   J.    (696). 

—  Richard  (769). 

Cox,  Sir  Bichard,  29,  n. ;  48,  n. ; 

55,  n.  ;  154,  n.  ;  353,  n. 
Coxon,  Clement  (555). 
Coysh,  Richard  (1208). 
Crandley,  Captain  Richard  (1340). 
Crawley,    Robert,   398. 
Creagh,  Anthonv,  369. 

—  Gabriel,  369.' 

—  Gennett,  369. 

—  James,   369. 

—  Piers,  378,  112. 
Cressy.  Simon,  399. 
Crew,   Arthur  (790). 

—  John  (94). 

—  Ranulph  (1188). 
Crickmore,  WiUiam  (178). 
Crispe,  Sir  Nicholas  (138),  (1199), 

240. 

—  Nicholas,  241. 

—  Richard  (1257),   (563). 

—  Samuel   (1197). 
Croane,  Henry  (585). 

Croker,     T.     Crofton,     329,     n. : 

350,  n. 
Cromwell,  Henry,  89,  n. ;  92,  137, 

163,  198,  216,  237. 


INDEX    OF    NAMES. 


505 


Cromwell  Oliver,  (72),  (1194),  54, 
75,  117,  124,  149,  156,  163,  167, 
169,  175,  176,  177,  182,  188,  185, 
n.  ;  188,  189,  191,  192,  194,  210, 
11.  •  227,  228,  238,  235,  236,  248, 
n.  '■  256,  260,  271,  275,  279,  288, 
289,  292,  300,  317,  332,  339,  340, 
349,  386. 

—  Thomas,  41,  n. 
Crook,  Charles  (239),  391. 

—  Andrew,  267,  n. 
Crossing,  Philip  (991). 
Crow,  Richard  (869). 
Crowley,  Robert  (225). 
Crowther,  Samuel  (931). 
Crumpon,  Owen,  363. 
Cuffe,   Sir  James,   151. 
Cullane,  Honnora  ny,   373. 
Cullen,   Morgan,   177. 

—  Murtagh,  276. 

—  Richard  (898). 

—  Thady,  177. 
Culme,  Lady,  111. 

—  Mary,  384. 
Culmere,  Richard   (1161). 
Culpepper,   Sir  John  (80). 
Cunningham,  Thomas  (1351). 
Cuppage,  Major,  216. 
Curie,  John  (1114). 
Currigan,  James,  226,  n. 
Curtise,  John,  394. 

Curtis,  John  and  Thomas  (1106). 
Cusack,  Justice,  37. 

—  106,   114. 

—  Margaret,  113. 
Cushin,  Mrs.,  112. 
Cussine,  David,  373, 

Dacres,  Sir  Thomas  (95),  240,  n. 
Daise,  Mary,  390. 
Dalton,  Thomas,  222. 
Dancer,   Thomas,   196. 
Daniel,  W.  (144). 

—  Honora  nv,  376. 

—  Mary,   376. 

—  Susan  and  Thomas,  398. 
Darcy,  James,  154,  n. 
Darley,  Bryan,  115. 
Darneley,  Richard  (454). 
Dashwood,  Ensign  Richard,  193. 

—  Francis  (243). 
Daton,  James,  363. 
Davenport,   Henry   (305). 
Daves,  John  (451). 
Davey,  Thomas  (438), 


Davis,  Sir  John,  14,  15,  16,  17, 
19,  21,  n;  23,  27,  34,  40,  42, 
43,  136,  287. 

—  Jasper  (340),   (1233). 

—  Thomas   (486). 
Davy,  William  (1080). 
Davves,   Richard  (300). 
Dawson,  John,  392,  395. 
Day,  Henry  (235),   (1213). 

—  Henry,  399,  400. 
Deacon,  Richard,  399. 
Deards,  Nathaniel  (244). 
Deathicke,  John  (550). 
Debbe,   Samuel  (186). 
De  Burgos,  28,  29,  48. 
De  Clare,  Richard,  17. 
De  Fuentes,  Count,  87,  n. 
De  Lacys,  26. 

Delany,  Peter   (768). 
De  le  Roche,  Robert,  21,  n. 
De  Mandeville,  Geoffrey,   18. 
Dempsey,   Captain  Barnaby,   68. 
Dennis,  Thomas,  390. 

—  Silvester  (463). 
Dent,  Giles  (527). 
Deoran,   Margaret,  372. 

—  Madlen,  373. 
Derinzy,  46. 

De  Riddlesford,  Walter,  18,  n. 

Derrick,   John,  232,   n. 

De  Singera,  Sibella,   18.  , 

Deskeene,  Abraham  (440). 

Desmonds,   The,  41. 

Desmond,  Earl  of,  31,  32,  39,  41, 

119,  n. 
De  Wilton.  Lord  Grey,  75,  116. 
Digges,  William,  212,  n. 
Diline,  Phillip  (718). 
Dillons,  The,  106. 
Dillon,  Lord  Robert,  195,  n. 

—  James,  331. 
Dingley,  Elizabeth  (1043). 
Disney,  Captain,  216. 

~  Thomas  (1146). 
Ditton,  Mary  (890). 
Dobson,  Isaac,  178. 
Dodd,  John  (389). 
Dogherty,   Edmund,   121,   n. 
Domvile,  Mr.  Nicholas,  196. 
Donnell,   Thomas,   364. 
— ■  Sarah,  ny,  354,   n. 
Dover,   Geo.  (358). 

—  Daniel,  Senior  (1082). 
— ■  Daniel,  Junior  (1085). 
Doyle,  Donogh,  206,  n. 


506 


INDEX   OF   NAMES. 


Doyle,  Blind  Donogh,  337,  338. 
Dornelly,  Richard  (227). 
D'Ossunia,   Count,  87,   n. 
Dowdal,  Captain,  332,  n. 

—  Catherine,  23. 
Dowers,  Morish,  367. 
Dowler,  Samuel,  224,  n. ;  22-5. 
Dowleing,  John,  398. 
Downing,  Dr.  Calebutt  (835). 
Dowse,  Anthony  (404). 
Dowys,  Robert  (214). 
Doyelv,  Edward,  147,  n. 
Doyly,  R.,  178. 

—  Charles  (397). 
Drake,  Sir  William  (77). 

—  Francis  (121). 

—  Dr.  Roger,  399. 

—  Roger  (897). 
Draper,  Mathew  (837). 
Draycott,  Sir  John,  209,  n. 
Drench,  Matthew,   45. 
Dringe,  Anthony  (472). 

—  Robert  (434).' 
Driscol,  James,  376. 
Dryden,   Sir  John   (123). 
Ducane,  Benjamin  (278). 

—  John  (278). 

—  Peter  (277). 
Duke,  Francis  (33). 
DuUanie,    Gillpatrick,   332,   n. 
Dun,  Simon  (215). 
Dunboyne,  James,  Lord,  23,  105. 

—  Lady,  163. 
Dungan,  Sir  Walter,  88. 

—  Sir  John,  209,  n. 
Dunluce,  Viscount,  280. 
Dunsany,    Lord,    255,    256,    257, 

258,  330,  n. 
Dunsany,  Lady,  254. 
Dupree,  Daniel,  443. 
Dutton,  Captain,  218. 
Dwyer,  Catherine  ny,  374. 
Dwyer,    Edmund,   88. 
Dyke,  Lewis  (1352). 

—  William  (646). 

Eades,  Captain,  218, 
Eames,  Samuel  (734). 
Earle,  Sir  Walter  (57). 
East,  Edward  (685). 
Eastwick,  Stephen  (589). 
Eaton,   John   (697). 
Eden,  Thomas  (24). 
Edlin,  Samuel  (32). 
Edmonds,  Francis,  331,  n. 


LJ  Ln 


Edukins,   Alexander,   226,   n. 
Edwards,  John  (1165). 
Edward,  I.,  21,  n. ;  22,  28. 
Edward   III.,   32,    7,   25,   n. ;    33, 

n. ;  35,  n. ;  287,  48. 
Edward    IV.,    23,    25,    n.;    298, 

335,    n. 
Edward  VI.,  39,  323. 
Edward,  William,  147,  n. 
Edwards,  Mr.  T.,  224,  n. 
Eldred,  Henrv  (1359). 

—  Robert,  389. 
Elderby,  Daniel  (405). 
Elder sey,  Margaret  (724). 
Elie,  Robert  (649). 
Elinston,  Henry,  389. 
Elizabeth,  Queen,  15,  29,  30,  39, 

40,  50,  56,  73,  87,  116,  142,  165, 
182,    231,    258,    313,    319,    329, 
345,  n.  ;  352. 
Elliott,  Thomas,  209,  n. 

—  Samuel   (326). 
Ellis,  Sir  Henry,  45,  n. 

—  Robert  (1266). 
EUiston,  John  (1136). 
Elphin,  Bishop  of,  62,  63. 
Elsynge,   Christopher,   192,   n. 
Ely,  Bishop  of,  6,  n. 

Emes,  John  (1094). 
Empress,  Henry  Fitz,  296. 
Enderbe,  Daniel  (38). 
Essex,  Earl  of,  76,  352,  401. 
Etherett,  Thomas,  22,  n. 
Eustace,   Sir  Maurice,  176,  318. 
--  Christopher,   185. 

—  Thomas,   178. 
Evans,    Richard   (1018). 

—  John  (1062). 
Evatt,  Thomas,  125,  n. 
Evelin,  Sir  John  (52). 
Everard,   Matthew,  299,  n. ;   300, 

n. 
Evillin,  Elizabeth  (1041). 

—  Ewelin,  John  (105). 
Ewer,  George  (946). 
Exeter,  Corporation  of,  389. 

—  Mayor,    Commonalty,   &c.,   of, 
(1034). 

Eyre,  21,  n. 
Eyres,  Thomas,  389, 

Fahy,  Edmund,  331. 
Fairfax,  227. 
Falkland,  Lord,  45. 
Fane,  Anthony  (1040). 


INDEX    OF    NAMES. 


507 


Fanning,  Walter,  367, 
Fanshaw,  Lady,  288. 
Farlo,  Captain  John,  169. 
Farr,  Hugh,  236. 
Farrel,  Richard,  102,  n. 
Farrell,  Richard,  347,  n. 

—  Lieut. -General,  313,  n. 
Farrington,  William  (206). 
Farwell,  Sir  John  (308). 
Fenton,  Sir  W.,  267,  279. 

—  John  (286). 
Feny,  David,  171. 
Fetherston,  Henry  (557). 
Fewster,  William  (1261). 
Ff alder,  Henry  (231). 
Ffallon,  Morish,  364. 

—  Patrick,  364. 

Ffanow,  John,  224,  n.;  225,  n. 
flarmer,   George   (622). 
ffarington,  Caldwell  (210). 
ffarthing,  Thomas  (907). 
ffawn,  Luke  (401). 
Ffenton,  John,  400. 
Ffensome,      William,      224,      n.; 

225,  n. 
fFewster,  William  (624). 
fferris,   Samuel  (1358). 
ffielde,  John  (779). 
ffig,  Valentine  (200). 
ffisk,  John  (880). 

—  William  (879). 
ffinch,  Francis  (363). 
ffisher,   James   (264). 
Fitzgerald,  Ladv,  154. 

—  Sir  Luke,   154. 

—  Margery,  338,  339,  370. 

—  Henry,  339. 

—  Maurice,  339. 

—  Mary,  339,  370. 

—  Bridget,  339. 

—  John,  365,  370. 

—  Ellen,  370. 

—  Elleanor,   370. 

—  Edmund,  370. 

—  Joan,  370. 

—  David,  370. 
ffissenden,  George  (912). 
Ffloyd,  Robert,  225,  n. 
Ffoulkes,    Alderman,   John,    399. 
Ffollowe,  Darby,  364. 

—  Patrick,  365. 
Fforsett,  John,  231,  n. 
ffowler,  John  (604). 
fFox,   Charles  (948). 

Ffrancis,  Ann  and  Elizabeth,  394. 


ffrench,  William  (799). 
ffyenns,  Nathaniel  (97). 
Fidey,  Henry,  222,  n. 
Fincii,   Francis,   391. 
Fisher,  Mr.,  173. 

—  Ion,  391. 

Fitzgeralds,  29,  40,  106,  117. 
Fitzgerald,  Thomas,  37,  247,  364. 
— •  Lord  Thomas,  106. 

—  Philip,  153. 

—  Sarah,  370. 

—  Eliza,  370. 

Fitz  John,  Thomas,  366. 

—  Morish,  368. 

Fitzmorish  Gerald,  James,  367. 
Fitz  Nigel,  Bichard,  6. 
Fitzpatrick,  Daniel,  133. 

—  Florence,   332,   n. 

—  Colonel  John,  68,  n. ;  288. 

—  Mrs.,    288. 
Fitzsimons,  William,  322. 
Fitzsymons,    Finlough,   321. 
Fitz  Thomas,  John,  26. 

— -  James,  Hon.,  365. 

Fitzwilliam,  George  Gold,  171. 

Flanagan,  Onora,  366. 

Fleetwood,  Charles,  110,  n. ;  121, 
n.;  224,  n. ;  229,  230,  n.;  233, 
n.;  249,  n.;  262,  267,  268,  319. 

Flesher,  William  (228),  (1211), 
382,  383. 

Fletcher,  Edward   (304). 

—  Thomas  (304). 

—  John  (320). 

—  James  (329),  398. 

—  Paul  (578). 

--  William  (546). 
Folev,   John,  338. 
Folliott,  Daniel  (1027). 
Foote,  Thomas  (469),  (1243). 

—  Robert  (1328). 

Forbes,  Lord,  74,  75,  304,  n. 
Ford,  Father  James,  315. 
Forde,  James,  366. 
Ford,  Francis  (1109). 
Foster,  John,  355,  n. 

—  Christopher,  394. 

—  Isaac  (1145). 
Foidk,  Colonel,  107,  n. 
Fountaine,   Thomas   (66). 

—  John  (167). 

—  Mary,   253,   n. 
Fowke,  John  (152),  240,  n. 
Fowkes,    Colonel,    198. 
Fowler,  Robert  (1024). 


508 


INDEX   OF   NAMES. 


Fowler,  John  (604). 
Fox,  Benjamin,  222,  n. 
Frampton,  Henry,  222,  n. 
Francis,  John  (1127). 

—  Dr.  Philip,  197,  n. 
Franklin,   Sir  John  (42). 
Freeman,  Thomas  (492). 
French,     Most     Revd.     Nicholas, 

155    n. 

—  Nicholas,"  315. 

—  Nicholas  oge,  112. 

—  Patrick,  152,  153. 

—  Robert,   304. 

—  George,   304. 

—  William   (1288). 
Frere,  Tobias  (1184). 

GJallile,   Thomas   (1140). 
Galton,  JeofiPry  (192). 
Galwave,  John,   167,   n. 

—  Patrick,  171. 
Gambon,   Connor,  365. 
Gardiner,   Captain,    216. 

—  Robert  (644). 

—  Samuel   (1174). 
Gardner,   Richard   (6S). 

—  John  (783). 

Garland,  Mary  or  Robert,   389. 
Garnall,   Richard   (1096). 
Garnar,  Sir  Robert  (598). 
Garrett,  Captain,  216. 
Garth,  George  (1039). 
Garstrell,  Joseph  (1067). 
Guv,  Nicholas  (485). 

—  John  (1119). 
Gearing,  John  (531). 
Gipps,  Richard   (l4l). 
Gay,  George  (151). 
Giraldus,  8,  n. ;  11,  136,  137. 
Gisborne,  Sir  Guy,  of,  6. 
Goad,  Christ.  (1323),  (1155). 
Goddard,  William  (757). 
Godsden,  Henry  (171),  399. 
Godfrey,  Joseph  (736). 
Gooch,   William   (882). 
Good,  Mr.,  132. 

—  Ellis  (652). 
Goodard,   Jonathan   (668). 
Goodier,  Moyses  (1345). 
Goodwen,  Arthur,  62. 

—  Robert,  121,  n. 
Garroldes,  The,  41. 
Geralden,  Nicholas,  299,  n. 
— •  Andrew,  300,  n. 
Geraldines,   the,   119,   n. ;   298. 


Gerrard,  Sir  Gilbert  (29). 
Garrard,  Sir  Jacob  (136). 
Gitting,   Maurice  (416). 
Gething,  Richard,  283,  n. 
Gettings,  Edward  (1279). 
Gittings,  Ed.  (677). 
Gibbon,   10,  n. ;  347. 
Gibbons,  Captain,  216. 
Gibbs,  William  (146). 

—  Humphrey,  321. 

—  Christopher   (913). 
Giffard,  Colonel,  193. 
Giles,  Mascal  (972). 
Gill,  Alexander  (337). 
Goodwin,   John   (355). 

—  John  and  Robert  (106). 
Goodg,   Thomas,  222,  n. 
Gookin,  Vincent,  88,  n.;  99,  100, 

134,  136,  137,  143. 
Gordon,  Gen.  Patrick,  134,  n. 
Gores,   the,   151. 
Gorman,  Thomas,  368. 
Gormanstown,   54. 
Gormesdon,   William  (1342). 
Goswell,  John  (985). 
Gouge,  Thomas  (661). 
Gough,   James,   171. 

—  Thomas,  367. 
Goulburn,  Lieut.,  223. 
Gould,  John.  87,  n. 

—  James   (1020). 

—  Isaacke  (428). 
Goulding,  Nicholas,  212,  n. 
Gouing,  John  (1171). 
Gower,   Thomas,  394. 
Gowrdon,  John  (41). 
Grant,  Henry  (491). 
Grace,  Colonel  Richard,  328. 
Grady,  Catherine,  375. 
Graham,  Hans,  257. 
Grange,  Walter,  368. 
Grannow,   Nathaniel  (376). 
Grant,  Jasper,  299,  n. ;  300,  n. 
Grantham,  William  (680). 
Graves,  William  (350). 
Graves,  Richard  (674). 
Greatrex,  Cornet,  322. 
Greenhill,    William   (1277),    (705). 
Greenoway,  Henry,  147,  n. 
Greensmith,   John,   240,   n.    (844). 

—  Paul  (1346). 
Greenwell,  Robert  (538). 
Gregson,  George  (292). 
Gregson,  Nicholas  (293). 

—  Thomas,  320. 


INDEX    OF    NAMES. 


509 


Grev,  Lord  Leonard,  190,  n. 

—  J.,  192,  n. 

(rrey,  Dr.  Zachary,  318,  n. 
Griffin,  Edward,  310,  n. 
Grocer,  John  (883). 
Grove,  Hugh  (179),   (1207). 
Guidobald,  Don,  99,  n. 
Gulson,   Henry  (671). 
Gumbleton,   Richard,  222,   n. 
Gunn,  John,  255. 
Gunston,  William  (730). 
Guxton,  John  (1235). 
Guy,   Thomas,  398. 

Haddilove,  Richard,  392. 
Hagh,  Teige,  376. 
Hagerty,  Donogh,  320. 
Hainault,   Count  of,  4. 
Hales,  Robert  (566). 
Hale,  Sir  Edward  (104). 
Haliday,    Charles,    214,    n.;    274, 

Hall,  Thomas  (234). 

—  John,  389. 

—  Nathaniel   (516). 

—  Godfrey    (748). 
Hallows,  Nathaniel  (4). 
Halpin,  Dermod,  370. 

Halsey,    Justice,    170,    171,    173, 

175,  276,  n. 
Hamerton,  Lady  Mary,   105. 
Hamilton,   Sir   George,   98,    168. 
Hamon,   Robert,   393,   400. 
Hammond,  Mr.  Robert,  243,  n. 
Hampden,  John  (44). 
Hampson,  Henry  (610). 
Hampston,  William  (616). 
Hampton,  Thomas  (725). 
Hanwell,   Henry,  253,  n. 
Harcourt,  Sir  Simon,  57. 
Ilardiman,  James,  33,  n.;  304,  n. 
Hardinge,  W.  H.,  80,  n. 
Harding,  Alice  (636). 

—  Giles  (634). 

—  Thomas  (633),   (1138). 
Hardening,  William  (635). 
Hardy,    Nathaniel   (959). 
Hardy,  T.  B.,  18,  n. 
Harlnett,    Samuel    (805). 
Harmon,  Richard  (27). 
Hanley,    Joseph,     241,     223,     n.; 

'  24,  n. 
Hasley,  Sir  Thomas,  376. 

—  Mary,  376. 
Harsnett,  Samuel  (1252). 


Harrington,  Lady  Jane  (870). 

—  John   (1102). 
Harrington,  James  (873). 

—  William  (874). 
Harris,  ,  42,  n.,  47  n. 

—  John  (821),   (1304). 

—  Thomas  (533),   (545). 
Harrison,  Mr.,  249. 

—  William  (99),   (560). 

—  Edmond  (630). 

—  Sir  John  (98). 
Harryman,   William   (181). 
Hart,  John,  394. 

Harte,  George,  225,  n. 

—  Amuel  (1025). 

—  Samuel  (593). 

—  Sarah  (594). 
Hartford,  Heretage  (1046). 
Hartle,  Samuel,  248,  n. 
Harwell,   Henry  (744). 
Harvy,  Captain  Edmond  (1214). 
Hastings,  Henry  (339). 

Hatt,  John  (330). 

—  Simon,  195,  n. 

—  Martha,  195,  n. 
Hatton,  Thomas  (760). 
Haughton,  Robert  (727). 
Haule,  George  (562). 
Haward,  Nicholas  (370). 
Hawes,  John  (259),  397. 
Hawkes,  Henry  (915). 
Hawking,  William,  240,  n. 
Hawkins,  William  (709). 
Hawsted,  Laurence  (154). 
Hayden,    Richard,    390. 
Hayes,  James  (311). 

—  Robert  (542). 

—  James   (397). 
Hazlewood,   William,  313,  u. 
Hazleburt,  Peter   (1803). 
Hazlerigg,       Sir      Arthur      (76), 

(1195). 
Hardiman,  James,  302,  n. 
Heally,  Margaret,  369. 

—  John,   ib. 

Hearne,  Jeremiah  (739),   (1232). 
Heathecocke,  Grace  (795). 
Heathcoke,  Grace,  396. 
Heathcotte,  William  (577). 
Heather,  William,  399  (964). 
Helsham,  Captain,  216. 
Henley,  George  (569),  (1029). 

—  Robert  (570). 
Henman,  William  (56). 
Henry  II.,  1,  6,  u. ;  9,  17,  28. 


510 


INDEX    OF    NAMES. 


Henry  III.,  28. 

—  VI.,  23,  37,  n. 

—  VIII.,   10,   n.;   28,   30,   n. ;   31, 
n.;   36,   37. 

—  IV.,  of  France,  87. 
Henson,  Edward  (765). 
Henery,  Daniel,  366. 

Henry,  brother  of  Earl  of  Inchi- 

quin,  166. 
Herbert,  Thomas,  285,  379. 
Here,  Mathew,  364. 

—  Martin,  ib. 
Heme,  Jeremiah  (338). 
Herrage,  Thomas  (535). 
Herring,   Nicholas,  396. 

—  WilUam  (843). 

—  Michael  (1312). 
Hetherington,  Mr.   Edward,   133. 
Heveningham,   Mr.,  253,  u. 
Hevenginham,  William  (22),  (23). 
Hewson,    Colonel,    78,    160,    108, 

280,    207,    n.;    386,    334,    335, 

338. 
Hiccocke,    William    (1320),    (933). 
Hickey,  Mr.  Galatius,  132. 
Hickman,   Henry  (540). 
Hicks,  Thomas,  93,  n. 
Highgate,   Captain,   216. 
Higgins,  John  (884). 

—  Richard  (929). 
Hildesley,  Mark  (356). 
Hill,  Richard  (541). 

—  Roger   (1168). 

—  Sir  William,  209,  n. 

—  William,  222,  n. 

—  Rowland,  389,  390. 

—  Simon,   332,   u. 

—  Richard,  394,  (1336). 

—  Thomas,  321. 
Hincham,   Captain,    218. 
Hinde,  John  (375). 
Hippesley,  Edward  (1108). 

—  Thomas   (1105). 

—  Richard  (1107). 

—  John  (1128). 
Hitchcock,  William  (65). 
Hoare,  Robert  (998). 

—  Mr.,  173. 

—  Capt.   Lieut.,   232,   n. 

—  William  (687). 
Hobbert,   Sir  John,   1037. 
Hobson,   William  (691),    (951). 
Hodilow,   John   (435). 

—  Richard  (456). 

Hodder,  Colonel  John,   192,  n. 


Hodges,  Thomas  (327). 
Hodgson,  Edward  (643). 
Hodnett,  Margaret,  388. 

—  William,    367,    368. 
Holcroft,  Charles,  147,  n. 
Holland,   Cornelius  (96). 

—  Lord,   48. 

—  John  (163). 
Holman,  Robert  (615). 

—  Jeoffrey,    Captain,   216. 
Honnor,  John  (713). 
Honnywood,  William  (845) 
Hooker,  Thomas,  178. 
Hoolohan,  Thomas,  68,  n. 
Hopping,  Charles  (974). 
Horace,  197,  n. 

Hore,  Edmund,  363. 

—  John,  363,  364. 

—  Bridget,  363. 

—  Luke,  299,  n. ;  300,  n. 

—  Mary,  363. 

—  Margaret,  363. 

—  Mathew,  363. 

—  Patrick,  364. 

—  Philip,   185. 

—  Molly,  185. 

—  Michael,  367. 
Hotham,  Sir  John,  65. 
Hotchkiss,  Thomas  (1143). 
Houghton,  Robert  (1281). 
House,  Thomas  (270). 
How,  Thomas  (218). 
Howard,  24,  n. 

—  Nicholas,  397. 
Howell,  6,  n. ;  40,  n. 

—  William,   172. 

—  Hogan  (605),   (1262). 
Hoyle,   Thomas  (128). 
Hoxton,   John  (216). 
Hubbard,  William  (746). 
Hubbert,  Mary,  399. 
Hublon,  James  (274),  (275). 

—  Peter  (279). 

Huclibras,  33,  n. ;  118,  n. ;  328,  n. 
Hudson,  George  (460). 

—  Peter  (817). 

—  Thomas  (903). 
Hughes,  George  (721). 
Hugh,   James,   212,  n. 
Hukins,    William   (1278). 
Hull,  Richard  (168). 
Humphreys,   John  (943). 

—  Nathaniel  (461). 

Hunt,      Richard      (229),       (830), 
(1212). 


INDEX    OF    NAMES. 


511 


Hunter,  John,  397,  (479). 
Hurley,  Sir  Morish,  375,  376. 

—  Elizabeth,  376. 

—  Dame  Lettice,  376. 
Hurste,  John  (466). 
Huson,  Colonel,  232,  n. 
Hussev,     Thomas     (505),     (1327), 

(1251). 

—  William  (1176). 
Hutchinson,    Alderman,    132. 

—  Deputie,  240,  n. 

—  Richard,  383  (825),  (1306). 
(1306). 

Hutchins,  Thomas  (544). 
Hyland,  Samuel  (955). 
Hynane,   John,  369. 

Ibbetson,  Robert,   141,   n. 
Ikerrin,     Pierce    Lord    Viscount, 
105,  112,  180,  181,  182,  381. 

—  Lady  of,  180,  181,  382. 
Inchiquin,     Earl     of,     100,     166, 

167,  n.;  168,  170,  189,  n. ;  191, 

192,  283. 
Ingoldsby,     Colonel     Henry,     90, 

98,  121,  149,  215,  216,  279. 
Ingram,  the  Lady,  393. 
Irens,  Richard  (296). 

—  Thomas  (295). 

Ireton,  Lord  Deputy,  114,  124, 
n.;  190,  n.;  230,  234,  n. ;  261, 
298,  317. 

Irwin,   Alexander,  212,  n. 

Isaacke,  Nicholas  (894),  (1319). 

Ivatt,  Thomas  (900). 

Iveagh,  Lord,  328. 

Ivery,    Samuel   (595). 

Ivorie,  Capt.,  216. 

Irvin,  Captain,  216. 

Jackson,  Abraham  (189). 

—  Alexander  (150). 

—  Thomas,  392  (836). 

James  I.,  16,  23,  n.;  39,  40,  41, 
43,  n.;  47,  48,  50,  51,  73,  154, 
247,  n.;  252. 

Jaques,  Lieut.,  344. 

—  Joseph,  395  (895). 
Jeffreys,  John  (459). 
Jenkins,  Movses  (383). 

—  Moses   (1234). 
Jenner,   Thomas   (1177). 
Jenny,  Christopher  (511). 

—  William  (509). 
Jeoffries,  Robert,   196. 


Jephson,      Major-General,       279, 
160. 

—  William,  162. 

—  Major  Alexander,  267,  n. 
Jesson,   John  (127). 

—  William   (788). 
Jones,  John,  276,  n. 

—  Christopher,    212,    n. ;    54,    61, 
n. 

—  Dr.  Henry,  123,  315. 
— •  Major  Henry,  344. 

—  James,  209,  n. 

—  John,  97,  n.;  110,  n. ;  208,  n. ; 
319,  n. ;  382,  n. ;  382,  383. 

—  Colonel,  189,  335. 

—  Lieut.-Col.,  218. 

—  Corporal  John,   212,   n. 

—  Captain  Lewis,  212,  n. 

—  Col.    Michael,    188,    274,    315, 
334. 

— ■  Richard,  212,  n. 

—  Alexander  (467). 

—  John   (861). 

—  Owen  (301). 
Johnson,   William,  222,  n. 

—  Thomas  (1078). 

—  John  (1095),  91. 
Jordan,   Captain,   218. 

—  Lidiagh  (1030). 
Joseph,  Robert  (450). 
Juriu,   Abraham  (431). 

—  Isaack  (430). 

~-  John  (429),  (1238). 
Juxton,  Arthur  (410). 

—  John  (411). 

—  Thomas  (412). 

Kavanagh,    Major    Charles,    345, 

346. 
Keane,   John,    370. 
Kearney,  James,  320,   n. 

—  Mary,  373. 
King,   Nath.    (653). 
Kedderminster,    Edward    (456). 
Keeffe,  Daniel,  225,   n. 
Keegan,    Robert,   338. 
Kellys,  the,  302. 

Kelly,  Laughlin,  343. 

—  Thomas,   364. 

—  Edmond,   364. 
Kenagh,   Murtagh,  368. 
Kendrick,  Alderman  John,  393. 

—  John    (453). 
Kennedy,   W.,   336,   n. 

—  Daniel,  343. 


512 


INDEX    OF    NAMES. 


Kenned}',  John,  367. 
Kenny,  Anne,  367. 

—  William,   367. 

—  Sara  ny,  376. 
Kentish,  Thomas  (770). 
Kernane,  Thomas,   366. 
Kerroan,  Richard,   112. 
Kilby,  Thomas  (271). 

Kildare,  Earls  of,  20,  n. ;  28,  37, 
38,    41. 

—  Marquis  of,  20,  n. ;  41,  n. 
Kilmore,  Bishop  of,  320. 
King,  Robert,  162. 

—  Sir  Robert,  160. 

—  Major  John,  212,   n. 

—  Major,  218. 

—  Benjamine  (266). 

—  Dr.  John  (147). 

—  John       (224),        ^476),        (774), 
(1135),   (1275). 

—  Thomas  (862). 

—  Margaret   (939). 
Kirkfoot,  John,  222,  n. 
Kingston,  Lord,  297,  n. 

—  A.,  402,  n. 

—  ffelix  (627). 
Kinsell.igh,   Gerald,  346. 
Kinnage,   Thomas,  396. 
Kircombe,  Robert,  397. 
Kirkam,  Robert  (345). 
Kirwan,  Most  Rev.  Francis,  303, 

n. 
Kettlebutler,  Richard,  400,  393. 
Knapp,  Nicholas  (103). 
Knight,  Christopher  (1026). 

—  John  (965),   (1079). 

—  Thomas  (64),   (71). 
Knightley,  William  (1064). 
Knowles,   James  (1047). 
Keynes,  John  (872). 

Lacey,  Richard,  400  (692). 

—  Nathaniel,  400. 

—  Richard  and  Nath.   (1276). 
Lake,  John  (344).  396. 
Lamb,   Thomas  (359). 
Lambelle,  Gilbert,  393. 
Lambell,  Robert  (596),  (1259). 

—  Gilbert  (792),  (1287). 
Lambert,  Roger  (424),  397. 

—  William  (762),  397. 
Lamott,   John   (202). 
Lane,  Thomas  (14). 

—  Sir  George,  316,  n. 

—  Joane  (17). 


Lane,  John  (506),  (1252). 
Langham,  Samuel  (470). 

—  Henry,  392. 
Langley,  Peter  (764). 
Langton,  286,  n. 

—  Michael,  288. 

—  Nicholas,  289. 

Le    Poer,     John     fitz     John     fitz 

Robert,  296. 
L'Archer,  Friar  John,  26,  n. 
Lascelles,  Rowley,  135,  n. 
Lazinbye,   Roger,  395. 
Lawrence,    Colonel    Itichard,    99, 

318,  317,  316,  308,  n.;  384,  349, 

n.;  379. 

—  Henry,  374.      • 
Lazinly,  Roger  (864). 
Lea,  John  (298),  365. 
Leader,  Richard  (1325). 

—  Mr.,  90,  91. 
Lear,  Roger,  392. 
Leaver,  Robert  (1137). 
Ledwiche,  Richard,  209,  n. 
Lee,  Nicholas,  299,  n. ;  300,  n. 

—  Lee,  William,  300,  n. 

—  Captain,  345,  n. 

—  John  (784). 

—  Captain  Thomas,  352,  n. 

—  Walter  (6). 
Leete,  William  (583). 
Le  Hunte,  Colonel,  236. 

—  Richard,  258. 

■ —  Captain  Peyton,   196. 
Leigh,  James,  343. 

—  Colonel  W.,  278. 

—  Colonel,  321. 
Legatt,  William  (626). 
Lenane,  Robert,  375. 
Lenihan,   Maurice,   279,   n. ;    280, 

n. 
Lenthall,  Thomas  (493). 
Lesley,  Bishop  of  Raphoe,  51. 
Levallyn,   John,   171,    172. 

—  James,  171. 
Levering,  John  (996). 
Levitt,  James  (1050). 

—  William  (367). 

Lewellen,  Robert  (1241),   (445). 
Lewin,  Daniel  (754). 
Lewis,  Daniel  (201). 

—  John,  222,  n. 

—  Evan,  ap,  222,  n. 
Liddy,  Mary  ny,  369. 
Liffkens,   Henry  (522). 
Ligh,  Thomas  (735). 


INDEX    OF    NAMES. 


513 


Lilb   rn,  Colonel,  228. 

Lincoln,  James,  299,  n. ;  300,  n. 

—  Tuomas  (881). 
Ling,  Joseph  (512),  394. 
Lipplate,   Christopher  (530). 
Lisle,  John  (47). 
Litmaker,  Edward  (290). 
Littler,  Richard   (812),   (1296). 
Littleton.    Edward,    Lord    (134). 
Llovd,   Arthur   (641). 

—  Abigail,  389. 

—  Charles  (554). 

—  Richard  (388). 
Locke,  John  (12). 
Lockier,  Nicholas,  232. 
Lode,  Joan,  373. 
Loftus.    Dudlev,    276,   381. 

—  Sir  Arthur,  283,   n. 

—  Captain   Adam,   343. 
Londesborough,   Lady,   260,   n. 
London,   Chamber  of  (1186). 
London,   Custom  House  of  (1187). 
Loue,    William    (970). 

Long,   Walter   (111). 

—  Col.,    196. 

—  William    (1115). 
Lordell,   John   (432). 
Lorraine,      Adolphus,      Duke     of, 

331,   n. 
Loupe,   William   (815),    (1299). 
Low,   William   (222). 
Lowth,   Dowager  Ladv,   111,   379. 

—  Lady,  163. 
Lorrard,    John    (1.330). 
Jjorriiig,   William   (515). 
iioton,   Richard   (334). 
Loughall,    Samuel    (1244). 
Lound,    John   and   Ann,   398. 
Loughlaii,   More  ny,  37l. 
Lucas,   Richard  (379). 

—  John    (660). 

Ludlow,  Colonel  Edward,  176, 
177,  215,  216.  276,  n.;  293,  303, 
319,   n. 

Fiuniley,   Martin   (92). 

Liinncrv,   vSimon,  391. 

I -11 1  troll,    Jolin,    ;M0. 

—  -  Tliomas,  10S,    119. 
Liiurh,   W.,  33,   n. 

Liiiich,    R"v.    .John,    r,2,    n. ;    303, 

n.;  ,347. 
Lynctt,  Pcetcr,  300,   ii. 
livnocks.  Captain,  210. 
Lyon,   Thomas   (78J). 

N2 


Maberly,  Thomas  (954). 
Mac  Gilmore,  Ivor,  22,  n. 
Mac  Guthmund,  Phillip,  22. 
Macworth,    Humphrey   (1100). 
Mac  Otere,   Maurice,  22. 
Macomber,   Thomas   (982). 
Madden,  Dr.  Richard,  278. 
Madox,   6,   n. 

Magrath,   Edmond,   154,  382. 
Magner,    Ellen,   367. 
Mallock,    Richard    (1023). 
Maly,   Shryilly,  375. 
Mahony,   Joan  ny,  374. 

—  Anv  nv,   375. 
Maltas,    Robert    (408). 

Man,    Thomas,     and    Sir    Henry 
Row  (600). 

—  John,   395. 
Manning,    Mauria,    370. 
Mannydowne,   W.   W.   (631). 
Manton,   Nathaniel,   400. 

—  Mr.,  243,   n. 
Mappe,   Garrett,   208,   n. 
Markham,   Colonel,   111,   n. 

—  Captain,  218. 

—  H.,    178. 

Marlow,    Michael   (701). 
Markworth,   Humphrey,   253,   n. 
Margets,    Thomas,    232,    n. 
Marriott,   John,  253,   n. 
Marriott,   John  (252). 

—  Thomas   (253). 

Marryot,  John  and  Sam.   Cooper 

(1215). 
Marshall,  J.   (987). 
Martel,   Philip,    167. 
Martin,   Henry  (115). 

—  James   (553). 

—  John    (385). 

—  Richard,   302. 
Martimere,   John   (S5S). 
Ma.sham,   Sir  William   (91). 
]\lasscv,   Robert   (l(l52). 
Mastall,   John   (313). 
Matlunv,    Roger    (133). 

—  Roger   (891). 

—  Thomas   (lOKi). 

Miitliews,    George,    210,    ii.  ;    216, 
223,   n. 

—  LioutcnanI     CliiisI  opher,    22'1, 
n.;   225,   n. 

-  Joan,    u  iddow   (3J9). 

—  Thonnts   (.396). 

—  James,   31(5. 
Mathiers,   Robert,   399. 


514 


INDEX    OF    NAMES. 


May,   Thomas   (1173). 
Mayiiard,   John   (571). 
Mayne,   Richard   (997). 
Mayo,   Viscountess,   163. 
—  Col.  Cliristopher,  87. 
M'Brien,  Terlagh,  376. 
M' Car  thy,    Donough,    370. 
Meare,   Barnabas   (419). 
McCrowe,   Donell,   372. 
McDonogh,   Dermond,   371. 
McDonnell,   John,  372. 
McMahon,  Daniel,  373. 
Meagh,   Patrick,   171. 
Meade,   William,  374. 
Meaghlen,   Hogan,   367. 
McTerlagh,  Edmond,  332,   n. 
McGeown,   Hugh,   321. 
M'Gilmore,  Ivor,  295. 

—  John,  295. 

—  Gerald,  296. 
Meggot,   George   (935). 
McKeogh,    Teige,    374. 

—  Dermot,  374. 
McKernan,   Tliomas,    320. 
McCreagh,  John,  368. 
M'Guise,  Martin,  177. 
M'Gmorek,   331,   n. 
McMelaghlin,   Daniel,   374. 
McMahon,   Deormot,  372. 
McNaniara,   Honor,   104. 

—  Ann  nv,  370. 
McPhilip,  John,   365. 
McShyder,    Donnell,    374. 
McQuien,   Dermot,  373. 
McShane,  Donogh,  376. 

—  William,   371. 
McTheige,   Donnogh,   375. 
McTerlagh,  Murtagh,  373. 
M'William,  Morris,  310,  n. 
Meade,  Thomas  (7.38). 
Measey,  Michael  (896). 
Mehan,  C.  P.,  303  n. ;  319,  n. 
Melhuish,   Thomas   (1282). 
Mercer,  Daniel  (950),  (1321). 
Meredith,  Walter,  74,  n. 

—  William,   199,   n. 
STeregagh,  James,  367. 
Mcridetli,   Edward   (619). 

—  Christopher  (602). 
Merick,   George,   373. 
Mernicke,   ('1iristo])Ticr   (602). 
-—  John   (758). 

INlervyn,    Captain,   62. 
^fethoukl,   William   (853),    (1314). 


Michell,   Edward   (203). 
Michelet,   4,   n. 
Mickletwait,    Nathaniel    (473). 
Middleton,  Simon,  399. 
Milborne,     Ellen,     240,     n.;     241, 
388. 

—  James,   225,   n ;   226,   n.     . 

—  John,  240,  n. 
Miles,   Gabril  (160). 
:\Iileston,  Edward  (161). 
Miller,   Abraham,   394. 

—  George   (590). 
Miller,   Tempest   (414). 
Mills,   Peter   (608). 

—  Thomas   (343). 

—  H.,   336,    n. 
Minor,   Ralph   (834). 
Mitchell,   Edward   (773). 
Moane,   Bryan,  368. 
Molesworth,  Hon.  Robert,  267,  n. 
Molins,  William  (251). 

Monk,  Colonel.  188,  189,  195. 

—  General,   237. 
Montrose,   67,   68,   n. 
Moodv,  Samuel  (174),  (1204). 
Moore,   Thomas,   389,   390. 

—  Lord  Viscount,  156,   n. 

—  Colonel  William,   197. 

—  Mi-s.  Dorothy  (712). 

—  Giles   (999),   391. 

Moraii,  Bev.  Dr.  Patrul  F.,  315, 

316,   n.;   320,   n. 
Moreton,  William,  262,  n. 
Morgan,    Captain   Thomas,    91. 

—  Major,  123,  ,308,  311,  345,  320. 

—  Valentine,  300,  n. 

—  Captain,   216. 

Morison,  F,  Maurice,  90,  99,  n. 
Morrin,  James,  21,   n.;  296,  n. 
Morris,   John  (905). 
Morgan,   Anthony   (689). 
Morlev,   Herbert  (49) 

—  Sir  William  (118). 
Morrall,   Richard   (148). 
Morris,   Hugh   (208). 

—  Captain,   220. 

—  Dame  Catherine,   105. 
Moiifion,   Friar   Mairricr,    185,    n. 
Morris.see,  William,  365. 
Morrocliar.   Murtagh,  364. 
Mortimer,     Sergeant,     157.     181, 

287,  n.  ' 

Morton,    Elizal)cth   (938). 

—  I'honuis   (471). 

—  Ellice,  224,   n. 


INDEX    OF    XAMES. 


515 


Mosyer,   John,   398. 
Mosia,  John  (1163). 
Mounsoii,   William,   Lord    (1157). 
Mountjov,   Lord,   353. 
Mould,   Captain,  218. 
Monntgarret,  Lord,  179,  275,  328. 
Mouutagne,   William  (380). 
Mountney,  Richard   (336). 
Mountjoy,  Lord,   76. 
Mountrath,  Earl  of,  152,  u. 
Moutrey,    Cornelius   and   Stephen 

(1230). 
Mourve,   Daniel,   367. 
Mover,   Samuel   (213),   (1210). 
Mulcahv,   Ellen,  366. 

—  Daniel,    344. 

—  Margaret,   366. 
— ■  Giles,  366. 

—  Donagh,   366. 

—  EUinor,   366. 
MuUony,   Mahowne,  373. 
Mulrain,  John,  373. 
Mulrery,    Morish,   366. 
MiUshinogue,    Dr.    Anthony,    279. 
Mumford,   Sir  Edward  (26). 
Munro,   Greneral,   69,   80. 
:Mnnckton,    Ensign   Michael,    193, 

11. 
Murphy,   Edmund,   353,   n. 
Murcot,  Mr.  John,  131. 
Murrow,   James,   171. 
Murphv,  James,  364. 
Muskerry,  Lord,  87,  87,  n. ;  328. 
Mynn,   Colonel,   166. 
Mytton,    Colonel,    67. 
Munday,   Thomas   (1111). 
^lurdocke,  Joseph  (852). 
Musgrave,  Philip.   391. 

—  Pliilip  (979). 

—  William,   978. 

Xnlson,  Dr.,  59.  312,  n. 
Nagle,  John,  365. 
Napier,   68,   n. 
Napper,   Captain,   216. 
Nashe,  WidoAv,  232,  n. 
Neal,  Simon,  333.  n. 

—  John,  .369. 
Nelson,   Colonel,    132. 

—  JoTin,   199,  n. 

—  Lieut. -Colonel,  345. 
Newman,   Francis  (7). 
Nethuish,   Thomas   (728). 
Netterville,    Patrick,    116. 

—  Ladv,  119. 

N2 


Netterville,   Alison.   177. 

—  Father  Christopher,  316. 
Nettle,  William  (1017). 
Nettleship,    Hugh   (260). 
Newman,  Francis  (1189). 
Newton,   Richard   (299). 
Newtowne,    Richard,    392. 
Nichol,   Richard   (37). 
Nicholls,    Captain,    218. 
Nicholson,    Christopher    (297). 

—  Christopher  (357). 
Nobbs,   John   (960). 
Noble,  Mark,   198,   n. 
Norris,   Sir  John,  87. 
North,   Dudlev,   91. 

—  Martin,   397. 

—  Richard   (1118). 
Norcott,   Sir  John   (120). 
— ■  Samuel,  390. 

—  Joshua,   397. 
Norton,   Nicholas   (947). 
NosAvorthv,    William   (1033). 
Nugent,  Mr.  Richard,  164. 

—  Father,  316,  318. 
Nunn,  Captain,  216. 
Nutkins,   William  (700). 

O'Boghan.   Murtagh,   368. 
l/'Brien,   Connor,   68. 

—  Derby,   366. 

—  Donagh,  367. 
O'Bruoder,  Daniel,  375. 
O'CoUane,    John,    372. 

—  David,   372. 

—  Donell,  372. 
O'Costigan,   Dermott,   333,   n. 
O'Daly,    Friar   Dominic    Rosario, 

319,   n. 
O'Derrig,       Blind       Donogh,       or 

Doyle,  336. 
0' Derrick,    Donogh,   206.   243. 
O'Dohertv,   Sir  Cahir,  43. 
O'Donneil,     Earl    of    Tvrconnell, 

43.  ^ 

O'Dovan,   Connor,  314. 
O'Donovan,  John,  335,  n. 
O'DuUanv,   Donogh,  333,  n. 
O'Dwyer,    Coloiiel    Edmund,    312, 

n. 
O'Farrelly,    Daniel,   372. 

—  Connor,   368. 
Offelahan,    Moris,   364. 
O'Feraill,  Donal  M'Gerald,  47. 

—  of  Clayrad,  47. 
O'Felan,   Donogh,   332,   n. 


516 


INDEX    OF    NAMES. 


O'ffeeld.   John.    394. 
Official.   William   (755). 
Offernaii,   John,    366. 
Offley.   Stephen   (341). 
O'Glassine.   John.   376. 
O'Glissane,   Connor,  376. 
O'Gripha.    John.   371. 
O'Gowan,    Turlough,    321. 
O'Hanlon.    Art,   354,   355. 
O'Hanlon.      Redmond.     352,     353. 

354. 
O'Hara,  Teig,  156,  n. 
O'Hea,   Alahowne,   373. 
O'Hugh,  Philip   (O'Neill),   112. 
O'Hultarie.   Donogh,   366. 
O'Keefte,    Daniel,   353,    n. 
O'Keirnane,    Connor,    366. 

—  Dermod,  366. 
O'Kellv.   Maiv,   353,   354,   n. 

—  John.    364.   366. 
O'Kerwick,    Donogh,    367. 
Oldfield,   John    (237). 
O'Meagher.    Thomas,    332,    n. 
O'Moane,    Tiege,    368. 
O'Morrissee,    Slorish,    364. 

—  John,   365. 

—  Margaret,    365. 
O'Mullor,    Mahon,    373. 
O'Mnlroonev,    Connor,    23. 
O'Neill.    Hugh.    EarV  of    Tvrone, 

41,   43.   76,   77,   n.,   87. 

—  Sir  Phelim,  45,  56,  63,  64,  112. 

—  Owen.  274,  331,  n. 

—  Philip,   258,   259. 
Onslow,    Sir  Richard   (116),   395. 
O'Phelan.   Daniel  Ro,   332,   n. 

—  Daniel.  367. 
Orange.    Prince   of,    87. 
Orchard.   Thomas   (191). 
Ormond.   James,   Duke  of,   7,   n.; 

37.   40.   n. :   54.   57,   58,   62,    n. ; 

66.  &c. 
Ormsbvs.  the,  151. 
Ormsby,' Major,  152,  163,  218. 
O'Rorke.   Margaret,  21,   n. 
Ossorv.    68.    n. 
O'Sullivan.'   Bere,    52. 
O'Terrine.   Teige,   372. 
O'Ternv.    Mehoune,   373. 
O'Tuscan.  William.   364. 
Ottyer,   Abraham   (409). 
Overing.    Edward    (499). 
Overton.   Henry   (368). 
Owen.    Henrv.    54. 

—  Philip   (70). 


Owen,    Mathew    (236). 

—  Thomas   (255). 

—  Margaret  nv.  371. 

—  Colonel   John,    389. 

—  John  (749),    (1283). 
Owfeild,    Sir   Sam   (75). 
Owener,   Edward   (889). 

Parker,   Antony   (886). 

Parsons,    Sir   John,   280. 

Parret,    John    (547). 

Parris,    Thomas    (988). 

Parsons,    Francis   (324). 
I  —  Henrv   (1003).    (1014). 
1  Pate.   Thomas   (501). 
I   Partheridge,  Sir  Edward   (119). 
I  Partridge,   Alexander   (449). 
i   Parry,  Nicholas  (238). 

Patrick,   Baron  of  Lixnaw's  son, 
31,   n. 

Pakenham,    Captain,    216. 

Packer,  John  (87). 

Page.   Thomas  (31). 

—  Mary,    390. 

—  AVilliam  (706). 

—  Edmund   (1148). 
Padle,   Thomas,   22,   n. 
Paine,  George   (868). 
Pallin,   John   (448). 
Paris,    Henrv,   368. 
Palentine.    Thomas   (39). 
Palmer,    Devereux    (793). 
Panter.  John   (372). 
Pargiter,    Thomas   (11). 
Parker,   Mr.,   252,    r. 

—  Edward   (787). 

—  George    (496). 

—  Gregorv    (597). 

—  John    (183),    (584),    (1069). 

—  John   and   Charles   (1179). 
Parkhurst,    John   (1162). 

—  Sir  Robert   (46). 
Parker,    Sarah    (497). 
Pav,   John    (1015). 
Payton.    Sir    Thomas    (1074). 
Peacock,   Lawrence,   393. 

—  William    (1141). 

—  Laurence    (1154). 
Peake,   William  (766). 
Pearce,   Thomas   (1012). 
Pearson.    Robert    (926). 
Pedder,    Mathew    (65). 
Peel.  Sir  Robert,  306,  n. 
Peers,    Edmund    (573). 
Peisley,   Major.   254. 


INDEX    OF    NAMES. 


517 


Pelham,   Captain,   218. 
Perm,    Admiral,   92. 
Penington,    Isaacke    (113). 
Pennover,  Sam.  (1229). 

—  William  (1228). 
Pennyfather,    Captain,   216. 
Pepvs,  Richard,  206,  n. 

—  Cliief   Justice,    320. 
Perket,  William  (723). 
Pearce,    Samuel    (1357). 
Pembrooke,  Philip,  Earl  of  (135). 
Perrv,  John  (558),   (1255). 

Petti t,   Henry   (609). 

Petty,    Sir    Williain,    44,    n.;    79, 

n.;    88,    n.;    182,    199,'  n. ;    201, 

u. ;   225,   206,  207,   n.;  220,   n. ; 

224,  225,  226,  n. ;  234,  n. ;  235, 

n. 
Pevmoyer,    William    (332). 
Phair,   Colonel,   216. 
Phaire,  Colonel  Robert,   130,  197, 

n.;   211,    199,   n. 
Pheasant,   Jasper  (180). 

—  Stephen    (750). 
Phillips,    James,   397. 

—  Thomas    (785). 
Pickering,    Sir    Gilbert    (108). 
Piers.    Captain   Edward,    311. 
Pierce,   Robert,   320. 

Pearce,   Joshua  ajid  Caleb,   390. 
Pigott,   Richard   (1332). 
Pike,   Edmund    (263). 
Pitches,    Lambert    (1356). 
Pitts,   John,   258. 
Pirn.  John  (1),   (67). 
Pinn,    Samuel   (928). 
Pinchion,    Lieut. -Colonel,    216. 
Piner,    John,   222,   n. 
Pinner,   Edward   (221). 
Pirquet,    John,    365. 

—  Robert,    365. 
Pitt,   John   (1(J31). 
Pitcher,   William   (737). 
Pitts,   John,   392. 

—  Benjamin   (1113). 
Piatt,   Jane,   224,   n. 

—  George,   224,  n. 
Plaver,   John   (1180),   394. 

—  Thomas   (849). 
PJinius,    C.    secN/iri'i/.s,   3. 
Plucknett,   George   (743). 
Plunket,    Sir    Nicholas,    151,    n., 

33,  n.;  300,  n.  ;  301. 
Plunket,   Nicholas,   68,    n. 
-—  Oliver.    315.    ii.  :    316.    )).  :    320, 

n. 


Plunket,  Robert,  112. 

—  Cicely,   113. 

—  of   Balrath.   209,   n. 

—  of   Castle,    208,    n. 

—  Christopher^   209,   n. 

—  Father  Christopher,   33t»,   n. 

—  Christopher,  331,  n. 
Plutarch,  40,  n.  ;  284.  n. 
Poer,   Colonel,   352. 
Polsted,   Henrv   (205). 
Polsteed,    Henrv,    211. 
Poole,   Perryam   (1019). 
Polybius,  11,   N. 

Poole,   Sir  John   (1008). 
Poore,   Walter,   300,    n. 
Pordage,   John   (230). 
Porter,    Richard    (642),    126-J). 
Popeham,  Alexander,  394. 
Porter,  Matthew,  299,  n. ;  300, 
Poulet,   Colonel,   166. 
Pott,   Edmund  (16). 
Potts,    Sir  John   (2). 
Potter,    Benjamin    (695). 
Poulter,    John    (40)! 
Powell,   Hugh,   232,   n. 
Power,   John,   Lord  Baron.    11. 
Powel,    Evan,    320. 
Power,   Richard,   297. 

—  Nicholas,   344,    364. 

—  Philip,    365. 

—  Thomas,    365. 

—  Walter,    364. 

—  James,   367. 

—  John,   368. 
Povey,   Baron,   68. 
Powyse,    Derby,    365. 
Poyntz,   Sir  John,   254. 
Popham,   Sir  Francis   (1101). 
Powell,   George   (1169). 
Prendergast,   Ellen,   366. 
Prendergast,  John  P..  291.  n. 

—  Maurice,  321. 

—  Sir  Thomas,   263,   n. 
Prestly,    William    (1144). 
Preswick,     Mrs. 

282,  n.' 
Preston,   124,   n. 

—  General,  298. 
Prettie,     Colonel. 

215,    218,    225, 

—  Perrv  Grine   (510),   394. 
Priaulke,    William    (559). 
Price,   Walter   (1134). 

—  George    (1038). 

—  Rol)ert.  392. 


Jane.     2S1,     n. 


131,     206, 
n.:   345. 


518 


INDEX    OF    NAMES. 


Fiini,   John    G.    .1.,    2S6,    11.;    289, 

n. 
Prince.   Thomas   (1224). 

—  Peter  (;il6);  (1225). 
Proctor.  Henry  (366). 
Protector,    the    Lord.     114,     154, 

ISl,  182.  n. ;  191).  193.  218.  237, 

248.  305'. 
Pryer.  George  (771).    - 
PifUer,    Abraham   (854). 
Punchv.   John,   374. 
Purcell.   Philip.  69,    152. 
Purv.   Thomas  (893). 
Pye^  Sir  Robert  (19). 
Pvne.   Henrv,   125,   ii. 
Pye.  Mr.,  253.   n. 
Pynnar,   NichoJus,   42.   n. ;   55,   n, 
Pyrrhiis,   2. 

Quien.   Margaret  ny,   376. 
Qnin.    Marv.    3U4. 

—  Mathew.   304. 

Quiny.   Richard   (741),   253,   n. 

Radclifte.   Peter,   392. 

—  Hugh.  392. 

—  Anthony.  399. 
Raie,   George   (194). 
Raiiisborongh.   Thomas   and   Wm. 

(715),   (1280). 
Rand.   James   (51). 
Randall.  Thomas  (426). 
Randolph.  Tobias  (963). 
Ratcliff.   Hugh   (5). 

—  AnthonA-  (63). 

—  Peter   (1001). 
Rathbaiid.   William   (663). 
Rayment.    John   (447). 
Ravmoun.  John.   395. 
Reade,   John   (961). 
Read.   Dr.   Samuel   (657). 

—  Ellis  (1028). 
Redterne,  John  (1049). 
Redmon.   Nicholas  Geraldin,   300, 

n. 
Redmond.  Major,  343. 
Reene.  Godfrey  (287). 
Regiment.   Ahasneriis.   390. 
Regmerter.   Dr.   Ahasuerus  (169). 
Reginald  the  Dane.  296. 
Rendall.   William   (848). 
Risbv.    William  (212). 
Reynold.    William    (165). 
Reynolds.    John    (307). 

—  Sir  John,  198. 


Reyiiell,   Richard,   158,   n. 
Reynolds,  Cominissary-Geii.  John, 

189.    n. ;   218,  384. 
Reynold,    Robert    (1192). 

—  John  (971).      . 
Reynolds,  Anthony  (1131). 

—  Robert   (18). 
It'ich,  Buriiahtj,   314. 
Richard  II.,  30,  52,  n. :  247. 
Richards,    Colonel    Solomon.    157, 

233,  n.,-  368. 

—  Captain,  216. 

—  Thomas   (842). 
Richardson,   Thomas.   111.   n. 

—  Major.    218. 

—  William,    393. 

—  Richard   (378). 

—  William  (613). 
Ridgeo,   William   (319),   390. 

—  Alderman.  389,  399. 
Roach,    Henry   (1272). 
Robins.    Elislia   (1267). 
Robbins.   William  (1120). 
Roberts,   Sir   Walter   (1130). 

—  Edward,   119,   n. 

—  Charles.   389. 

—  Elias,   400. 
Robins,   Robert  (543). 
Robinson,    Mr.,    110. 

—  Justice,  24,   n. 
Robrough.   Henrv   (1348). 
Roch.  William,  364. 

—  Colonel    David,   328. 

—  Ellen,   376. 

—  Morish,  365. 

Roche,  Lord,    164,   182,   183.    184, 
194.  361,  339. 
j  —  Viscountess,  183. 
I  —  Anstace,   340.   n. 
j  —  Kate,  339,  340,  n. 

—  Christian.   339. 

1  —  John,  339.  340,  n. 
'  —  Jordan,   359,   340,   n. 
!  —  Ellen,   374. 
I  —  Lucie   (623). 

Rochfort,  of  Kilbride,  208,   n. 
I   Rodbeard.    Thomas    (648),    (1265). 
'   Rogers.    Richard    (310),    (1222) 
;  —  William,    393. 

-  Richard,  397, 

-  Francis    (101). 

-  Humphrey   (1097). 

-  William   (621). 

!  —  Thomas  (195).  (394). 
1  Role.  John   (93). 


IXDEX    OF    NAMES. 


olO 


343, 


Role,  Sir  Samuel  (43K 
Eumwne,  James.  366. 

—  Morish.  366. 
Rootli,   Patrick.  7U. 
Roles,  Saanuel.  252.   n. 
• —  Join..  252.  n. 
Rose,  Jolm.    113. 
RosweU.   Sir   Henry  (902). 
Rosswell.    Anthonv    (772). 
Roth.  Patrick.   171. 
Bathe.  314.   n. 

Rothe,  Sir  Robert,  293. 
Rothwell.  John  (399). 
Round.   Thomas   (196). 

—  John  il97). 
Rovins.    Elisha    (650). 

Row.     Sir     Henrv     and     Thomas 
Man    600). 

—  Thoma>   (80S). 
Roulstoii.   Robert   (1326). 
Rowlestone.   Lieut.    Francis, 

;346. 
Royle.v.  Theophilus  (1344). 
Rue,    DaA'id.   225.   n. 
Rumney.   Samuel   (1156). 
Rushley.  Jeremy  (925). 
Russell.    Patrick.    365. 

—  Sir  W..  352. 

—  John  (968). 

—  Mary.  365. 

—  Sir   Francis.   198,   n. 
Ruthoriie.  Josei^h.  394. 
Ruttor..    MattheM".   390. 
Rutler.   Robert.   222.   n. 
Ryan,    Daniel.   210.   n. 
Ryan,   Derniod.   343,   337. 
Symer.   14.   n. 
BiishrvfrtJi .    4^.    n.:    72.    74 

227.   I-.:  311.   n. 


Sadler,   John  (742).  253.  u. 
Sadleir.    Col.    Thomas.    119.    130. 

132,  145.  163.  218.  305,  n. :  325', 

n. 
Sadler,   George  (382). 
Sainthill.     see     St.     Hill.     Peter 

(899j. 
Salhvey,  Richard  (156). 
Salmon,    Henry   (1117). 
Samor..   John.   222.  n. 
Samuell.   Rowland.   262.   n. 
Sanders.   Laurence   (731). 
Sandon.   Jolm   (916). 
Sands,   Lieutenant.   1.32. 


Sankev,   Col.    Hierome,    147,    160, 
162."  182,  218.  237.  238.  392,  393. 
Santhy.   275.   n. 
Sarsfield.    Dominic-k.    171. 

—  Chief  Justice.  280. 
Savill.   Edward   (780). 

—  John  (775). 
Saunders.   Colonel.   317. 
Scarlett,   Israel  (581). 
Scott,   Francis   (323). 

—  George   (601). 

—  Sir  Edward   (1071). 

—  Lawrence,   222,   n. 

—  Lieut. -Colonel.   231. 

—  Richard.  390. 

Scott,   Sir   Walter,   SS,   n. 
Seager.  John   (994). 

—  John   (976).   391. 
Seagrave.    Captain,   218. 
Seale,  William  (291). 
Seare.   Robert   (639). 

Searle,   Christopher   (957),   (1322). 

—  John  (1011). 

—  Robert   (1004). 

—  William  (10(»5). 
Sedgewicli,    Stephen    (722). 
Seed.   John.   393,    (586). 
Seignejurall.   George   (285). 
Sellick.   Mr..  90,  91. 
Sentleger.   10.    n. 
Sexton.   wSir  George.  280. 
Shaffe,   William,   343. 
Shakespeare.  Mary  (678). 

—  Margaret.    396. 
Shane.    Thomas.    366. 
Sheares.   William.  396. 
Sheen.  Sir  James.  402. 
Shepcott.    Anne.   390. 
Shaw,   Captain.   111.   n. 
Sheaf e,  Edmund  (698). 
Sheares.   William  (1088). 
Sheffield.   Sampson   (157),    (1203). 
Sheppard.   William   (942). 

—  Major  Samuel.  212,  216.  236. 

—  Thomas.  322. 
Shepp.v.  William  (525). 
Sherbrooke.   Richard   (54). 
Sherlock,   Sir  Thos..   274,   275.    n. 

—  Paul,   275,   n. 

—  William   (302). 

Shee.  Richard,  292.  301.  n. 
Shea.    Dermot,   373. 
Shenee.   Honiiora   nv,   373. 
Shiel.  William.  321." 
Sliingler.   Richard  (433). 


520 


INDEX    OF    NAMES. 


Shoriie,   Maior  David,  344. 
Shortt,  Sarah,  390. 
Shortal,   Mr.   Thomas.   164. 
Shur^is,    Robert   (1149). 
Shute,  Thomas  (1121). 

—  Richard  (437),   (1239). 
Shiittleworth,   Ricliard   (126). 
Sibley,   John    (1159). 

—  Joseph  (369). 

—  Solomon   (620). 
Sidney,    Sir   Henrv,   31,    n. 
Sillobv,   Marv,   13o3. 
Silver,  Mr.,   171,  172,  173. 
Simpson,  ]\[athew  (703). 
Skinner   Augustine   (131). 
— •  Captain.  216. 

Skippon,      Major-General     Philip 

(824),    (1305). 
Skippon.   Colonel.   228. 
Skrimshawe,  William,   397. 
Slane,  Lord,   34. 
Sleigh,   p]dmond    (242). 

—  Edmd.     and     Captain     Edmd. 
Harvey    (1214). 

Smiter,   William  (917). 
Smith,  Major  Bran,   123. 

—  Edward   (281). 

—  Ephraim   (lOoo). 

—  Erasmus,  395. 

—  Francis   (158). 

—  James   (565). 

—  Henrv  (871).   (1087). 

—  John  (468),   154,  n.  :   157. 

—  Town-Major  John,  193. 

—  Joseph   (582). 

—  Katherin   (846). 

—  Sir  Piercy.  913. 

—  Richard   and   John    (614). 

—  Robert  and  Richard    (1248). 

—  Sir  Roger   (1(J86). 

—  Robert   Richard    (489). 

—  Thomas  (219),  222,   n. 
— ■  Svmon  (365). 

—  Mr.    Edward,    146. 
Snell,  George  (387),  389. 
Snelling,  George  (906),   (1286). 

—  John   (455). 
Snow,    Thomas   (364). 

—  John  (182). 
Snj'tall,    Edmund    (993). 
Soame,   Dame  Elizabeth   (628). 

—  John.    .396. 

—  Sir  Thomas  (60). 
Solsted,  John  (159). 
Somer,  232.  u. 


South,  George  (517). 
Southwell,  :\lr.  Robert.  172. 
Sowden,   John   (1000). 
Sparow,   John   (175). 
Speller,  John  (777). 
Spencer,   Michael  (524). 
jS'pe"5cr,   Edmund.   1.  n. :   14,   n.; 

15,  35-40,  76,  118,  n. ;  260,  116, 

313,  264,   n. ;  335.   n. 

—  William,   116. 
Spring,   Edmund   (1084). 

—  Mr.   Edward.   132. 
Springer,   Anthony   (786''. 
Springett,    Thomas   (966\ 
Spunner,   Artliur,  320. 
Spurston,   William  (50). 
Squire,  William,   390. 

St.   George,   Captain,   21"^. 

—  George,  224,  u. 
Sugar,    Christopher,    172. 

St.   George,   Sir  George,   225,  n. 
St.  William,  320. 
St.  Hill,  Peter  (899). 
St.  John,  Oliver   (58). 
St.  Leger,  Sir  AVilliam.  154,  274. 
St.   Leger,    Colonel,    166. 
Stackhouse,    Roger    (325). 
Stackpoole,    Ignatius,    104. 

—  Katherine,    1(J5. 
Staine,    Thomas   (638). 
Stane,  W.   (1329). 
Sfanihurst,  16,  35,  n. 
Stanlev.  Major  Thomas.  jo2.  257, 

320. ■  • 

Starkev,    Philip    (170). 

—  Richard  (632). 
Star.    Bernard    (984). 

—  George   (800). 
Starshirrs,    George.    39S. 
Staunton,      Rev.      Dr.      SJmund 

(1044). 

—  Robert   (1201). 
Stedde,  William  (932). 
vStedderman,   George   (11  ^'r). 
Steele,   John    (347). 
Steming,   John    (806). 
Stephens,  Lieut. -Colonel,  2(;9,  n. : 

210,  222,  n. 
Stephenson,    John   (306). 
Stipe,  John   ('442). 
Stint,  Thomas  (1060). 
Stork,  Thomas,  .394. 
Stock,   Thomas  (495),    (1249). 
Stoker.   John  (1104)'. 
Stone.   John.   250.   n. 


INDEX    OF    NAMES. 


521 


Stone.  Tiiuiuas  (328).  (1226). 

—  Ctiristabell   (980). 

—  Samuel   (716). 
Storv.  Ecbvard  (807). 

—  James   (803).    (1290). 

—  Rev.  W.,  356,  n. 
Stougluoii,  Nicholas  (662). 
Strafford.    Lord,    47,    48,    52,    53, 

54.  55^  n.:  70,  137.  n. ;  159,  204. 
Strange.  John  (1254). 

—  Thomas   (526). 
Stratton.    Thomas   (348). 
Strickland.    Sir  William    (124). 
Stroud.    William   (107).    (1196). 
Stubber.    Colonel.   215. 
Stubbers.  Colonel,  216. 
Stubber.  Peter   (257). 
Stubbing.  Thomas  (209). 
Sturdv.  John  (475). 
Sturniy.  Joshua   (1053),  392. 
Sumner,   William   (782). 
Sumpter,   Giles   (733). 
Sutton.  Robert  (112). 

Swan.   John   (117i    . 
Sweete,   Richerd  (1022). 
Swiiinocke.   Robert    (564). 
Swanley.   Captain,   67. 
Sweetinge.   John,   253.    n. 
Swinnick.    Elizabeth    and    Sarah, 

398. 
Sword.  William,  232,   n. 
Sydney.    Sir    Henry,    50. 
S;\nnon>.   Richard.  395. 
Svmes.   Georse.   222,   n. 


Taatte.   Lord.   192. 

Tabor.   Christopher   (1.342). 

—  John   (452). 

Talbot.  Colonel  Richard,  292,  n. 

—  Sir  Robert.  98,  384, 

—  Ladv  Grace,  163,  384.  -385, 

—  Lord,  de  Malahide.  108. 

—  Lady   Alison,    119, 

—  Captain,  216. 

—  John.   108.   159. 
Tarlton.   John  (9.34). 
Tartle.   Ralph   (250). 
Tarrant.  Leonard  (921). 
Taylor,   Edward   (1066).  .396. 
Teelin,  Colonel.  312.  n. 
I'eige.   Honnora.  .37.3. 

Temple,    Sir   Thomas,   57. 

—  John  tl()89), 

—  Sir   William,   297. 


'  Tennant.    Marmaduke    (1.35-5). 

I   Tendring.    Mrs.    (658). 

I   Terrill,  John   (720). 

;   Terrv,  Robert  (927). 

i  Thewel,  John  (268). 

'  Thierry,  Ainadce,  3. 

■   Thomas,  Ensign  Arnold,  208.  209, 

n. :  222,  n. :  223. 
I  —  Captain,  218. 
,  —  Anna,   210,   n. 
'  —  Jeoffrev  (441). 
:  —  Robert  (1058). 
:   Thompson,  George   (384). 

—  Isaack   (198). 

i  —  Maurice     and     George     (335), 

:       (1231). 

I  —  John  (1334). 

;   —  Robert  (1335). 

;  —  William  (.331).  (776). 

Thomlinson,  Matliew,  224.  n. 
'   Thomond.   Earl  of,  279. 

Thornton,  Richard,  224,  n. :  225, 
in. 
!  Thornburie.   William,   .399 

Thorpe,  Marv,   113,  380. 

—  Francis   (1132), 
Thoroughgood.   George   (.392). 
Thorould.   Thomas   (187). 
Thrale.  Richard  (592),  394. 
Thurles.   the  Ladv,   254,   255. 
Tibbs,    William,    393. 
Ticknee,   Peter   (1032). 
Tichborne,   Sir   Henry.   63. 

—  Captain   Robert    (o51). 
Tiffen,   Grace   (1057), 
iillaslye,   William.   .397. 
Tillett,   Leonard   (789). 
Tillasl.ve.  AVilHam.  .397 
'iimoleon.  284. 
Tipping.   Thomas   (1065). 
Tobin.    Henrv,   364,    376 
Toft,  John  (1081). 

Tomlin,     Captain     Edward,     15S, 
309.    n.  ' 

Tomlinsoii.   Colonel.    204. 
Toole.   Riiliard.   310.    u. 
Toomev.  Thomas.   169,   170 
Towley.   Thomas   (877). 
Towne,   Humphrev,  391,   393. 
Townsend,  Colonel  R.,   192    n 

—  Giles   (513),    (12.53). 
Towse,   John   (139). 

—  Christopher    (679).    .■i90. 
Trelawny.   Robert   (87S).  ,396. 
Trelnwiu'y.  John.  396. 


522 


INDEX    OF    XAMES. 


Trenchavd.  John  (84). 
Trimble,  Colonel,  196. 
Trimleston,    Lord.    114,    llo,    116, 

152,    153,    159,    186,    380. 
Trimlett,   Barnard   (732). 
Triplett.   Katherine  (1167). 

—  Ralph   (502). 

Trotman,   Thro^morton   (708). 
Tncker,  James  (1009). 
Tnffenaile,    Elizabeth    (937). 
Tnite,  James.  338. 

—  Richard,   322. 

—  Thomas,   322. 
Tiinbridge.   Josiae   (778). 
Turbington.   John,   397. 
Turgis,   Thomas   (488).    (1247). 
Turlington,   AVilliam   (823). 

—  John  (321). 
Turner.    Murtagh.    338. 

—  Methusalah.   243,    n. 

—  Captain,  218. 
Samuel  (415). 

—  Sir  James,  80. 

—  Arthur  (462). 

—  Richard    (421).    (1236). 
Tuttv.   Ann   (360). 

—  William  (474). 
Tvler,   Richard,   398. 

—  John   and   Thomas   (1285). 
Tym,   John    (759). 
Tvrconnel,  Countess  of,  114. 
Tyrone,  Hugh  Earl  of.  16,  39,  42, 

77.   166,  353. 


ITuderwood,   Benjamin,   397. 

—  George,  children  of.   397. 

—  Alderman  William.  397. 

—  Edward  (482). 

—  Rose  (477). 

—  William  (31)9).   (1221). 
Ussher,   Archbishop.   77. 


Valentine,  Thomas,  392. 
Vane,    Sir    H..    65. 
Vassel,    Samuel    (85). 
Vaughan.   Edward   (826),   (1307). 

—  Evans,  312,  u. 

—  Charles   (827),    (1308). 

—  Joseph  (828). 

—  Nicholas  (983). 

—  William  (829),   (1309;. 
Venables,    General,    129,   216. 

—  Lieut. -Colonel,   232,   n. 


Vennor.    Richard    and    Alcxav.der 

(767),    (1284). 
Vernon.    Captain   John.    !I0. 
—  Richard  "(317). 
Viner,  W^illiam  (529). 
Vincent.  Thomas  (282),    ;1218). 
Viner.   Thomas   (142). 
Vijiston,   Richard  (802). 
Voice,  Gamaliel  (914). 
Vye,   John   (1002). 


Wade.    Richard    (233). 

—  William  (651). 
Wnddington.  Henry.  3(i5,  n. 
Wagner,   Michael,   185.   n. 
Wagstaffe,     Anthony     and     John 

(794). 

—  Sergeant-Major  (813),    (1297). 

—  Edmund  (797). 

—  Ellen  (796). 

—  William  (417). 
Waldo,  Daniel  (756),  395. 
Wale,   Edmond.   332,   n. 
Wall,  Moses  (73). 

—  Garrett,  293. 
Wallace.  AVilliam.  251. 

Waller.    Sir    Hardress.    123,    160, 
162,  216,  270.  267,  384. 

—  Sir  William  (45). 
Wallin,  Patient  (851). 
Wallington,  John   (1349). 
Wallis.  Robert,  399. 

—  Thomas,  390. 

—  Ralph.  157. 

—  Robert   (1172). 

—  AVilliam  (1343). 
AValmsley,  Thomas  (523). 
Walsh,  F.  Peter.  183.  u.  ;  30,  n. ; 

339,  11. 
AValcott,    Richard    (580). 
Walter.  Henrv  (888). 
Walters,   Major.  218. 
Waltham,   Captain,   216. 
AVarden,    Colonel,    193. 
AVardell.    John    (204). 
Ware,   Bohert,  317,   n. 

—  Sir  James,  15,  u. ;  317,  n. 
AVarner,   John   (153). 

—  Samuel  (331),   (1227). 
AA'arren.  George  (391). 
AVarring.    Richard   (487),    (1246). 
AVaters,   Thomas  (458). 
Watson.  AA^illiam  (952). 
AVatts.  AVilliam,  389. 


INDEX    OF    NAMES. 


523 


Wiiterhouse.    Thomas   (665). 
Watkius,   Sir   David   (25),    (1193). 

—  Vincent,   222,   n. 
Weak,  Job  (173). 
Weaver,  William,  222,  n. 

—  R.,  97,   n. 

—  John,  276,  n. 

—  J.,  293,  n. 

Webb,    ffrancis   (656),    (1268). 

—  William,   240,   n. 
Webster,  Thomas  (681). 

—  James  (579),  395. 

—  William  (386),   (726),  389. 
Weeks,   Obadiah   (1045). 

—  Nathaniel  and  Tom  (39S). 
Wells,  Matthew  (1076). 
Wenman,  the  Lord   (86),  252,   n. 
West,   Henry   (603). 

—  ffrancis  (719). 
Westrow,   Thomas  (1073). 
Wharton,  Lord,   74. 

—  Dame  Philadelphia  (1142). 
Wheatley,   John    (371),   -.92. 
Whitcom,  Benjamin  and  Richard, 

(1337). 
Wliite,  Anne,   112. 

—  Bartholomew,  391. 

—  Edward   (1152). 
— •  Francis,  300,  n. 

—  Henry   (962). 

—  James  (990). 

—  Jasper,  263.  n. 

—  John  (975). 

—  Nicholas,  364. 

—  Don  Ricardo,   87. 

—  Richard   (1007). 

—  Stephen  (273). 

—  Thomas,   398. 

—  William   (693). 
Whiteing,  John  (761),   (1360). 
Whitehall,   Roger,  391. 

—  Robert  (1036). 
Whitekett,  Christopher  (407). 
WhiteJuck,     livbtrmle     (48),     73, 

121,  279,  228,  ii. 
Wliitston,    bVancis  ('17(5),   (1324). 
Wliittakcr.   Hciirv   (1200). 
Wliillingliam,    Kd'ward  (1153). 
AVidiiam,      Lient. -Colonel      .lolin. 

\m,    194. 
Wilcox,   ]{i(liard   (841). 

—  Robert  (109:5). 
Wikle,  John  (13). 
Wildiugc,  John   (923). 


Wilkin,   Sam  (918). 
Wilkins.  A.  Walker,  62,  n. 
WiUett,  Richard,  832,  (1311). 
Willianis,   John   (919). 

—  Nicholas  (752). 
Williamson,  Sir  Joseph,  402. 
— Captain  William,  233,  n. 
Willington,   Gilbert  (129). 
Willonghby,  AVilliam  (672),  (1270). 
Wilkinson,   Captain,   216. 
Wilson,   Richard   (481). 
Winkley,  John  (587). 
Winkworth,   Captain,   237. 
Winspeare,   John,  396. 
Winston,  R.   (1289). 

Winter,    Mr..   281,   n. 
Winwood,   Richard   (90). 
Witham,  Alderman  George,  393. 

—  George   (465). 

—  Nathaniel  (682),  390). 
Wogan,  Thomas,  26,  n. 
Wolfe,  David,  370. 
W^ollaston,  Sir  John  (140). 
Wolley,   Francis   (149). 

Wood,       Robert       (or       Ricliard), 
(1341). 

—  Lientenant  Edward,  320. 

—  Edward  (814). 

—  John    (1198). 

—  Thomas  (838). 
Wood,  Anthony  (131). 
Wood,   Richard   (576). 

—  Robert  (640),   (1059). 
Woodcocke,   Thomas   (342).   399. 
Woodhead,  John  (1070). 
Woodgate.  Thomas  (1331). 
Woodhouse,   William   (247). 
AVoodlev,  Thomas,  393. 
Woodruffe,  Abraham  (1274). 
Woods,  Edward,  1299. 

—  Richard,   223,   n. 
Woodward,  Hezekiah,  395,   (568). 

—  Charles  (276). 
Woolfe,  Richard   (1175). 
Woolnongh,  Josliua   (81(5),   (1300). 
Wormelavton,    l*'nlk   (1273). 
Worth,    Zadiariab,   304. 

Wray,  William,  .'5(55. 
Wreiin,   ('aplain,   2](). 
Wriglit,  Mr.,  2(50,   ii. 

—  (ieofge  (612). 

—  Ursnla   (1129). 
Wvmer,  William  (1077). 
Wyan,   Tlionms  (69). 
Wyse,  'J'homas,  368. 


524 


INDEX    OF    NAMES. 


^ard,  Geoi'ge  (986). 
Yannouth  Corporation,  391. 
Yates,   John  (220). 
Yeates,  Jaines,  -389. 
Yearmody,   Ellen  ny,  376. 
Velding,   William,   222,   n. 


Veomans,  Mr.  llobert. 
Young,  Thomas  (507). 

—  John  (172). 

—  Matthew  (507). 
Young,  Arthur,      13,  n, 
Younge.  Thomas  (822). 


00. 


TIIK   KM). 


f 


user  id: 21 761 0023621 6001 

title :The  Cromwell ian  settleinen 
author iPrendergast,  John  P.  (Joh 
item  id:31761008902439 
due: 26/9/2005, 23: 59 


DA 
944 
.4 
F74 
1922 
cop.  2 


Prendergastj   John  Patrick 

The  Crorawellian   settlement 
of  Ireland,     3d  ed.